Suomen Ilmavoimien johtamisjärjestelmän evoluutio ilmasotateorian, kansallisten instituutioiden ja johtamisjärjestelmän ulkomaisen kehityksen näkökulmasta

Ilmavoimien johtamisjärjestelmä on osa Ilmavoimien järjestelmäkokonaisuutta, jonka kaksi muuta osaa ovat taistelujärjestelmä ja tukeutumisjärjestelmä. Ilmavoimien materiaalista suorituskykyä rakennetaan tämän järjestelmäajattelun pohjalta. tässä tutkimuksessa Ilmavoimien johtamisjärjestelmää tutkitaan kolmen kokonaisuuden, ilmavalvontajärjestelmän, ilmatilannekuvan muodostamisjärjestelmän ja tulenkäytön johtamisjärjestelmän, näkökulmasta. Ilmavoimien johtamisjärjestelmän laajuuden vuoksi tutkimusaluetta on jouduttu rajaamaan. Tutkimus perustuu evoluutioparadigmaan, jonka mukaisesti kaikki olevainen on evolutionaarista. Mikään tässä ajassa oleva ilmiö ei ole historiaton. Jokaisella ilmiöllä on nykyisyytensä lisäksi historia ja tulevaisuus. Evoluutioparadigman avulla laajennetaan Ilmavoimien johtamisjärjestelmän nykyisyyden ymmärtämistä kuvaamalla ja analysoimalla sen evoluutiota. Tutkimusaineistoa analysoidaan käyttäen hyväksi polkuriippuvuutta evolutionaarisena mallina. tätä mallia on käytetty uusinstitutionaalisessa ja evolutionaarisessa taloustieteessä ja taloushistoriassa tutkittaessa yritysten, toimialojen tai tuotteiden pysyvyyttä markkinoilla sekä erilaisten innovaatioiden vaikuttavuutta menestymiseen eri markkinatilanteissa. Tutkimusasetelman lähtökohtana on Ilmavoimien johtamisjärjestelmäevoluution kuvaaminen kolmen tekijän tasapainoasetelman suhteen, joita ovat instituutiot, ilmasotateoria ja kansainvälinen ilmavoimien johtamisjärjestelmän kehitys. tutkimuksen tavoitteena on löytää institutionaalinen logiikka Ilmavoimien johtamisjärjestelmän evoluutiolle sekä sen eri kehitysprosesseihin liittyvä mahdollinen polkuriippuvuuden logiikka. Tutkittavina instituutioina ovat kansallinen poliittinen päätöksenteko, joka ilmentyy erilaisina komiteamietintöjä, raportteina ja selontekoina. Sotilaallista instituutiota edustavat eri operatiiviset ohjeet, ohjesäännöt ja doktriinit, jotka ovat ohjanneet johtamisjärjestelmäkehitystä. Ilmasotateorian vaikuttavuuden analyysiä varten tutkimuskohteiksi on valittu seitsemän merkittävää ilmasotateoreetikkoa. Kenraalimajuri Giulio douhet, ilmamarsalkka Hugh Trenchard ja kenraalimajuri William Mitchell edustavat ilmasotateorian varhaista kautta. Kansallista ilmasotateorian kehitystä edustavat eversti Richard Lorentz ja kenraalimajuri Gustaf Erik Magnusson. Yhdysvaltalaiset everstit John Boyd ja John Warden III ovat uuden ajan ilmasotateoreetikkoja. Näiden henkilöiden tuottamien teorioiden avulla voidaan piirtää kuva muutoksesta, jota ilmasodankäynnin teoreetti- sessa ajattelussa on tapahtunut. Ilmavoimien johtamisjärjestelmän evoluutiolle haetaan vertailua kehityksestä, jota on tapahtunut Yhdysvalloissa, Isossa-Britanniassa ja Saksassa. Ilmavoimat on saanut vaikutteita muistakin maista, mutta näiden maiden kehityksen avulla voidaan selittää Suomessa tapahtunutta kehitystä. Tutkimuksessa osoitetaan, että kansainvälisellä johtamisjärjestelmäevoluutiolla on ollut merkittävä vaikutus suomalaiseen kehitykseen. Tämä tutkimus laajentaa prosessuaalista tutkimusteoriaa