Energy Management in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Crosslayer,Channel Adaptive Approach Towards Performance Optimization

The proliferation of wireless sensor networks in a large spectrum of applications had been spurered by the rapid advances in MEMS(micro-electro mechanical systems )based sensor technology coupled with low power,Low cost digital signal processors and radio frequency circuits.A sensor network is composed of thousands of low cost and portable devices bearing large sensing computing and wireless communication capabilities. This large collection of tiny sensors can form a robust data computing and communication distributed system for automated information gathering and distributed sensing.The main attractive feature is that such a sensor network can be deployed in remote areas.Since the sensor node is battery powered,all the sensor nodes should collaborate together to form a fault tolerant network so as toprovide an efficient utilization of precious network resources like wireless channel,memory and battery capacity.The most crucial constraint is the energy consumption which has become the prime challenge for the design of long lived sensor nodes.

Assessment of Energy Conservation in Indian Cement Industry and Forecasting of Co2 Emissions

Cement industry ranks 2nd in energy consumption among the industries in India. It is one of the major emitter of CO2, due to combustion of fossil fuel and calcination process. As the huge amount of CO2 emissions cause severe environment problems, the efficient and effective utilization of energy is a major concern in Indian cement industry. The main objective of the research work is to assess the energy cosumption and energy conservation of the Indian cement industry and to predict future trends in cement production and reduction of CO2 emissions. In order to achieve this objective, a detailed energy and exergy analysis of a typical cement plant in Kerala was carried out. The data on fuel usage, electricity consumption, amount of clinker and cement production were also collected from a few selected cement industries in India for the period 2001 - 2010 and the CO2 emissions were estimated. A complete decomposition method was used for the analysis of change in CO2 emissions during the period 2001 - 2010 by categorising the cement industries according to the specific thermal energy consumption. A basic forecasting model for the cement production trend was developed by using the system dynamic approach and the model was validated with the data collected from the selected cement industries. The cement production and CO2 emissions from the industries were also predicted with the base year as 2010. The sensitivity analysis of the forecasting model was conducted and found satisfactory. The model was then modified for the total cement production in India to predict the cement production and CO2 emissions for the next 21 years under three different scenarios. The parmeters that influence CO2 emissions like population and GDP growth rate, demand of cement and its production, clinker consumption and energy utilization are incorporated in these scenarios. The existing growth rate of the population and cement production in the year 2010 were used in the baseline scenario. In the scenario-1 (S1) the growth rate of population was assumed to be gradually decreasing and finally reach zero by the year 2030, while in scenario-2 (S2) a faster decline in the growth rate was assumed such that zero growth rate is achieved in the year 2020. The mitigation strategiesfor the reduction of CO2 emissions from the cement production were identified and analyzed in the energy management scenarioThe energy and exergy analysis of the raw mill of the cement plant revealed that the exergy utilization was worse than energy utilization. The energy analysis of the kiln system showed that around 38% of heat energy is wasted through exhaust gases of the preheater and cooler of the kiln sysetm. This could be recovered by the waste heat recovery system. A secondary insulation shell was also recommended for the kiln in the plant in order to prevent heat loss and enhance the efficiency of the plant. The decomposition analysis of the change in CO2 emissions during 2001- 2010 showed that the activity effect was the main factor for CO2 emissions for the cement industries since it is directly dependent on economic growth of the country. The forecasting model showed that 15.22% and 29.44% of CO2 emissions reduction can be achieved by the year 2030 in scenario- (S1) and scenario-2 (S2) respectively. In analysing the energy management scenario, it was assumed that 25% of electrical energy supply to the cement plants is replaced by renewable energy. The analysis revealed that the recovery of waste heat and the use of renewable energy could lead to decline in CO2 emissions 7.1% for baseline scenario, 10.9 % in scenario-1 (S1) and 11.16% in scenario-2 (S2) in 2030. The combined scenario considering population stabilization by the year 2020, 25% of contribution from renewable energy sources of the cement industry and 38% thermal energy from the waste heat streams shows that CO2 emissions from Indian cement industry could be reduced by nearly 37% in the year 2030. This would reduce a substantial level of greenhouse gas load to the environment. The cement industry will remain one of the critical sectors for India to meet its CO2 emissions reduction target. India’s cement production will continue to grow in the near future due to its GDP growth. The control of population, improvement in plant efficiency and use of renewable energy are the important options for the mitigation of CO2 emissions from Indian cement industries

