IWP strategy: TechFrame

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA ��� School of Business and Economics

A communication strategy for Continente: proposals to promote fresh products of Continente���s own brands

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA ��� School of Business and Economics

Marketing plan for Gazela

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA ��� School of Business and Economics

Healthy brand extentions targeted at adolescents: Can products encourage healthier eating habits and still be fun?

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA ��� School of Business and Economics

Leading teaming: Evidence from Jazz

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA ��� School of Business and Economics

A CSR communication strategy for Continente: Improving brand image and reinforcing local community bonds

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA ��� School of Business and Economics

Emove

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA ��� School of Business and Economics

Validation of alternative additives for paste production

Dissertation presented to confer Master Degree in Chemical and Biochemical Engineering

Nestum vs private labels: A renewed identity for Nestum

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA ��� School of Business and Economics

Attitude change in arbitrarily large organizations

The alignment of collective goals and individual behavior has been extensively studied by economists under a principal-agent framework. Two main solutions have been presented: explicit incentive contracts and monitoring. These solutions correspond to changes in the objective situation faced by individuals. However, an extensive literature in social psychology provides evidence that behavior is influenced, not only by situational constraints, but also by attitudes. Therefore, an important aspect of organization is to choose the structures and procedures that best contribute to the dissemination of the desired attitudes throughout the organization. This paper studies how the initial configuration of attitudes and the size of the organization affect the optimal organizational structure and the timing of information flows when the objective is to align the members' attitudes. We identify and characterize three factors that affect the optimal organizational structures and procedures and the degree of alignment of attitudes: (1) clustering effects; (2) member cross-influence effects; and (3) leader cross-influence effects.

The optimization of the complaints management system

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA ��� School of Business and Economics

Vegetables, an innovative nut: A Marketing Plan developed for PepsiCo Iberia

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA ��� School of Business and Economics

Os editoriais como espa��o de opini��o - breve estudo de caso do jornal Tribuna da Madeira

Este trabalho analisa os editoriais publicados num seman��rio regional. Num meio como o dos jornais, onde os espa��os de opini��o abundam, existiu a necessidade de trazer alguma clareza sobre os crit��rios editoriais utilizados. Partindo do princ��pio de que um projecto jornal��stico implica crit��rios editoriais e que o editorial representa a posi����o do meio de comunica����o social sobre o acontecimento, fizemos um levantamento dos editoriais publicados no Tribuna da Madeira entre Outubro de 2009 e Outubro de 2012 indo ao encontro dos temas e tons adoptados nesse jornal. Partimos de uma abordagem te��rica que entre outras ��reas analisa o desenvolvimento da opini��o no meio jornal��stico, a fun����o dos l��deres de opini��o e a maneira como podem influenciar a audi��ncia, bem como a rela����o entre os media e a comunidade. Estes factores juntos permitem aos media criar atrav��s dos l��deres de opini��o uma audi��ncia. O editorial seria uma forma de a comunidade ficar a saber qual �� o posicionamento do jornal em rela����o a determinadas mat��rias. Apesar de o editorial poder assumir v��rias formas, este permite esclarecer que tipo de projecto �� que o jornal pretende assumir. Chegou-se �� conclus��o que o Tribuna da Madeira n��o cont��m crit��rios claros nos editoriais e que se encontra desapegado de quest��es regionais que poderiam ter import��ncia para a regi��o em que se insere.