ja polkuriippuvuusmallin käyttöä sotatieteelliseen tutkimuskenttään. tutkimus yhdistää toisiinsa aivan uudella tavalla sotilasorganisaation institutionaalisia tekijöitä pitkässä evoluutioketjussa. Tutkimus luo pohjaa prosessuaaliseen, havaintoihin perustuvaan evoluutioajatteluun, jossa eri tekijöiden selitysmalleja ja kausaalisuutta eri periodien aikana voidaan kuvata. Tutkimuksen tuloksena ilmavoimien johtamisjärjestelmäevoluutiossa paljastui merkittäviä piirteitä. Teknologia on ollut voimakas katalysaattori ilmapuolustuksen evoluutiossa. Uusien teknologisten innovaatioiden ilmestyminen taistelukentälle on muuttanut oleellisesti taistelun kuvaa. Sodankäynnin revoluutiosta huolimatta sodankäynnin tai operaatiotaidon ja taktiikan perusperiaatteissa ei ole tapahtunut perustavanlaatuista muutosta. Ilmavoimien johtamisjärjestelmän kehitys on voimakkaasti linkittynyt ulkomaiseen johtamisjärjestelmäkehitykseen, jossa teknologiaimplementaatiot perustuvat usean eri ilmiön paljastumiseen ja hyväksikäyttöön. Sotilas- ja siviili-instituutiot ovat merkittävästi vaikuttaneet Ilmavoimien johtamisjärjestelmän kansalliseen kehitykseen. Ne ovat antaneet poliittisen ohjauksen, taloudellisten resurssien ja strategis-operatiivisten käskyjen ja suunnitelmien avulla perusteet, joiden pohjalta johtamisjärjestelmää on kehitetty. Tutkimus osoittaa, että Suomen taloudellisten resurssien rajallisuus on ollut merkittävin institutionaalinen rajoite Ilmavoimien johtamisjärjestelmää kehitettäessä. Useat poliittiset ohjausasiakirjat ovat korostaneet, ettei Suomella pienenä kansakuntana ole taloudellisia resursseja seurata kansainvälistä sotilasteknologiakehitystä. Lisäksi ulko- ja turvallisuuspoliittinen liikkumavapaus on vaikuttanut kehittämismahdollisuuksiin. Ilmasotateorian evoluutio on luonut johtamisjärjestelmän kehitykselle välttämättömän konseptuaalisen viitekehyksen, jotta ilmasota on voitu viedä käytännön tasolle. Teoria, doktriini ja instituutiot toimivat vuorovaikutuksessa, jossa ne interaktiivisesti vaikuttavat toinen toisiinsa. Tutkimus paljasti kuusi merkittävää sokkia, jotka saivat aikaan radikaaleja muutoksia johtamisjärjestelmän evoluutiopolulla. tutkimuksen perusteella vaikuttavimmat muutoksia aiheuttavat sokit olivat radikaalit turvallisuuspoliittiset muutokset kuten sota ja voimakkaat kansantalouden muutokset kuten lama. Sokkeja aiheuttaneet kuusi ajankohtaa olivat: 1. Puolustusvoimien rakentamisen aloittaminen vapaussodan jälkeen 1918 2. Maailmanlaajuinen lama 1929–1933 ja eurooppalainen rauhanaate 1928–1933 3. Talvi- ja jatkosota 1939–1944 4. Uusi alku Pariisin rauhansopimuksen 1947 ja YYA-sopimuksen 1948 varjossa 5. Kylmän sodan päättyminen ja Suomen lama 1990–1993 6. Maailmanlaajuinen lama 2008- Tutkimuksen perusteella voidaan todeta, että Suomen ilmavoimien johtamisjärjestelmän kehittäminen on perustunut rationaalisiin päätöksiin, jotka ovat saaneet vaikutteita ulkomaisesta ilmasotateorian ja -doktriinien kehityksestä sekä kansainvälisestä johtamisjärjestelmäkehityksestä. Johtamisjärjestelmän evoluutioon on vaikuttanut globaali konvergenssi, johon on tehty kansallisen tason ratkaisuja järjestelmien adaptaation ja implementaation yhteydessä.

