Phylogeny and classification of the Digenea (Platyhelminthes : Trematoda)

Complete small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (ssrDNA) and partial (D1-D3) large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (lsrDNA) sequences were used to estimate the phylogeny of the Digenea via maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference. Here we contribute 80 new ssrDNA and 124 new lsrDNA sequences. Fully complementary data sets of the two genes were assembled from newly generated and previously published sequences and comprised 163 digenean taxa representing 77 nominal families and seven aspidogastrean outgroup taxa representing three families. Analyses were conducted on the genes independently as well as combined and separate analyses including only the higher plagiorchiidan taxa were performed using a reduced-taxon alignment including additional characters that could not be otherwise unambiguously aligned. The combined data analyses yielded the most strongly supported results and differences between the two methods of analysis were primarily in their degree of resolution. The Bayesian analysis including all taxa and characters, and incorporating a model of nucleotide substitution (general-time-reversible with among-site rate heterogeneity), was considered the best estimate of the phylogeny and was used to evaluate their classification and evolution. In broad terms, the Digenea forms a dichotomy that is split between a lineage leading to the Brachylaimoidea, Diplostomoidea and Schistosomatoidea (collectively the Diplostomida nomen novum (nom. nov.)) and the remainder of the Digenea (the Plagiorchiida), in which the Bivesiculata nom. nov. and Transversotremata nom. nov. form the two most basal lineages, followed by the Hemiurata. The remainder of the Plagiorchiida forms a large number of independent lineages leading to the crown clade Xiphidiata nom. nov. that comprises the Allocreadioidea, Gorgoderoidea, Microphalloidea and Plagiorchioidea, which are united by the presence of a penetrating stylet in their cercariae. Although a majority of families and to a lesser degree, superfamilies are supported as currently defined, the traditional divisions of the Echinostomida, Plagiorchiida and Strigeida were found to comprise non-natural assemblages. Therefore, the membership of established higher taxa are emended, new taxa erected and a revised, phylogenetically based classification proposed and discussed in light of ontogeny, morphology and taxonomic history. (C) 2003 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

An expanded phylogeny of the Entodiniomorphida (Ciliophora : Litostomatea)

The Entodiniomorphida are a diverse and morphologically complex group of ciliates which are symbiotic within the digestive tracts of herbivorous mammals. Previous phylogenies of the group have exclusively considered members of one family, the Ophryoscolecidae, which are symbiotic within ruminants. We sought to improve understanding of evolution within the entodiniomorphs by expanding the range of ciliates examined to include the Cycloposthiidae and Macropodimidae (symbionts of equids and macropodids respectively). The entire SSU-rRNA gene was sequenced for 3 species, Cycloposthium edentatum, Macropodinium ennuensis and M. yalanbense, and aligned against 14 litostome species and 2 postciliodesmatophoran outgroup species. Cycloposthium was consistently grouped as the sister-taxon to the Ophryoscolecidae although support for this relationship was low. This suggests that there is more evolutionary distance between the Cycloposthiidae and Ophryoscolecidae than previously inferred from studies of gross morphology, cell ontogeny or ultrastructure. In contrast, Macropodinium did not group with any of the entodiniomorphs, instead forming the sister group to the entire Trichostomatia (Entodiniomorphida + Vestibuliferida). This early diverging position for the macropodiniids is concordant with their morphology and ontogeny which failed to group the family with any of the entodiniomorph suborders. The currently accepted classification of the Trichostomatia is thus deficient and in need of review.

Microstructural evolution of the Serido Belt, NE-Brazil: the effect of two tectonic events on development of c-axis preferred orientation in quartz

The polyphase evolution of the Serido Belt (NE-Brazil) includes D, crust formation at 2.3-2.1 Ga, D-2 thrust tectonics at 1.9 Ga and crustal reworking by D-3 strike-slip shear zones at 600 Ma. Microstructural investigations within mylonites associated with D-2 and D-3 events were used to constrain the tectono-thermal evolution of the belt. D-2 shear zones commenced at deeper crustal levels and high amphibolite facies conditions (600-650 degreesC) through grain boundary migration, subgrain rotation and operation of quartz Q-prism slip. Continued shearing and exhumation of the terrain forced the re-equilibration of high-T fabrics and the switching of slip systems from (c)-prism to positive and negative (a)-rhombs. During D-3, enhancement of ductility by dissipation of heat that came from syn-D-3 granites developed wide belts of amphibolite facies mylonites. Continued shearing, uplift and cooling of the region induced D-3 shear zones to act in ductile-brittle regimes, marked by fracturing and development of thinner belts of greenschist facies mylonites. During this event, switching from (a)-prism to a basal slip indicates a thermal path from 600 to 350 degreesC. Therefore, microstructures and quartz c-axis fabrics in polydeformed rocks from the Serido Belt preserve the record of two major events, which includes contrasting deformation mechanisms and thermal paths. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Trichostome ciliates from Australian marsupials. I. Bandia gen nov (Litostomatea : Amylovoracidae)