M��todos estat��sticos aplicados �� modela����o de dados oncol��gicos

RESUMO: A estrutura demogr��fica portuguesa �� marcada por baixas taxas de natalidade e mortalidade, onde a popula����o idosa representa uma fatia cada vez mais representativa, fruto de uma maior longevidade. A incid��ncia do cancro, na sua generalidade, �� maior precisamente nessa classe et��ria. A par de outras doen��as igualmente lesivas (e.g. cardiovasculares, degenerativas) cuja incid��ncia aumenta com a idade, o cancro merece relevo. Estudos epidemiol��gicos apresentam o cancro como l��der mundial na mortalidade. Em pa��ses desenvolvidos, o seu peso representa 25% do n��mero total de ��bitos, percentagem essa que mais que duplica noutros pa��ses. A obesidade, a baixa ingest��o de frutas e vegetais, o sedentarismo, o consumo de tabaco e a ingest��o de ��lcool, configuram-se como cinco dos fatores de risco presentes em 30% das mortes diagnosticadas por cancro. A n��vel mundial e, em particular no Sul de Portugal, os cancros do est��mago, recto e c��lon apresentam elevadas taxas de incid��ncia e de mortalidade. Do ponto de vista estritamente econ��mico, o cancro �� a doen��a que mais recursos consome enquanto que do ponto de vista f��sico e psicol��gico �� uma doen��a que n��o limita o seu raio de a����o ao doente. O cancro ��, portanto, uma doen��a sempre atual e cada vez mais presente, pois reflete os h��bitos e o ambiente de uma sociedade, n��o obstante as caracter��sticas intr��nsecas a cada indiv��duo. A ado����o de metodologia estat��stica aplicada �� modela����o de dados oncol��gicos ��, sobretudo, valiosa e pertinente quando a informa����o �� oriunda de Registos de Cancro de Base Populacional (RCBP). A pertin��ncia �� justificada pelo fato destes registos permitirem aferir numa popula����o espec��fica, o risco desta sofrer e/ou vir a sofrer de uma dada neoplasia. O peso que as neoplasias do est��mago, c��lon e recto assumem foi um dos elementos que motivou o presente estudo que tem por objetivo analisar tend��ncias, proje����es, sobreviv��ncias relativas e a distribui����o espacial destas neoplasias. Foram considerados neste estudo todos os casos diagnosticados no per��odo 1998-2006, pelo RCBP da regi��o sul de Portugal (ROR-Sul). O estudo descritivo inicial das taxas de incid��ncia e da tend��ncia em cada uma das referidas neoplasias teve como base uma ��nica vari��vel temporal - o ano de diagn��stico - tamb��m designada por per��odo. Todavia, uma metodologia que contemple apenas uma ��nica vari��vel temporal �� limitativa. No cancro, para al��m do per��odo, a idade �� data do diagn��stico e a coorte de nascimento, s��o vari��veis temporais que poder��o prestar um contributo adicional na caracteriza����o das taxas de incid��ncia. A relev��ncia assumida por estas vari��veis temporais justificou a sua inclus��o numaclasse de modelos designada por modelos Idade-Per��odo-Coorte (Age-Period-Cohort models - APC), utilizada na modela����o das taxas de incid��ncia para as neoplasias em estudo. Os referidos modelos permitem ultrapassar o problema de rela����es n��o lineares e/ou de mudan��as s��bitas na tend��ncia linear das taxas. Nos modelos APC foram consideradas a abordagem cl��ssica e a abordagem com recurso a fun����es suavizadoras. A modela����o das taxas foi estratificada por sexo. Foram ainda estudados os respectivos submodelos (apenas com uma ou duas vari��veis temporais). Conhecido o comportamento das taxas de incid��ncia, uma quest��o subsequente prende-se com a sua proje����o em per��odos futuros. Por��m, o efeito de mudan��as estruturais na popula����o, ao qual Portugal n��o �� alheio, altera substancialmente o n��mero esperado de casos futuros com cancro. Estimativas da incid��ncia de cancro a n��vel mundial obtidas a partir de proje����es demogr��ficas apontam para um aumento de 25% dos casos de cancro nas pr��ximas duas d��cadas. Embora a proje����o da incid��ncia esteja associada a alguma incerteza, as proje����es auxiliam no planeamento de pol��ticas de sa��de para a afeta����o de recursos e permitem a avalia����o de cen��rios e de interven����es que tenham como objetivo a redu����o do impacto do cancro. O desconhecimento de proje����es da taxa de incid��ncia destas neoplasias na ��rea abrangida pelo ROR-Sul, levou �� utiliza����o de modelos de proje����o que diferem entre si quanto �� sua estrutura, linearidade (ou n��o) dos seus coeficientes e comportamento das taxas na s��rie hist��rica de dados (e.g. crescente, decrescente ou est��vel). Os referidos modelos pautaram-se por duas abordagens: (i)modelos lineares no que concerne ao tempo e (ii) extrapola����o de efeitos temporais identificados pelos modelos APC para per��odos futuros. Foi feita a proje����o das taxas de incid��ncia para os anos de 2007 a 2010 tendo em conta o g��nero, idade e neoplasia. �� ainda apresentada uma estimativa do impacto econ��mico destas neoplasias no per��odo de proje����o. Uma quest��o pertinente e habitual no contexto cl��nico e a que o presente estudo pretende dar resposta, reside em saber qual a contribui����o da neoplasia em si para a sobreviv��ncia do doente. Nesse sentido, a mortalidade por causa espec��fica �� habitualmente utilizada para estimar a mortalidade atribu��vel apenas ao cancro em estudo. Por��m, existem