Spin-Dynamics in Cold Gases of 87Rb and Atomic Hydrogen. The spins they are a-changin’

In this thesis the dynamics of cold gaseous atoms is studied. Two different atomic species and two different experimental techniques have been used. In the first part of the thesis experiments with Bose-Einstein condensates of Rb-87 are presented. In these experiments the methods of laser cooling and magnetic trapping of atoms were utilized. An atom chip was used as the experimental technique for implementation of magnetic trapping. The atom chip is a small integrated instrument allowing accurate and detailed manipulation of the atoms. The experiments with Rb-87 probed the behaviour of a falling beam of atoms outcoupled from the Bose-Einstein condensate by electromagnetic field induced spin flips. In the experiments a correspondence between the phases of the outcoupling radio frequency field and the falling beam of atoms was found. In the second part of the thesis experiments of spin dynamics in cold atomic hydrogen gas are discussed. The experiments with atomic hydrogen are conducted in a cryostat using a dilution refrigerator as the cooling method. These experiments concentrated on explaining and quantifying modulations in the electron spin resonance spectra of doubly polarized atomic hydrogen. The modifications to the previous experimental setup are described and the observation of electron spin waves is presented. The observed spin wave modes were caused by the identical spin rotation effect. These modes have a strong dependence on the spatial profile of the polarizing magnetic field. We also demonstrated confinement of these modes in regions of strong magnetic field and manipulated their spatial distribution by changing the position of the field maximum.

Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Lymphoedema Functioning, Disability and Health Questionnaire for Lower Limb Lymphoedema into Portuguese Language

Objective The objective of the study is to describe the process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Lymphoedema Functioning, Disability, and Health Questionnaire for Lower Limb Lymphoedema (Lymph-ICF-LL) into (Brazilian) Portuguese. Methods The process was comprised of five steps - translation, back translation, revision by an expert panel, pretest, and final translation. The first translation was performed by two professionals of the healthcare area, and the back translation was performed by two translators. An expert panel assessed the questions for semantics and idiomatic, cultural, and conceptual equivalence. The pretest was conducted on 10 patients with lymphedema. Results Small differences were identified between the translated and back-translated versions, which were revised by the expert panel. The patients included in the pretest found 10 questions difficult to understand; these questions were reassessed by the same expert panel. Conclusion The results of the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Lymph- ICF-LL resulted in a Brazilian Portuguese version, which still requires validation with various samples of the local population.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in Finnish children and adolescents : diagnosis, cognition, behavior, adaptation and brain metabolic alterations