A new genus of amylovoracid ciliates, Bandia gen.nov., is described. They are endosymbiotic/endocommensal in the stomachs of macropodid marsupials. Six new species, B. beveridgei, B. equimontanensis, B. tammar, B. deveneyi, B. cribbi and B. smalesae, are described from Setonix brachyurus, Petrogale assimilis, Macropus eugenii, M. robustus, M. parryi and M. agilis respectively. The gross morphology of Bandia is similar to that of Bitricha, with holotrichous somatic ciliation in two fields, longitudinal dorsal and oblique ventral. The somatic kineties are arranged in groups between non-ciliated. major interkinetal ridges; the groups of kineties thus give the cell a banded appearance. Several species are bimorphic, one form holotrichous and the other with a glabrous right body groove which appears to be derived from an ingrowth of one of the major interkinetal ridges. The groove may function in attachment either in sequestration or conjugation. The ultrastructure of the somatic kineties and the oral structures is similar to that of Amylovorax. Bandia also has unique ultrastructural features associated with the major interkinetal ridges, right body groove and a karyophore. Morphological evolution within the Amylovoracidae may have proceeded from simple forms such as Amylovorax via a process of cellular torsion and/or oral migration to forms similar to Bitricha and by further torsion and cellular elaboration to Bandia.

The value of idiosyncratic markers and changes to conserved tRNA sequences from the mitochondrial genome of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) for phylogenetic inference

Idiosyncratic markers are features of genes and genomes that are so unusual that it is unlikely that they evolved more than once in a lineage of organisms. Here we explore further the potential of idiosyncratic markers and changes to typically conserved tRNA sequences for phylogenetic inference. Hard ticks were chosen as the model group because their phylogeny has been studied extensively. Fifty-eight candidate markers from hard ticks ( family Ixodidae) and 22 markers from the subfamily Rhipicephalinae sensu lato were mapped onto phylogenies of these groups. Two of the most interesting markers, features of the secondary structure of two different tRNAs, gave strong support to the hypothesis that species of the Prostriata ( Ixodes spp.) are monophyletic. Previous analyses of genes and morphology did not strongly support this relationship, instead suggesting that the Prostriata is paraphyletic with respect to the Metastriata ( the rest of the hard ticks). Parallel or convergent evolution was not found in the arrangements of mitochondrial genes in ticks nor were there any reversals to the ancestral arthropod character state. Many of the markers identified were phylogenetically informative, whereas others should be informative with study of additional taxa. Idiosyncratic markers and changes to typically conserved nucleotides in tRNAs that are phylogenetically informative were common in this data set, and thus these types of markers might be found in other organisms.

Phylogeny of the lice (Insecta, Phthiraptera) inferred from small subunit rRNA

There has been much argument about the phylogenetic relationships of the four suborders of lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Lyal's study of the morphology of lice indicated that chewing/biting lice (Mallophaga) are paraphyletic with respect to sucking lice (Anoplura). To test this hypothesis we inferred the phylogeny of 33 species of lice from small subunit (SSU) rRNA sequences (18S rRNA). Liposcelis sp. from the Liposcelididae (Psocoptera) was used for outgroup reference. Phylogenetic relationships among the four suborders of lice inferred from these sequences were the same as those inferred from morphology. The Amblycera is apparently the sister-group to all other lice whereas the Rhynchophthirina is apparently sister to the Anoplura; these two suborders are sister to the Ischnocera, i.e. (Amblycera (Ischnocera (Anoplura, Rhynchophthirina))). Thus, the Mallophaga (Amblycera, Ischnocera, Rhynchophthirina) is apparently paraphyletic with respect to the Anoplura. Our analyses also provide evidence that: (i) each of the three suborders of lice that are well represented in our study (the Amblycera, Ischnocera, and Anoplura) are monophyletic; (ii) the Boopiidae is monophyletic; (iii) the genera Heterodoxus and Latumcephalum (Boopiidae) are more closely related to one another than either is to the genus Boopia (also Boopiidae); (iv) the Ricinidae and Laemobothridae may be sister-taxa; (v) the Philopteridae may be paraphyletic with respect to the Trichodectidae; (vi) the genera Pediculus and Pthirus are more closely related to each other than either is to the genus Pedicinus ; and (vii) in contrast to published data for mitochondrial genes, the rates of nucleotide substitution in the SSU rRNA of lice are not higher than those of other insects, nor do substitution rates in the suborders differ substantially from one another.