Untersuchung der Sensitivität von Heizungs- / Lüftungsanlagen in Niedrigenergiehäusern

Bei Meßprojekten in denen Gebäude mit installierter Lüftungsanlage untersucht wurden, stellte man immer wieder ein breite Streuung der Meßwerte, als auch eine oftmals deutliche Abweichung vom vorher ermittelten Heizwärmebedarf der Gebäude fest. Es wird vermutet, daß diese Unterschiede systemspezifische Ursachen haben, ein Nachweis kann aufgrund der geringen Anzahl vorhandener Meßpunkte jedoch nicht geführt werden. Um die Sensitivität verschiedener Randbedingungen auf den Energieverbrauch zu ermitteln, wird im vorliegenden Forschungsprojekt ein Simulationsmodell erstellt. Das thermische Verhalten und die Durchströmung des Gebäudes werden durch ein gekoppeltes Modell abgebildet. Unterschiedliche Lüftungsanlagensysteme werden miteinander verglichen. Auf Basis vorhandener Meßdaten wird ein klimaabhängiges Modell zur Fensterlüftung entwickelt, welches in die Modellbildung der Gebäudedurchströmung mit einfließt. Feuchtegeregelte Abluftanlagen sind in der Lage den mittleren Luftwechsel auf ein hygienisch sinnvollen Wert zu begrenzen. Sie erweisen sich im Hinblick auf die Sensitivität verschiedener Randbedingungen als robuste Systeme. Trotz Einsatz von Lüftungsanlagen kann je nach Betriebszustand insbesondere bei Abluftanlagen keine ausreichende Luftqualität sichergestellt werden. Zukünftige Systeme dürfen das "Lüftungssystem" Fenster nicht vernachlässigen, sondern müssen es in das Gesamtkonzept mit einbeziehen.

Disseny d’una nau industrial amb estructura i fonamentació de formigó prefabricat

L’objectiu d’aquest treball és realitzar un projecte on es buscaran diferents tipus de sabates prefabricada de formigó que hi ha en el mercat, per tal de seleccionar la més adequada a través d’una sèrie de càlculs, tant des del punt de vista tècnic, de facilitat de muntatge i de transport, com econòmic, i d’aquesta manera arribar a una solució. Aquest projecte és un subprojecte d’un altre que correspon a la construcció de la totalitat de la nau industrial prefabricada. Per tant, la part important d’aquest projecte és l’estudi de les sabates prefabricades de formigó, el qual, es realitzarà partint d’una informació addicional, que aparentment sembla poc important, però, en realitat, és imprescindible per dur-lo a terme

La tecnología del hidrógeno, una oportunidad estratégica para la perdurabilidad del sector energético en Colombia

El incremento de la actividad humana en el último siglo y el desarrollo de tecnologías ligadas con el petróleo como vector energético, han generado efectos medioambientales adversos que aunados con las limitadas reservas mundiales de crudo y su estrecha relación con el crecimiento económico mundial ha generado presiones economías, políticas y sociales en todos los países. Esta situación ha dinamizado la investigación y desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías basadas en el hidrogeno como un nuevo vector energético tecnológicamente compatible que permita la portabilidad de energía con el menor impacto ambiental y económico a la luz de la prospectiva de consumo y la perdurabilidad energética. Este trabajo identifica las experiencias más relevantes respecto a la tecnología del hidrogeno a nivel mundial con el fin de consolidar un plan estratégico para la incorporación del hidrógeno como vector energético al portafolio productivo colombiano mediante la aplicación de un modelo que permite el análisis del nivel de integración de los sectores educativo, empresarial y gubernamental, teniendo como base los resultados del análisis estructural y análisis de actores.