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can potentially affect the developing fetus in devastating ways, leading to a range of physical, neurological, and behavioral alterations most accurately termed Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Despite the fact that it is a preventable disorder, prenatal alcohol exposure today constitutes a leading cause of intellectual disability in the Western world. In Western countries where prevalence studies have been performed the rates of FASD exceed, for example, autism spectrum disorders, Down’s syndrome and cerebral palsy. In addition to the direct effects of alcohol, children and adolescents with FASD are often exposed to a double burden in life, as their neurological sequelae are accompanied by adverse living surroundings exposing them to further environmental risk. However, children with FASD today remain remarkably underdiagnosed by the health care system. This thesis forms part of a larger multinational research project, The Collaborative Initiative on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (the CIFASD), initiated by the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) in the U.S.A. The general aim of the present thesis was to examine a cohort of children and adolescents growing up with fetal alcohol-related damage in Finland. The thesis consists of five studies with a broad focus on diagnosis, cognition, behavior, adaptation and brain metabolic alterations in children and adolescents with FASD. The participants consisted of four different groups: one group with histories of prenatal exposure to alcohol, the FASD group; one IQ matched contrast group mostly consisting of children with specific learning disorder (SLD); and two typically-developing control groups (CON1 and CON2). Participants were identified through medical records, random sampling from the Finnish national population registry and email alerts to students. Importantly, the participants in the present studies comprise a group of very carefully clinically characterized children with FASD as the studies were performed in close collaboration with leading experts in the field (Prof. Edward Riley and Prof. Sarah Mattson, Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, U.S.A; Prof. Eugene Hoyme, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, U.S.A.). In the present thesis, the revised Institute of Medicine diagnostic criteria for FASD were tested on a Finnish population and found to be a reliable tool for differentiating among the subgroups of FASD. A weighted dysmorphology scoring system proved to be a valuable additional adjunct in quantification of growth deficits and dysmorphic features in children with FASD (Study 1). The purpose of Study 2 was to clarify the relationship between alcohol-related dysmorphic features and general cognitive capacity. Results showed a significant correlation between dysmorphic features and cognitive capacity, suggesting that children with more severe growth deficiency and dysmorphic features have more cognitive limitations. This association was, however, only moderate, indicating that physical markers and cognitive capacity not always go hand in hand in individuals with FASD. Behavioral problems in the FASD group proved substantial compared to the typically developing control group. In Study 3 risk and protective factors associated with behavioral problems in the FASD group were explored further focusing on diagnostic and environmental factors. Two groups with elevated risks for behavioral problems emerged: length of time spent in residential care and a low dysmorphology score proved to be the most pervasive risk factor for behavioral problems. The results underscore the clinical importance of appropriate services and care for less visibly alcohol affected children and highlight the need to attend to children with FASD being raised in institutions. With their background of early biological and psychological impairment compounded with less opportunity for a close and continuous caregiver relationship, such children seem to run an especially great risk of adverse life outcomes. Study 4 focused on adaptive abilities such as communication, daily living skills and social skills, in other words skills that are important for gradually enabling an independent life, maintain social relationships and allow the individual to become integrated into society. The results showed that adaptive abilities of children and adolescents growing up with FASD were significantly compromised compared to both typically-developing peers and IQ-matched children with SLD. Clearly different adaptive profiles were revealed where the FASD group performed worse than the SLD group, who in turn performed worse than the CON1 group. Importantly, the SLD group outperformed the FASD group on adaptive behavior in spite of comparable cognitive levels. This is the first study to compare adaptive abilities in a group of children and adolescents with FASD relative to both a contrast group of IQ-matched children with SLD and to a group of typically-developing peers. Finally, in Study 5, through magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRS) evidence of longstanding neurochemical alterations were observed in adolescents and young adults with FASD related to alcohol exposure in utero 14-20 years earlier. Neurochemical alterations were seen in several brain areas: in frontal and parietal cortices, corpus callosum, thalamus and frontal white matter areas as well as in the cerebellar dentate nucleus. The findings are compatible with neuropsychological findings in FASD. Glial cells seemed to be more affected than neurons. In conclusion, more societal efforts and resources should be focused on recognizing and diagnosing FASD, and supporting subgroups with elevated risk of poor outcome. Without adequate intervention children and adolescents with FASD run a great risk of marginalization and social maladjustment, costly not only to society but also to the lives of the many young people with FASD.

Corrective shoeing in horses: analysis of the adaptation period to the new condition imposed

Corrective shoeing is a method commonly used to alter the locomotion pattern in animals or as therapy for various disorders of the locomotive system of horses. However, to date, there have been no scientific studies discussing the period during which animals adapt to this type of intervention. The goal of this study was to evaluate the horseshoe adaptation period with the toe or heel elevated by six degrees at 0, 48, and 96 hours after each type of shoeing. For this analysis, the horses were recorded while walking on a treadmill. Stride length and gait qualitative analyzes were performed using Dvideow software. The level of significance adopted was 5%. In the present study, there was no significant difference between the evaluation times; elevating the toe or heel by six degrees do not generates discomfort during locomotion, therefore, horses are able to return to a regular exercise or training routine immediately after shoeing.

