997 resultados para Difusió cultural -- Catalunya
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What enables people to bounce back from stressful experiences? How do certain individuals maintain a sense of purpose and direction over the long term, even in the face of adversity? This is the first book to move beyond childhood and adolescence to explore resilience across the lifespan. Coverage ranges from genetic and physiological factors through personal, family, organizational, and community processes. Contributors examine how resilience contributes to health and well-being across the adult life cycle; whyand what happens whenresilience processes fail; ethnic and cultural dimensions of resilience; and ways to enhance adult resilience, including reviews of exemplary programs.
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This chapter addresses a topic of growing significance to green criminology - the harmful effects of mining on local communities and the environment (Ruggiero and South 2013; White 2013a). While mining has long been recognised as an agent of environmental harm (White 2013a), less recognised is that its global expansion also has harmful effects on localised patterns of violence, work and community life in mining towns. Australia provides an excellent case study for exploring some of these mining impacts.
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Background Spanish is one of the five most spoken languages in the world. There is currently no published Spanish version of the rebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire (OMPQ). The aim of the present study is to describe the process of translating the OMPQ into Spanish and to perform an analysis of reliability, internal structure, internal consistency and concurrent criterion-related validity. Methods Design: Translation and psychometric testing. Procedure: Two independent translators translated the OMPQ into Spanish. From both translations a consensus version was achieved. A backward translation was made to verify and resolve any semantic or conceptual problems. A total of 104 patients (67 men/37 women) with a mean age of 53.48 (11.63), suffering from chronic musculoskeletal disorders, twice completed a Spanish version of the OMPQ. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the reliability, the internal structure, internal consistency and concurrent criterion-related validity with reference to the gold standard questionnaire SF-12v2. Results All variables except Coping showed a rate above 0.85 on reliability. The internal structure calculation through exploratory factor analysis indicated that 75.2% of the variance can be explained with six components with an eigenvalue higher than 1 and 52.1% with only three components higher than 10% of variance explained. In the concurrent criterion-related validity, several significant correlations were seen close to 0.6, exceeding that value in the correlation between general health and total value of the OMPQ. Conclusions The Spanish version of the screening questionnaire OMPQ can be used to identify Spanish patients with musculoskeletal pain at risk of developing a chronic disability.
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Background This study investigated the prevalence and socio-cultural correlates of postnatal mood disturbance amongst women 1845 years old in Central Vietnam. Son preference and traditional confinement practices were explored as well as factors such as poverty, parity, family and intimate partner relationships and infant health. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in twelve randomly selected Commune Health Centres from urban and rural districts of Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam. Mother-infant dyads one to six months postpartum were invited to participate. Questionnaires from 431 mothers (urban n=216; rural n=215) assessed demographic and family characteristics, traditional confinement practices, son preference, infant health and social capital. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and WHO5 Wellbeing Index indicated depressive symptoms and emotional wellbeing. Data were analysed using general linear models. Results Using an EPDS cut-off of 12/13, 18.1 % (n=78, 95 % CI 14.6 - 22.1) of women had depressive symptoms (20.4 % urban; 15.8 % rural). Contrary to predictions, infant gender and traditional confinement were unrelated to depressive symptoms. Poverty, food insecurity, being frightened of family members, and intimate partner violence increased both depressive symptoms and lowered wellbeing. The first model accounted for 30.2 % of the variance in EPDS score and found being frightened of ones husband, husbands unemployment, breastfeeding difficulties, infant diarrhoea, and cognitive social capital were associated with higher EPDS scores. The second model had accounted for 22 % of the variance in WHO5 score. Living in Hue city, low education, poor maternal competence and a negative family response to the baby lowered maternal wellbeing. Conclusions Traditional confinement practices and son preference were not linked to depressive symptoms among mothers, but were correlates of family relationships and wellbeing. Poverty, food insecurity, violence, infant ill health, and discordant intimate and family relationships were linked with depressive symptoms in Central Vietnam.