Modelo de recolección de residuos sólidos botellas plásticas y latas utilizando como aliado el sistema de transporte masivo en Bogotá

En las grandes ciudades, la disposición de residuos se ha convertido en un problema ambiental de magnitud mundial con impacto negativo por el manejo inadecuado de los residuos sólidos diarios. El propósito es utilizar el sistema de transporte publico de Bogotá (Transmilenio) como punto de recolección de botellas plásticas y latas, para crear un proyecto de responsabilidad ambiental el cual tendrá resultados positivos a nivel cultural, social, y a largo plazo, financieramente. A través del estudio de diferentes propuestas tanto locales como internacionales, fueron identificados los principales factores de éxito de estos proyectos los cuales se incluyeron para adecuar la presente propuesta para la ciudad de Bogotá teniendo en cuenta sus actuales condiciones. Después de identificar las características requeridas para Bogotá, se realizó un estudio demográfico para poder saber cuántos ciudadanos estarían dispuestos a participar. Como resultado, muchos pasajeros de Transmilenio esperan una retribución económica en el costo del pasaje del sistema. La prueba piloto se diseñó de acuerdo con la cantidad de envases recolectados, incluyendo el tipo de vehículos, como también la cantidad de personas y maquinas necesarias para el éxito del proyecto. Con la propuesta del proyecto completa, se realiza una evaluación financiera y económica para identificar los costos y gastos. La conclusión final de esta propuesta es que el modelo propuesto puede ser aplicado en Bogotá dadas sus características. Los beneficios sociales y ambientales también se destacan, como también el cambio cultural por parte de los ciudadanos hacia las prácticas ecológicas.

Projecte d’ampliació i acondicionament d’una nau industrial destinada a processos metal•lúrgics

El present projecte pretèn ampliar i condicionar una nau industrial existent, destinada a processos metal•lúrgics, propietat de l’empresa Muntatges Industrials Palafolls, SCP. L’establiment es troba situat al polígon Industrial de Can Baltasar, en el municipi de Palafolls. Per tal de dur a terme aquestes modificacions, s’enderrocaran els departaments existents i es dimensionaran en una nova ubicació dintre del recinte de l’establiment. Es dimensionarà una nova estructura per a sustentar un pont grua de 10 tn, situada a l’interior de la nau. A més a més, es dimensionaran les instal•lacions elèctriques i contra incendis de l’establiment. El projecte contindrà tota la documentació necessària per a dur a terme l’ampliació i remodelació de la nau industrial i la instal•lació del pont grua.

Projecte de nau industrial sostenible

La majoria de naus industrials són edificis contenidors, senzills, modulars i, sobretot, concebuts com a edificis rendibles, sense tenir en compte criteris de protecció del medi ambient. En el projecte s’ha optat per fer el disseny i càlcul d’una nau industrial prefabricada de formigó armat per a la fabricació de maquinària per la indústria agroalimentària, amb dos nivells d’oficines, zona de producció amb pont grua, laboratoris i magatzems amb una superfície total aproximada de 1800 m². Per tal que sigui un edifici sostenible, s’ha optat per la instal·lació de plaques solars fotovoltaiques, aïllament tèrmic, aprofitament d’aigües plujanes, gestió de residus, aprofitament òptim, il·luminació natural, estalvi d’energia a causa d'una bona gestió dels recursos energètics

Flight Paths of Migrating Golden Eagles and the Risk Associated with Wind Energy Development in the Rocky Mountains

In recent years, the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains in northeastern British Columbia have received interest as a site of industrial wind energy development but, simultaneously, have been the subject of concern about wind development coinciding with a known migratory corridor of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos). We tracked and quantified eagle flights that crossed or followed ridgelines slated for one such wind development. We found that hourly passage rates during fall migration peaked at midday and increased by 17% with each 1 km/h increase in wind speed and by 11% with each 1°C increase in temperature. The propensity to cross the ridge tops where turbines would be situated differed between age classes, with juvenile eagles almost twice as likely to traverse the ridge-top area as adults or subadults. During fall migration, Golden Eagles were more likely to cross ridges at turbine heights (risk zone, < 150 m above ground) under headwinds or tailwinds, but this likelihood decreased with increasing temperature. Conversely, during spring migration, eagles were more likely to move within the ridge-top area under eastern crosswinds. Identifying Golden Eagle flight routes and altitudes with respect to major weather systems and local topography in the Rockies may help identify scenarios in which the potential for collisions is greatest at this and other installations.