Cross-border insolvency: Adoption of CLERP 8 as an evolution of Australian insolvency law

In 1997 the United Nations adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency and recommended that member states adopt it as part of domestic legislation. In 2002 Australia, an active participant in UNCITRAL's Working Group on Insolvency Law, announced that the next phase of the Commonwealth Government's Corporate Law Economic Reform Program would be a review of cross-border insolvency law. CLERP 8 seeks feedback on the proposed enactment of the Model Law by a separate Commonwealth statute. This article places such a development within the context of Australian cross-border insolvency law as it has evolved from early English bankruptcy legislation through case law arising from the banking collapses of the late 19th century to the more recent jurisprudence produced by corporate collapses of the late 1980s to early 1990s and current high-profile insolvencies.

A molecular phylogeny of the Australian skink genera Eulamprus, Gnypetoscincus and Nangura

Skinks from the genera Eulamprus, Gnypetoscincus and Nangura are a prominent component of the reptile fauna of the mesic forests of the east coast of Australia and have been the subject of numerous ecological studies. Highly conserved morphology and the retention of ancestral traits have limited our understanding of the relationships within and among these genera beyond an initial identification of species groups within Eulamprus. To address this deficit and to explore the relationships between Eulamprus and the monotypic genera Nangura and Gnypetoscincus, sections of two mitochondrial genes (ND4 and 16S rRNA) were sequenced and subjected to Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. This phylogenetic analysis supports recognition of the three species groups proposed for Eulamprus (murrayi, quoyii and tenuis) and indicates that this genus is paraphyletic, with Gnypetoscincus and Nangura being proximal to basal lineages of the tenuis group. To resolve these and broader problems of paraphyly, we suggest that each of the species groups from 'Eulamprus' should be recognised as a distinct genus. The phylogenetically and ecologically distinct water skinks of the quoyii group would be retained within Eulamprus and the diverse species of the tenuis group allocated to Concinnia. We suggest placing the monophyletic murrayi group, endemic to the rainforests of central eastern Australia, in a new genus ( yet to be formally described). The sequencing data also revealed the existence of a genetically divergent but morphologically cryptic lineage within E. murrayi and substantial diversity within E. quoyii. There is evidence for two major habitat shifts from rainforest towards drier habitats, one leading to the quoyii group and the second defining a clade of three species within the tenuis complex. These ecological transitions may represent adaptations to general drying across eastern Australia during the late Miocene - Pliocene. Each of the major areas of east coast tropical or subtropical rainforest contains multiple phylogenetically diverse endemic species, reflecting the long-term persistence and high conservation value of wet forest habitats in each area.

The pyramidal neuron in occipital, temporal and prefrontal cortex of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus): regional specialization in cell structure

Recent studies have revealed marked regional variation in pyramidal cell morphology in primate cortex. In particular, pyramidal cells in human and macaque prefrontal cortex (PFC) are considerably more spinous than those in other cortical regions. PFC pyramidal cells in the New World marmoset monkey, however, are less spinous than those in man and macaques. Taken together, these data suggest that the pyramidal cell has become more branched and more spinous during the evolution of PFC in only some primate lineages. This specialization may be of fundamental importance in determining the cognitive styles of the different species. However, these data are preliminary, with only one New World and two Old World species having been studied. Moreover, the marmoset data were obtained from different cases. In the present study we investigated PFC pyramidal cells in another New World monkey, the owl monkey, to extend the basis for comparison. As in the New World marmoset monkey, prefrontal pyramidal cells in owl monkeys have relatively few spines. These species differences appear to reflect variation in the extent to which PFC circuitry has become specialized during evolution. Highly complex pyramidal cells in PFC appear not to have been a feature of a common prosimian ancestor, but have evolved with the dramatic expansion of PFC in some anthropoid lineages.