Parameter optimization of AC rectangular wave outputs for aluminum cold wire GTAW

The objective of this work was to optimize the parameter setup for GTAW of aluminum using an AC rectangular wave output and continuous feeding. A series of welds was carried-out in an industrial joint, with variation of the negative and positive current amplitude, the negative and positive duration time, the travel speed and the feeding speed. Another series was carried out to investigate the isolate effect of the negative duration time and travel speed. Bead geometry aspects were assessed, such as reinforcement, penetration, incomplete fusion and joint wall bridging. The results showed that currents at both polarities are remarkably more significant than the respective duration times. It was also shown that there is a straight relationship between welding speed and feeding speed and this relationship must be followed for obtaining sound beads. A very short positive duration time is enough for arc stability achievement and when the negative duration time is longer than 5 ms its effect on geometry appears. The possibility of optimizing the parameter selection, despite the high inter-correlation amongst them, was demonstrate through a computer program. An approach to reduce the number of variables in this process is also presented.

Application of the finite element method in cold forging processes

The demand for more efficient manufacturing processes has been increasing in the last few years. The cold forging process is presented as a possible solution, because it allows the production of parts with a good surface finish and with good mechanical properties. Nevertheless, the cold forming sequence design is very empirical and it is based on the designer experience. The computational modeling of each forming process stage by the finite element method can make the sequence design faster and more efficient, decreasing the use of conventional "trial and error" methods. In this study, the application of a commercial general finite element software - ANSYS - has been applied to model a forming operation. Models have been developed to simulate the ring compression test and to simulate a basic forming operation (upsetting) that is applied in most of the cold forging parts sequences. The simulated upsetting operation is one stage of the automotive starter parts manufacturing process. Experiments have been done to obtain the stress-strain material curve, the material flow during the simulated stage, and the required forming force. These experiments provided results used as numerical model input data and as validation of model results. The comparison between experiments and numerical results confirms the developed methodology potential on die filling prediction.

Adaptation of TRIZ Method for Problem Solving in Process Engineering

TRIZ is one of the well-known tools, based on analytical methods for creative problem solving. This thesis suggests adapted version of contradiction matrix, a powerful tool of TRIZ and few principles based on concept of original TRIZ. It is believed that the proposed version would aid in problem solving, especially those encountered in chemical process industries with unit operations. In addition, this thesis would help fresh process engineers to recognize importance of various available methods for creative problem solving and learn TRIZ method of creative problem solving. This thesis work mainly provides idea on how to modify TRIZ based method according to ones requirements to fit in particular niche area and solve problems efficiently in creative way. Here in this case, the contradiction matrix developed is based on review of common problems encountered in chemical process industry, particularly in unit operations and resolutions are based on approaches used in past to handle those issues.

Determinants of Polylepis (Rosaceae) Forest Distribution and Treeline Formation in the High Andes

High elevation treelines are formed under common temperature conditions worldwide, but the functional mechanisms that ultimately constrain tree growth are poorly known. In addition to environmental constraints, the distribution of high elevation forests is largely affected by human influence. Andean Polylepis (Rosaceae) forests are an example of such a case, forests commonly growing in isolated stands disconnected from the lower elevation montane forests. There has been ample discussion as to the role of environmental versus anthropogenic causes of this fragmented distribution of Polylepis forests, but the importance of different factors is still unclear. In this thesis, I studied functional, environmental and anthropogenic aspects determining Polylepis forest distribution. Specifically, I assessed the degree of genetic determinism in the functional traits that enable Polylepis species to grow in cold and dry conditions. I also studied the role of environment and human influence constraining Polylepis forest distribution. I found evidence of genetically determined climatic adaptations in the functional traits of Polylepis. High elevation species had reduced leaf size and increased root tip abundance compared to low elevation species. Thus these traits have potentially played an important role in species evolution and adaptation to high elevation habitats, especially to low temperatures. I also found reduced photosynthesis rate among high elevation tree species compared to low elevation species, supporting carbon source limitation at treelines. At low elevations, Polylepis forest distribution appeared to be largely defined by human influence. This suggests that the absence of Polylepis forests in large areas in the Andes is the result of several environmental and anthropogenic constraints, the role of environment becoming stronger towards high elevations. I also show that Polylepis trees grow at remarkably low air and soil temperatures near treelines, and present new evidence of the role of air temperatures in constraining tree growth at high elevations. I further show that easily measurable indices of accessibility are related to the degree of degradation of Polylepis forest, and can therefore be used in the rapid identification of potentially degraded Polylepis forests. This is of great importance for the conservation and restoration planning of Polylepis forests in the Andes. In a global context, the results of this thesis add to our scientific knowledge concerning high elevation adaptations in trees, and increase our understanding of the factors constraining tree growth and forest distribution at high-­elevation treelines worldwide.