muitas situa����es em que a causa de morte �� desconhecida e, mesmo que esta informa����o esteja dispon��vel atrav��s dos certificados de ��bito, n��o �� f��cil distinguir os casos em que a principal causa de morte �� devida ao cancro. A sobreviv��ncia relativa surge como uma medida objetiva que n��o necessita do conhecimento da causa espec��fica da morte para o seu c��lculo e dar-nos-�� uma estimativa da probabilidade de sobreviv��ncia caso o cancro em an��lise, num cen��rio hipot��tico, seja a ��nica causa de morte. Desconhecida a principal causa de morte nos casos diagnosticados com cancro no registo ROR-Sul, foi determinada a sobreviv��ncia relativa para cada uma das neoplasias em estudo, para um per��odo de follow-up de 5 anos, tendo em conta o sexo, a idade e cada uma das regi��es que constituem o registo. Foi adotada uma an��lise por per��odo e as abordagens convencional e por modelos. No ep��logo deste estudo, �� analisada a influ��ncia da variabilidade espa��o-temporal nas taxas de incid��ncia. O longo per��odo de lat��ncia das doen��as oncol��gicas, a dificuldade em identificar mudan��as s��bitas no comportamento das taxas, popula����es com dimens��o e riscos reduzidos, s��o alguns dos elementos que dificultam a an��lise da varia����o temporal das taxas. Nalguns casos, estas varia����es podem ser reflexo de flutua����es aleat��rias. O efeito da componente temporal aferida pelos modelos APC d��-nos um retrato incompleto da incid��ncia do cancro. A etiologia desta doen��a, quando conhecida, est�� associada com alguma frequ��ncia a fatores de risco tais como condi����es socioecon��micas, h��bitos alimentares e estilo de vida, atividade profissional, localiza����o geogr��fica e componente gen��tica. O ���contributo���, dos fatores de risco ��, por vezes, determinante e n��o deve ser ignorado. Surge, assim, a necessidade em complementar o estudo temporal das taxas com uma abordagem de cariz espacial. Assim, procurar-se-�� aferir se as varia����es nas taxas de incid��ncia observadas entre os concelhos inseridos na ��rea do registo ROR-Sul poderiam ser explicadas quer pela variabilidade temporal e geogr��fica quer por fatores socioecon��micos ou, ainda, pelos desiguais estilos de vida. Foram utilizados os Modelos Bayesianos Hier��rquicos Espa��o-Temporais com o objetivo de identificar tend��ncias espa��o-temporais nas taxas de incid��ncia bem como quantificar alguns fatores de risco ajustados �� influ��ncia simult��nea da regi��o e do tempo. Os resultados obtidos pela implementa����o de todas estas metodologias considera-se ser uma mais valia para o conhecimento destas neoplasias em Portugal.------------ABSTRACT: mortality rates, with the elderly being an increasingly representative sector of the population, mainly due to greater longevity. The incidence of cancer, in general, is greater precisely in that age group. Alongside with other equally damaging diseases (e.g. cardiovascular,degenerative), whose incidence rates increases with age, cancer is of special note. In epidemiological studies, cancer is the global leader in mortality. In developed countries its weight represents 25% of the total number of deaths, with this percentage being doubled in other countries. Obesity, a reduce consumption of fruit and vegetables, physical inactivity, smoking and alcohol consumption, are the five risk factors present in 30% of deaths due to cancer. Globally, and in particular in the South of Portugal, the stomach, rectum and colon cancer have high incidence and mortality rates. From a strictly economic perspective, cancer is the disease that consumes more resources, while from a physical and psychological point of view, it is a disease that is not limited to the patient. Cancer is therefore na up to date disease and one of increased importance, since it reflects the habits and the environment of a society, regardless the intrinsic characteristics of each individual. The adoption of statistical methodology applied to cancer data modelling is especially valuable and relevant when the information comes from population-based cancer registries (PBCR). In such cases, these registries allow for the assessment of the risk and the suffering associated to a given neoplasm in a specific population. The weight that stomach, colon and rectum cancers assume in Portugal was one of the motivations of the present study, that focus on analyzing trends, projections, relative survival and spatial distribution of these neoplasms. The data considered in this study, are all cases diagnosed between 1998 and 2006, by the PBCR of Portugal, ROR-Sul.Only year of diagnosis, also called period, was the only time variable considered in the initial descriptive analysis of the incidence rates and trends for each of the three neoplasms considered. However, a methodology that only considers one single time variable will probably fall short on the conclusions that could be drawn from the data under study. In cancer, apart from the variable period, the age at diagnosis and the birth cohort are also temporal variables and may provide an additional contribution to the characterization of the incidence. The relevance assumed by these temporal variables justified its inclusion in a class of models called Age-Period-Cohort models (APC). This