Mid- to Late-Holocene estuarine infilling processes studied by radiocarbon dates, high resolution seismic and biofacies at Vitoria Bay, Espirito Santo, Southeastern Brazil

A Baía de Vitória é um estuário com 20 km de comprimento, morfologicamente estreito, com um regime de micromaré e, como outros estuários modernos, formado durante a última transgressão pós-glacial. A morfologia de fundo do estrato estuarino é caracterizada por um canal natural principal limitado por planícies de maré com manguezais desenvolvidos. Datações de radiocarbono originais foram obtidas para a área. Cinco idades de radiocarbono estendendo-se de 1.010 a 7.240 anos AP foram obtidas através de dois testemunhos de sedimento, representando uma sequência estratigráfica de 5 m de espessura. Os resultados indicam que até aproximadamente 4.000 anos cal. AP, as condições ambientais da Baía de Vitória eram ainda de uma baía aberta, com uma conexão livre e aberta com águas marinhas. Durante os últimos 4.000 anos a baía experimentou uma fase de regressão importante, tornando-se mais restrita em termos de circulação da água do mar e provavelmente aumentando a energia de marés. Três superfícies estratigráficas principais foram reconhecidas, limitando fácies transgressiva, transgressiva/nível de mar alto e regressiva. A morfologia do canal atual representa um diastema de maré, mostrando fácies regressivas truncadas e erodidas. Biofácies de foraminíferos, passando de ambiente marinho para ambiente salobro e de manguezais em planície de maré confirmam a interpretação sismoestratigráfica. A ausência de biofácies de mangue em um dos dois testemunhos é tambémuma indicação de ravinamento de maré atual.

Filogenia e evolução de roedores Echimyidae na Mata Atlântica

Os roedores Echimyidae tem distribuição Neotropical e são a família mais diversa de roedores Caviomorpha. Apesar da grande diversidade, pouco se sabe sobre a distribuição geográfica, história natural e evolução de vários grupos de equimídeos. O histórico taxonômico dessa família é confuso, sendo alguns grupos raramente coletados e, consequentemente, inferências sobre aspectos evolutivos e biológicos são pouco conclusivas e limitadas à análise de poucos exemplares. Filogenias moleculares não corroboram a classificação taxonômica para a família baseada em dados morfológicos, evidenciando a complexidade da história evolutiva desse grupo. Na Mata Atlântica são registrados cinco gêneros de Echimyidae: o rato-do-bambu, Kannabateomys; os arborícolas Phyllomys e Callistomys; o terrestre Trinomys, e o semi-fossorial Euryzygomatomys. O presente trabalho se baseou na utilização de sequências de DNA para abordar aspectos da evolução e filogenia de roedores equimídeos da Mata Atlântica em três níveis taxonômicos: família, gênero e espécie. O primeiro capítulo aborda a posição filogenética do gênero Callistomys dentro da família, utilizando sequências de 1 marcador mitocondrial (CitB) e 3 nucleares (GHR, RAG1 e vWF). Os resultados mostram que Callistomys forma um clado com o ratão-do-banhado (Myocastor), roedor semi-aquático das regiões abertas no cone sul da América do Sul e com o rato-de-espinho terrestre Proechimys com ocorrência na Amazônia. Esse clado é irmão de Thrichomys, um equimídeo terrestre que ocupa as áreas secas do centro da América do Sul. O agrupamento encontrado é inesperado, uma vez que seus membros apresentam aspectos morfológico, ecológicos e distribuição geográfica distintos e contrastantes. A filogenia resultante indica que Callistomys não é proximamente relacionado aos outros equimídeos arborícolas e sugere que o hábito arborícolas evoluiu mais de uma vez na família. O segundo capítulo investiga aspectos da filogenia, evolução e limites entre espécies de Phyllomys utilizando dois marcadores mitocondriais (CitB e COI) e três nucleares (GHR, RAG1 e vWF). Foram identificados três grupos principais de espécies: um com distribuição longitudinal pela porção central da Mata Atlântica (P. pattoni (P. mantiqueirensis, Phyllomys sp. 4)); e a partir daí dois outros grupos, um com distribuição na porção norte da Mata Atlântica (Phyllomys sp. 2 (P. blainvilii (P. brasiliensis, P. lamarum))); e outro na porção sul (Phyllomys sp. 3 ((Phyllomys sp. 1, P. lundi), (Phyllomys sp. 5 (P. dasythrix (P. nigrispinus (P. sulinus, Phyllomys sp. 6)))))). Foram identificadas duas linhagens independentes representando possíveis espécies novas, elevando o potencial número de espécies do gênero de 17 para 19. As filogenias associadas aos dados de distribuição geográfica sugerem que a diversificação e distribuição das espécies de Phyllomys foi influenciada pela ação conjunta de vários fatores como atividade neotectônica, gradientes altitudinais e latitudinais e mudanças climáticas que atuaram desde o Mioceno, marcando os primeiros eventos de diversificação do gênero até as especiações mais recentes, no Pleistoceno. O terceiro capítulo avalia a variação genética, distribuição geográfica e status taxonômico da espécie Euryzygomaotmys spinosus utilizando dois marcadores mitocondriais (CitB e D-loop). Os resultados mostraram que E.spinosus apresenta distribuição em áreas de Mata Atlântica e adjacências ao sul do Rio Doce, no Brasil, Paraguai e Argentina, incluindo um registro confirmado no Cerrado. A espécie ocupa habitats muito diversos e pode ser considerada generalista. As populações são geneticamente estruturadas ao longo da sua distribuição e os dados genéticos corroboram a taxonomia atual que considera apenas uma espécie, E. spinosus, para o gênero.