Nordic alcohol policy in Europe: the adaptation of Finland’s, Sweden’s and Norway’s alcohol policies to a new policy framework, 1994-2013

The purpose of this thesis is to study how and to which extent Finland, Sweden and Norway have adapted their alcohol policies to the framework imposed to them by the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA) since the mid-1990s. This is done by studying the underlying mechanisms that have influenced the formation of alcohol policy in the Nordic countries in that period. As a part of this analysis main differences in alcohol policies and alcohol consumption between the three countries are assessed and the phenomenon of cross-border trade with alcohol is discussed. The study examines also the development of Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish alcohol policies between 1994 and 2012 and compares the Nordic alcohol policies with other alcohol policies in Europe as the situation was in 2012. The time frame of the study spans from the mid-1990s to the end of 2013 and is divided into three phases. Studying the role of the Europeanisation process on the formation of alcohol policies has a key role in the analysis. Besides alcohol policies, the analyses comprise the development of alcohol consumption and cross-border trade with alcohol. In addition, a quantitative scale constructed to measure the strictness of alcohol policies is utilised in the analyses. The results from the scale are used to substantiate the qualitative analysis and to test whether the stereotypical view of a strict Nordic alcohol policy is still true. The results from the study clearly corroborate earlier findings on the significance of Europeanisation and the Single Market for the development of alcohol policies in the Nordic countries. Free movement of goods and unhindered competition have challenged the principle of disinterest and enabled private profit seeking in alcohol trade. The Single Market has also contributed to the increase in availability of alcohol and made it more difficult for the Nordic EU member states to maintain restrictive alcohol policies. All in all, alcohol policies in the Nordic countries are more liberal in 2013 than they were in 1994. Norway, being outside the EU has, however, managed to maintain a stricter alcohol policy than Finland and Sweden. Norway has also been spared from several EU directives that have affected Finland and Sweden, the most remarkable being the abolishment of the travellers’ import quotas for alcohol within the EU. Due to its position as a non-EU country Norway has been able to maintain high alcohol taxes without being subjected to a ”race to the bottom” regarding alcohol taxes the same way as Finland and Sweden. Finland distinguishes as the country that has liberalised its alcohol policy most during the study period. The changes in alcohol policies were not only induced by Europeanisation and the Single Market, but also by autonomous decision-making and political processes in the individual countries. Furthermore, the study shows that alcohol policy measures are implemented more widely in Europe than before and that there is a slow process of convergence going on regarding alcohol policy in Europe. Despite this, alcohol policies in the Nordic countries are still by far the strictest in all of Europe. From a Europeanisation perspective, the Nordic countries were clearly on the receiving end during the first two study phases (1994–2007), having more to adjust to rules from the EU and the Single Market than having success in uploading and shaping alcohol policy on the European and international field. During the third and final study phase (2008–2013), however, the Nordic countries have increasingly succeeded in contributing to shape the alcohol policy arena in the EU and also more widely through the WHOs global alcohol strategy. The restrictive Nordic policy tradition on which the current alcohol policies in Finland, Sweden and Norway were built on has still quite a solid evidence base. Although the basis of the restrictive alcohol policy has crumbled somewhat during the past twenty years and the policies have become less effective, nothing prevents it from being the base for alcohol policy in the Nordic countries even in the long term. In the future, all that is needed for an effective and successful alcohol policy is a solid evidence base, enough political will and support from the general public.