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With recent economic growth in Oman there is increased use of heavy vehicles, presenting an increase in heavy vehicle crashes, associated fatalities and injuries. Vehicle defects cause a significant number of heavy vehicle crashes in Oman and increase the likelihood of fatalities. The aim of this study is to explore factors contributing to driving with vehicle defects in the Omani heavy vehicle industry. A series of qualitative participants observations were conducted in Oman with 49 drivers. These observations also involved discussion and interviews with drivers. The observations occurred at two road-side locations where heavy vehicle drivers gather for eating, resting, vehicle check-up, etc. Data collection was conducted over a three week period. The data was analysed using thematic analysis. A broad number of factors were identified as contributing to the driving of vehicles with defects. Participants indicated that tyres and vehicle mechanical faults were a common issue in the heavy vehicle industry. Participants regularly reported that their companies use cheap, poor quality standards parts and conducted minimal maintenance. Drivers also indicated that they felt powerless to resist company pressure to drive vehicles with known faults. In addition, drivers reported that traffic police were generally in effective and lacked skill to appropriately conduct roadside inspection on trucks. Further, participants stated that it was possible for companies to avoid being fined during annual or roadside vehicle inspections if members of the company knew the traffic police officer conducting the inspection. Moreover, fines issued by police are generally directed to the individual driver rather than being applied to the company, thus providing no incentive for companies to address vehicle faults. The implications of the findings are discussed.
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Early human populations utilized a wide range of biological resources in a tremendous diversity of environments. As a result, they possessed high levels of cultural diversity dependent on and supportive of high levels of biological diversity. This pattern changed drastically with technological innovations enabling certain human groups to break down territorial barriers and to usurp resources of other groups. The dominant groups have gone on to exhaust a whole range of resources, depleting both biological and cultural diversity. Traditions of resource conservation can, however, re-emerge when the dominant cultures spread over the entire area and the innovations diffuse to other human groups. This could change once again as genetically engineered organisms become an economically viable proposition with the accruing advantages concentrated in the hands of a few human groups: a further drastic reduction in biological and cultural diversity may ensue.
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Animals often behave in a profligate fashion and decimate the populations of plants and animals they depend upon. They may, however, evolve prudent behaviour under special conditions, namely when such prudence greatly enhances the success of populations that are not too prone to invasions by profligate individuals. Cultural evolution in human societies can also lead to the adoption of prudent practices under similar conditions. These are more likely to be realized in stable environments in which the human populations tend to grow close to the carrying capacity, when the human groups are closed, and when the technology is stagnant. These conditions probably prevailed in the huntergatherer societies of the tropics and subtropics, and led to the adoption of a number of socially imposed restraints on the use of plant and animal resources. Such practices were rationalized in the form of Nature-worship. The Indian caste society became so organized as to fulfill these conditions, and gave rise to two religions, Buddhism and Jainism, which emphasize compassion towards all forms of life. The pastoral nomads of the middle east, on the other hand, lived in an environment which militated against prudence, and these societies gave rise to religions like Christianity, which declared war on nature. As the ruling elite and state have grown in power, they have tried to wrest control of natural resources from the local communities. This has sometimes resulted in conservation and prudent use under guidance from the state, but has often led to conflicts with local populations to the detriment of prudent behaviour. Modern technological progress has also often removed the need for conservation, as when availability of coal permitted the deforestation of England. While modern scientific understanding has led to a better appreciation of the need for prudence, the prevailing social and economic conditions often militate against any implementation of the understanding, as is seen from the history of whaling. However, the imperative for survival of the poor from the Third-World countries may finally bring about conditions in which ecological prudence may once again come to dominate human cultures as it might once have done with stable societies of huntergatherers.