RF Energy Harvesting in WSNs

As a vital factor affecting system cost and lifetime, energy consumption in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been paid much attention to. This article reviews existing energy harvesting technology applied in WSNs, and analyzes advantages of harvesting radio frequency (RF) energy in WSNs.

Energy substitutability in transition agriculture: estimates and implications for Hungary

Subsidised energy prices in pre-transition Hungary had led to excessive energy intensity in the agricultural sector. Transition has resulted in steep input price increases. In this study, Allen and Morishima elasticities of substitution are estimated to study the effects of these price changes on energy use, chemical input use, capital formation and employment. Panel data methods, Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) and instrument exogeneity tests are used to specify and estimate technology and substitution elasticities. Results indicate that indirect price policy may be effective in controlling energy consumption. The sustained increases in energy and chemical input prices have worked together to restrict energy and chemical input use, and the substitutability between energy, capital and labour has prevented the capital shrinkage and agricultural unemployment situations from being worse. The Hungarian push towards lower energy intensity may be best pursued through sustained energy price increases rather than capital subsidies. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Performance of phase change material boards under natural convection

The high thermal storage capacity of phase change material (PCM) can reduce energy consumption in buildings through energy storage and release when combined with renewable energy sources, night cooling, etc. PCM boards can be used to absorb heat gains during daytime and release heat at night. In this paper, the thermal performance of an environmental chamber fitted with phase change material boards has been investigated. During a full-cycle experiment, i.e. charging–releasing cycle, the PCM boards on a wall can reduce the interior wall surface temperature during the charging process, whereas the PCM wall surface temperature is higher than that of the other walls during the heat releasing process. It is found that the heat flux density of the PCM wall in the melting zone is almost twice as large as that of ordinary wall. Also, the heat-insulation performance of a PCM wall is better than that of an ordinary wall during the charging process, while during the heat discharging process, the PCM wall releases more heat energy. The convective heat transfer coefficient of PCM wall surface calculated using equations for a normal wall material produces an underestimation of this coefficient. The high convective heat transfer coefficient for a PCM wall is due to the increased energy exchange between the wall and indoor air.

Qualitative modelling of sustainable energy scenarios: An application and extension of the Bon Qualitative Input-Output model

Climate change is one of the major challenges facing economic systems at the start of the 21st century. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions will require both restructuring the energy supply system (production) and addressing the efficiency and sufficiency of the social uses of energy (consumption). The energy production system is a complicated supply network of interlinked sectors with 'knock-on' effects throughout the economy. End use energy consumption is governed by complex sets of interdependent cultural, social, psychological and economic variables driven by shifts in consumer preference and technological development trajectories. To date, few models have been developed for exploring alternative joint energy production-consumption systems. The aim of this work is to propose one such model. This is achieved in a methodologically coherent manner through integration of qualitative input-output models of production, with Bayesian belief network models of consumption, at point of final demand. The resulting integrated framework can be applied either (relatively) quickly and qualitatively to explore alternative energy scenarios, or as a fully developed quantitative model to derive or assess specific energy policy options. The qualitative applications are explored here.

Radio frequency energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks

As a vital factor affecting system cost and lifetime, energy consumption in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been paid much attention to. This article presents a new approach to making use of electromagnetic energy from useless radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted in WSNs, with a quantitative analysis showing its feasibility. A mechanism to harvest the energy either passively or actively is proposed.

Part load operation coefficient of air-conditioning system of public building

IPLV overall coefficient, presented by Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) of America, shows running/operation status of air-conditioning system host only. For overall operation coefficient, logical solution has not been developed, to reflect the whole air-conditioning system under part load. In this research undertaking, the running time proportions of air-conditioning systems under part load have been obtained through analysis on energy consumption data during practical operation in all public buildings in Chongqing. This was achieved by using analysis methods, based on the statistical energy consumption data distribution of public buildings month-by-month. Comparing with the weight number of IPLV, part load operation coefficient of air-conditioning system, based on this research, does not only show the status of system refrigerating host, but also reflects and calculate energy efficiency of the whole air-conditioning system. The coefficient results from the processing and analyzing of practical running data, shows the practical running status of area and building type (actual and objective) – not clear. The method is different from model analysis which gets IPLV weight number, in the sense that this method of coefficient results in both four equal proportions and also part load operation coefficient of air-conditioning system under any load rate as necessary.