Gene Regulation in The Human Immune System. Gene Expression Signatures of Th2 Cell Differentiation, Type 1 Diabetes, and Intrauterine Immune Adaptation

The human immune system is constantly interacting with the surrounding stimuli and microorganisms. However, when directed against self or harmless antigens, these vital defense mechanisms can cause great damage. In addition, the understanding the underlying mechanism of several human diseases caused by aberrant immune cell functions, for instance type 1 diabetes and allergies, remains far from being complete. In this Ph.D. study these questions were addressed using genome-wide transcriptomic analyses. Asthma and allergies are characterized by a hyperactive response of the T helper 2 (Th2) immune cells. In this study, the target genes of the STAT6 transcription factor in naïve human T cells were identified with RNAi for the first time. STAT6 was shown to act as a central activator of the genes expression upon IL-4 signaling, with both direct and indirect effects on Th2 cell transcriptome. The core transcription factor network induced by IL-4 was identified from a kinetic analysis of the transcriptome. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease influenced by both the genetic susceptibility of an individual and the disease-triggering environmental factors. To improve understanding of the autoimmune processes driving pathogenesis in the prediabetic phase in humans, a unique series of prospective whole-blood RNA samples collected from HLA-susceptible children in the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) study was studied. Changes in different timewindows of the pathogenesis process were identified, and especially the type 1 interferon response was activated early and throughout the preclinical T1D. The hygiene hypothesis states that allergic diseases, and lately also autoimmune diseases, could be prevented by infections and other microbial contacts acquired in early childhood, or even prenatally. To study the effects of the standard of hygiene on the development of neonatal immune system, cord blood samples from children born in Finland (high standard of living), Estonia (rapid economic growth) and Russian Karelia (low standard of living) were compared. Children born in Russian Karelia deviated from Finnish and Estonian children in many aspects of the neonatal immune system, which was developmentally more mature in Karelia, resembling that of older infants. The results of this thesis offer significant new information on the regulatory networks associated with immune-mediated diseases in human. The results will facilitate understanding and further research on the role of the identified target genes and mechanisms driving the allergic inflammation and type 1 diabetes, hopefully leading to a new era of drug development.

Translation, adaptation and validation of the Roland-Morris questionnaire - Brazil Roland-Morris

The purpose of the present study was to translate the Roland-Morris (RM) questionnaire into Brazilian-Portuguese and adapt and validate it. First 3 English teachers independently translated the original questionnaire into Brazilian-Portuguese and a consensus version was generated. Later, 3 other translators, blind to the original questionnaire, performed a back translation. This version was then compared with the original English questionnaire. Discrepancies were discussed and solved by a panel of 3 rheumatologists and the final Brazilian version was established (Brazil-RM). This version was then pretested on 30 chronic low back pain patients consecutively selected from the spine disorders outpatient clinic. In addition to the traditional clinical outcome measures, the Brazil-RM, a 6-point pain scale (from no pain to unbearable pain), and its numerical pain rating scale (PS) (0 to 5) and a visual analog scale (VAS) (0 to 10) were administered twice by one interviewer (1 week apart) and once by one independent interviewer. Spearman's correlation coefficient (SCC) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were computed to assess test-retest and interobserver reliability. Cross-sectional construct validity was evaluated using the SCC. In the pretesting session, all questions were well understood by the patients. The mean time of questionnaire administration was 4 min and 53 s. The SCC and ICC were 0.88 (P<0.01) and 0.94, respectively, for the test-retest reliability and 0.86 (P<0.01) and 0.95, respectively, for interobserver reliability. The correlation coefficient was 0.80 (P<0.01) between the PS and Brazil-RM score and 0.79 (P<0.01) between the VAS and Brazil-RM score. We conclude that the Brazil-RM was successfully translated and adapted for application to Brazilian patients, with satisfactory reliability and cross-sectional construct validity.