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Kirjallisuuden- ja kulttuurintutkimus on viimeisten kolmen vuosikymmenen aikana tullut yh enenevss mrin tietoiseksi tieteen ja taiteen suhteen monimutkaisesta luonteesta. Nykyn niden kahden kulttuurin tutkimus muodostaa oman kenttns, jolla niiden suhdetta tarkastellaan ennen kaikkea dynaamisena vuorovaikutuksena, joka heijastaa kulttuurimme kielt, arvoja ja ideologisia sisltj. Toisin kuin aiemmat nkemykset, jotka pitvt tiedett ja taidetta toisilleen enemmn tai vhemmn vastakkaisina pyrkimyksin, nykytutkimus lhtee oletuksesta, jonka mukaan ne ovat kulttuurillisesti rakentuneita diskursseja, jotka kohtaavat usein samankaltaisia todellisuuden mallintamiseen liittyvi ongelmia, vaikka niiden kyttmt metodit eroavatkin toisistaan. Vitskirjani keskittyy yll mainitun suhteen osa-alueista popularisoidun tietokirjallisuuden (muun muassa Paul Davies, James Gleick ja Richard Dawkins) kyttmn kielen ja luonnontieteist ideoita ammentavan kaunokirjallisuuden (muun muassa Jeanette Winterson, Tom Stoppard ja Richard Powers) hydyntmien keinojen tarkasteluun nojautuen yli 30 teoksen kattavaa aineistoa koskevaan tyylin ja teemojen tekstianalyysiin. Populaarin tietokirjallisuuden osalta tarkoituksenani on osoittaa, ett sen kyttm kieli rakentuu huomattavassa mrin sellaisille rakenteille, jotka tarjoavat mahdollisuuden esitt todellisuutta koskevia argumentteja mahdollisimman vakuuttavalla tavalla. Tss tehtvss monilla klassisen retoriikan mrittelemill kuvioilla on trke rooli, koska ne auttavat liittmn sanotun sislln ja muodon tiukasti toisiinsa: retoristen kuvioiden kytt ei nin ollen edusta pelkk tyylikeinoa, vaan se mys usein kiteytt argumenttien taustalla olevat tieteenfilosofiset olettamukset ja auttaa vakiinnuttamaan argumentoinnin logiikan. Koska monet aikaisemmin ilmestyneist tutkimuksista ovat keskittyneet pelkstn metaforan rooliin tieteellisiss argumenteissa, tm vitskirja pyrkii laajentamaan tutkimuskentt analysoimalla mys toisenlaisten kuvioiden kytt. Osoitan mys, ett retoristen kuvioiden kytt muodostaa yhtymkohdan tieteellisi ideoita hydyntvn kaunokirjallisuuteen. Siin miss popularisoitu tiede kytt retoriikkaa vahvistaakseen sek argumentatiivisia ett kaunokirjallisia ominaisuuksiaan, kuvaa tllainen sanataide tiedett tavoilla, jotka usein heijastelevat tietokirjallisuuden kielellisi rakenteita. Toisaalta on mys mahdollista nhd, miten kaunokirjallisuuden keinot heijastuvat popularisoidun tieteen kerrontatapoihin ja kieleen todistaen kahden kulttuurin dynaamisesta vuorovaikutuksesta. Nykyaikaisen populaaritieteen retoristen elementtien ja kaunokirjallisuuden keinojen vertailu nytt lisksi, kuinka tiede ja taide osallistuvat keskusteluun kulttuurimme tiettyjen perusksitteiden kuten identiteetin, tiedon ja ajan merkityksest. Tll tavoin on mahdollista nhd, ett molemmat ovat perustavanlaatuisia osia merkityksenantoprosessissa, jonka kautta niin tieteelliset ideat kuin ihmiselmn suuret kysymyksetkin saavat kulttuurillisesti rakentuneen merkityksens.