A dimensão urbana da arquitetura : ambientes de transição

The present work aims to discuss the urban dimension of architecture and to investigate the role of the architectural spaces in the quality of life in between buildings and their environments. It investigates the transitional spaces between building and thoroughfare; building, thoroughfare and built environments located on the ground level of the buildings, and the potential they have to modify (individually or in groups) the environment where they are. For that, the research studies aspects of the architecture that urban buildings (individually or in groups) have and the inference of the morphology, building type and urban environment quality within the extended context of the Brazilian contemporary city. The analysis of the relation between building, thoroughfare and adjacent surroundings will be performed by the lights of, the evolution they have suffered since European urban spatial interventions that took place in the 19th Century; the morphological rupture on the traditional modern city of the 20th Century; the Brazilian experience focused on edifices, by showing analysis of a group of buildings, in their majority, iconic examples of Brazilian architecture from the 1930s onwards; and finally by an extensive investigation on the micro areas that have been selected in the Camburi region, in the city of Vitória-ES, focused on the characteristics of their architectural complex. As a preliminary conclusion, it can be stated that architecture cannot determine the quality in urban life and in its environments by itself, but because of its architectural and urban configuration of space, it may contribute to quality of environment in its surroundings

Effect of poling state and morphology of piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes for skeletal muscle tissue engineering

This work reports on the influence of polarization and morphology of electroactive poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, on the biological response of myoblast cells. Non-poled, ‘‘poled +’’ and “poled-“ -PVDF were prepared in the form of films. Further, random and aligned electrospun -PVDF fiber mats were also prepared. It is demonstrated that negatively charged surfaces improve cell adhesion and proliferation and that the directional growth of the myoblast cells can be achieved by the cell culture on oriented fibers. Therefore, the potential application of electroative materials for muscle regeneration is demonstrated.

Morphology and stability of aggregates of an Oxisol according to tillage system and gypsum application

Morphological characterization and aggregate stability is an important factor in evaluating management systems. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the stability and morphology of the aggregates of a dystrophic Oxisol managed with no-tillage and conventional tillage with and without the residual action of gypsum. The experimental design was randomized blocks arranged in split-split plot, where the treatments were two soil management systems (plots) with 0 and 2000 kg ha-1 of gypsum (subplots) and five depths (0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.15, 0.15-0.20 and 0.20-0.30 m) as the subsubplots, with four replications. The aggregate morphology was determined through images and later evaluated by the Quantporo software. Stability was determined by the wet method. The results showed that the no-tillage system, with or without gypsum residual effect, provided the aggregates with the largest geometric diameters. The combination of no-tillage system and the gypsum residual effect provided rougher aggregates.