class of models was used for the analysis of the incidence rates of the three cancers under study. APC models allow to model nonlinearity and/or sudden changes in linear relationships of rate trends. Two approaches of APC models were considered: the classical and the one using smoothing functions. The models were stratified by gender and, when justified, further studies explored other sub-models where only one or two temporal variables were considered. After the analysis of the incidence rates, a subsequent goal is related to their projections in future periods. Although the effect of structural changes in the population, of which Portugal is not oblivious, may substantially change the expected number of future cancer cases, the results of these projections could help planning health policies with the proper allocation of resources, allowing for the evaluation of scenarios and interventions that aim to reduce the impact of cancer in a population. Worth noting that cancer incidence worldwide obtained from demographic projections point out to an increase of 25% of cancer cases in the next two decades. The lack of projections of incidence rates of the three cancers under study in the area covered by ROR-Sul, led us to use a variety of forecasting models that differ in the nature and structure. For example, linearity or nonlinearity in their coefficients and the trend of the incidence rates in historical data series (e.g. increasing, decreasing or stable).The models followed two approaches: (i) linear models regarding time and (ii) extrapolation of temporal effects identified by the APC models for future periods. The study provide incidence rates projections and the numbers of newly diagnosed cases for the year, 2007 to 2010, taking into account gender, age and the type of cancer. In addition, an estimate of the economic impact of these neoplasms is presented for the projection period considered. This research also try to address a relevant and common clinical question in these type of studies, regarding the contribution of the type of cancer to the patient survival. In such studies, the primary cause of death is commonly used to estimate the mortality specifically due to the cancer. However, there are many situations in which the cause of death is unknown, or, even if this information is available through the death certificates, it is not easy to distinguish the cases where the primary cause of death is the cancer. With this in mind, the relative survival is an alternative measure that does not need the knowledge of the specific cause of death to be calculated. This estimate will represent the survival probability in the hypothetical scenario of a certain cancer be the only cause of death. For the patients with unknown cause of death that were diagnosed with cancer in the ROR-Sul, the relative survival was calculated for each of the cancers under study, for a follow-up period of 5 years, considering gender, age and each one of the regions that are part the registry. A period analysis was undertaken, considering both the conventional and the model approaches. In final part of this study, we analyzed the influence of space-time variability in the incidence rates. The long latency period of oncologic diseases, the difficulty in identifying subtle changes in the rates behavior, populations of reduced size and low risk are some of the elements that can be a challenge in the analysis of temporal variations in rates, that, in some cases, can reflect simple random fluctuations. The effect of the temporal component measured by the APC models gives an incomplete picture of the cancer incidence. The etiology of this disease, when known, is frequently associated to risk factors such as socioeconomic conditions, eating habits and lifestyle, occupation, geographic location and genetic component. The "contribution"of such risk factors is sometimes decisive in the evolution of the disease and should not be ignored. Therefore, there was the need to consider an additional approach in this study, one of spatial nature, addressing the fact that changes in incidence rates observed in the ROR-Sul area, could be explained either by temporal and geographical variability or by unequal socio-economic or lifestyle factors. Thus, Bayesian hierarchical space-time models were used with the purpose of identifying space-time trends in incidence rates together with the the analysis of the effect of the risk factors considered in the study. The results obtained and the implementation of all these methodologies are considered to be an added value to the knowledge of these neoplasms in Portugal.

Jos�� Mourinho, The special one: A pedagogical case

The purpose of this work is to create a case to reflect about the leadership role of Jos�� Mourinho in Real Madrid CF, considering his successful background experiences in FC Porto, Chelsea FC and FC Inter. The case is based on the failure of the Special One in Real Madrid CF. This paper is mainly focused in the leadership process, charismatic leadership and contingency theory of leadership. Moreover it is intended to introduce concepts about the influence of leaders in the organizational culture, the management of human resources, and the role of a leader adapting to a different context.