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Tutkielmassa selvitetn englanti lingua francana (ELF) -nkkulman ilmenemist kulttuurin ja sen opettamisen periaatteissa. Tarkastelun kohteina ovat viimeaikaiset kielenopetuksen ohjenuoria ksittelevt ohjelmat Euroopassa ja Suomessa: Euroopan neuvoston julkaisema Eurooppalainen viitekehys ja Suomen perus- ja lukio-opetuksen uusimmat vieraiden kielten opetussuunnitelmat. Tutkielmassa sovelletaan kriittisen diskurssianalyysin kolmiportaista analyysikehyst, jonka kuvausosiossa Viitekehyksest analysoidaan esiin kulttuurisia diskursseja, tulkintaosiossa aineistoa tarkastellaan Euroopan neuvoston kielipolitiikan osana, ja selitysosiossa sit verrataan opetussuunnitelmista hahmotettuihin diskursseihin. Viitekehyksest nousi esiin nelj keskeist diskurssia: 1) kohdekulttuuri-, 2) kulttuurien monimuotoisuus-, 3) monikulttuurisuus- ja 4) oppilaskeskeisyysdiskurssit. Nist kahdessa viimeisess oli piirteit, joiden voi katsoa tukevan ELF-nkkulmaa. Tllaisia olivat mm. usean kulttuurin vlill liikkuminen ja oppilaiden tarpeiden korostaminen. Sen sijaan opetussuunnitelmissa keskitytn ELF:n kannalta liian kapea-alaisesti vain idinkielisten ja ei-idinkielisten vliseen viestintn. ELF-lhestymistavan kannalta olisikin trke ymmrt, ett kansainvlisess viestinnss englannin kielt ei voi yhdist tiettyyn kohdekulttuuriin ja ett monikielitaitoisuuden ja lingua francan ei tarvitse olla ristiriidassa keskenn.
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Pro gradu tutkielman aiheena on kulttuurin ominaispiirteiden kntminen. Teksteiss kulttuurin jlki voi nky monin eri tavoin. Tutkielman kohteena ovat erityisesti knnsstrategiat, joita kntjt kyttvt kohdatessaan kulttuurisidonnaisia viittauksia. Tutkielma nostaa esiin mys niit tekijit, jotka vaikuttavat siihen, minklaisia knnsstrategioita kntjt valitsevat. Nist tekijist tutkielma keskittyy kntmisen normeihin. Tutkielma pureutuu kulttuurisidonnaisten viitteiden kntmiseen tarkastelemalla kahta suomalaista kaunokirjallista teosta ja niiden knnksi. Tutkielman aineistona ovat Matti Yrjn Joensuun kaksi rikosromaania ja niden knnkset. Teoksista toinen on vuonna 1983 suomeksi julkaistu Harjunp ja poliisin poika, jonka englanninkielinen knns Harjunpaa the stone murders julkaistiin vuonna 1986. Toinen teos on vuonna 2003 julkaistu Harjunp ja pahan pappi ja sen knns The Priest of Evil vuodelta 2006. Tutkielman tavoitteena on selvitt, minklaisia kulttuurisidonnaisia viittauksia romaanit sislsivt, minklaisia knnsstrategioita kntjt kyttivt kntessn nit viittauksia ja mik voisi selitt heidn strategisia valintojaan. Tutkielma pyrkii vastaamaan kysymykseen siit, voisiko jonkin kntmist koskevan normin olemassa olo selitt kntjien strategisia valintoja. Tutkielman tavoitteena on mys selvitt, suositaanko kntmisess englannin kieleen niin kutsuttuja kotouttavia knnsstrategioita ja ovatko knnsstrategiat ja kntmist koskevat normit muuttuneet kahdenkymmenen vuoden aikana. Nihin kysymyksiin vastaamiseksi suomenkielisist teksteist on etsitty kaikki kulttuurisidonnaisia viittauksia sisltvt tekstinkohdat. Nit vastaavat kohdat on sitten etsitty knnksist ja suomen- ja englanninkielisi kohtia on vertailtu keskenn. Molemmat suomenkieliset romaanit sisltvt runsaasti kulttuurisidonnaisia viittauksia. Suurimman kulttuurisidonnaisten viittausten ryhmn muodostivat molemissa romaaneissa henkiliden nimet. Romaanin sislsivt mys runsaasti viittauksia maantieteeseen, erityisesti kulttuurimaantieteeseen, ja yhteiskuntaan. Sit vastoin viittaukset suomalaiseen kulttuuriin ja historiaan olivat vhisempi. Tutkielma osoittaa, ett kntessn suomesta englannin kielelle suomalaisen rikoskirjallisuuden kntjt saattavat kytt enemmn vieraannuttavia strategioita kuin kotouttavia strategioita ja ett he suosivat vieraannuttavia strategioita kasvavassa mrin. Harjunpn ja pahan papin kntj kytti enemmn vieraannuttavia strategioita kuin Harjunpn ja poliisin pojan kntj kaksikymment vuotta aikaisemmin. Tutkielman tulokset eivt tue vitett siit, ett knnettess englannin kielelle suosittaisiin kotouttavia strategioita. Nytt silt, ett vieraannuttavia strategioita on kytetty enemmn ja kytetn yh enenevss mrin. Lisntyvn vieraannuttamisen taustalla voi olla useita syit, kuten suomalaisen kulttuurin lisntynyt tunnettuus maailmalla, rikosromaanin genren vaatimukset tai muutokset kntjyhteisn arvoissa. Tutkielman tulosten perusteella nytt silt, ett ainakin muutoksia normeissa ja arvoissa on tapahtunut. Listutkimuksen avulla voitaisiin selvitt, ptevtk tutkielman tulokset muihin romaaneihin ja niiden knnksiin tai muihin genreihin knnettess suomesta englantiin. Listutkimus voisi nojautua laajempaan ja erilaisia tekstej kattavaan aineistoon. Jatkotutkimus voisi mys sislt kntjien haastatteluita tai kyselyit kntjille. Niden avulla voitaisiin saada lisselvyytt syist heidn strategisille valinnoilleen. Asiasanat: Knnskirjallisuus kaunokirjallisuus Kntminen suomen kieli englannin kieli Kntminen strategia Kntminen - normi
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Les histoires de lart et du design ont dlaiss, au cours desquatre dernires dcennies, ltude canonique des objets, des artistes/concepteurs et des styles et se sont tournes vers des recherches plus interdisciplinaires. Nous soutenons nanmoins que les historiens et historiennes du design doivent continuer de pousser leur utilisation dapproches puisant dans la culturelle matrielle et la criticalit afin de combler des lacunes dans lhistoire du design et de dvelopper des mthodes et des approches pertinentes pour son tude. Puisant dans notre exprience denseignement auprs de la gnration des millniaux , qui sont ports vers un design militant , nous offrons des exemples pdagogiques qui ont aid nos tudiants et tudiantes assimiler des histoires du design responsables, engages et rflexives et comprendre la complexit et la criticalit du design.
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The effects of life events, social support and the emotional well-being of partner on the emotional well-being of the mother during pregnancy was examined within the cultural contexts of Britain and Greece. It was proposed that social support, impact of life events and relationship of the mother with her partner would be affected by the different social structures of each culture and would influence emotional well-being. A sample of 200 Greek and 156 British mothers and their partners completed questionnaires which included a life event inventory, measure of social support and measure of emotional well-being (Crown-Crisp Experiential Index). Greek mothers were found to score significantly higher on measures of depression, anxiety and somaticism, experience more stressful life events (most relating to family issues) and report feeling less supported than British mothers. Life events, particularly those relating to family stresses were found to predict poor emotional well-being among Greek mothers. For British mothers, social support was the strongest predictor of emotional well-being. Findings were discussed in the light of differences in social structure and it was suggested that future research might focus on the disruption of established social support structures rather than the differences in availability of social support per se when considering maternal emotional well-being.
