Importância da Prova de Synacthen no Diagnóstico Diferencial de Pubarca Precoce

Introdução: Nos doentes com pubarca precoce, o gold-standard para o diagnóstico diferencial entre pubarca precoce idiopática (PPI) e a forma não clássica da hiperplasia congénita da suprarrenal (HCSR--NC) é a prova de Synacthen. Esta permite também estimar a reserva adrenal de cortisol nos doentes com HCSR-NC.Objetivos: Comparar as características clínicas e perfil hormonal basal dos doentes com pubarca pre-coce; avaliar a importância da prova de Synacthen no diagnóstico diferencial entre PPI e HCSR-NC e na determinação da reserva adrenal de cortisol. Material e métodos: Estudo transversal de doentes com pubarca precoce que realizaram prova de Synacthen. Resultados: Foram incluídos 43 doentes, com idade mediana de 7,5 anos (3,5-9,4), sendo 37 (86,0%) do sexo feminino. Na prova de Synacthen, 37 (86,0%) foram classificados como PPI e 6 (14,0%) como HCSR-NC.Não houve diferencças significativas entre os 2 grupos quanto às características clínicas e doseamentos basais de ACTH, cortisol e androgénios da suprarrenal. A 17-OHP basal e estimulada foi mais elevada nos doentes com HCSR-NC (p = 0,001 e p < 0,001, respetivamente) (basal: 4,62 ± 3,70 ng/ml [0,80-10,50];estimulada: 35,41 ± 24,87 ng/ml [12,0-80,2]) do que nos doentes com PPI (basal: 1,04 ± 0,77 ng/ml [0,22-3,80]; estimulada: 4,18 ± 1,71 ng/ml [1,0-8,96]). O cut-off basal habitualmente proposto (< 2,0 ng/ml) paraa distinção entre estes grupos não o permitiu em 2 doentes, que apenas foram diagnosticados após realização da prova de Synacthen. Dois doentes com HCSR-NC (33,3%) tiveram cortisol após estimulação< 18 g/dl, revelando necessidade de tratamento com glucocorticoide em stress. Os doentes com HCSR--NC com valores mais elevados de 17-OHP basal tiveram valores de cortisol mais baixos após estimulação(p = 0,004; r = -0,43).Conclusão: A realização desta prova foi útil para distinguir os doentes com HCSR-NC e PPI, pois nenhum valor de 17-OHP basal permitia fazer o diagnóstico diferencial definitivo. Em alguns doentes com HCSR-NCa prova revelou secreção inapropriada de cortisol em stress, contribuindo para a decisão terapêutica.

Thoracic Duct Decompression for Protein-Losing Enteropathy in Failing Fontan Circulation

An infrequent but devastating late complication of Fontan circulation is protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), which results from unbalanced lymphatic homeostasis. Surgical decompression of the thoracic duct by redirecting its drainage to the pulmonary venous atrium has been introduced recently as a possible treatment. This report describes a single-institution experience with this innovative procedure in 2 patients with failing Fontan circulation with PLE refractory to optimized medical therapy.

Identificação do Trypanosoma cruzi nos tecidos extracardíacos de portadores de miocardite crônica chagásica

Em autópsias realizadas durante 20 anos em portadores de miocardite crônica chagásica parasitologicamente comprovados, foi realizada uma pesquisa exaustiva das formas tissulares do Trypanosoma cruzi nas secções histológicas de vários órgãos. Os parasitos intracelulares foram encontrados nos tecidos extracardíacos em 11 casos (55%), a saber: tubo digestivo (10 vezes), adrenal (6 vezes) e em vários outros órgãos (1 vez cada). A presença dos parasitos se associava com discreta infiltração mononuclear focal, mas, o mais das vezes, não havia qualquer alteração. O estudo mostra que as formas de multiplicação do T. cruzi tendem a se distribuir amplamente na infecção crônica, mas como são escassas, o seu encontro depende de pesquisa minuciosa. Um fato interessante é que somente no miocárdio os parasitos aparecem associados com inflamação crônica, difusa, progressiva e fibrosante.

Acometimento da supra-renal associado à paracoccidioidomicose

A supra-renal foi estudada em 60pacientes com paracoccidioidomicose. Dentre eles, 10(16,7%) apresentavam alterações anatômicas ou funcionais das supra-renais. As lesões glandulares associaram-se à paracoccidioidomicose disseminada, com evolução da doença de pelo menos cinco anos sem tratamento e com hipotensão arterial sistêmica. Não houve associação entre alterações anatomoclínicas supra-renais e alterações raáiolôgicaspulmonares. Esses dados revelam a importância da avaliação sistemática da função supra-renal em portadores de formas disseminadas da paracoccidioidomicose.

Doença de Chagas aguda pós-transfusional sem miocardite

Trata-se de paciente do sexo feminino, com 59 anos de idade, procedente de Itaporanga (SP), diabética e nefropata crônica, internada em virtude de surtos de pielonefnte e insuficiência renal aguda. Dentre outras medidas terapêuticas, recebeu transfusão de sangue. Cerca de dois dias após a última transfusão (sangue oriundo de doador, posteriormente identificado como chagásico) encontraram-se formas tripomastigotas de Trypanosoma cruzi em lâmina preparada para execução de hemograma. Iniciou-se tratamento com Benzonidazol. A paciente cursou para, pleuropneumonia e de secreção purulenta cirúrgica isolou-se Klebsiella spp. A septicemia conduziu a paciente ao êxito letal. Nenhuma lesão tecidual foi observada no miocárdio, no sistema nervoso central, adrenal ou nos demais órgãos examinados.

Histoplasmosis presenting as addisonian crisis in an immunocompetent host

A 71-year-old man with presumptively treated pulmonary tuberculosis ten years earlier and previous alcoholism presented with adrenal insufficiency. HIV serology was negative. A computerized tomography scan of the abdomen showed enlarged right adrenal. He recovered after emergency treatment with hydrocortisone IV. Right adrenalectomy was performed. Histoplasmosis was diagnosed and the patient was treated with itraconazole, corticosteroid replacement, and discharged with good health.

Role of Notch signaling on the differentiation of early lymphoid progenitors cells: a view throughout the development of the embryonic chicken thymus and spleen

Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Genética Molecular e Biomedicina

Choque séptico puerperal por Streptococcus β-hemolítico e síndrome de Waterhouse-Friderichsen

É relatado caso excepcional de puérpera de 15 anos com choque séptico pelo Streptococcus beta-hemolítico do grupo A e síndrome de Waterhouse-Friderichsen, observado à necropsia. São revistos aspectos do diagnóstico, patogênese e evolução da infecção (sepse) puerperal associada à hemorragia e insuficiência das supra-renais.

Malária álgida: um diagnóstico sindrômico

São relatados dois casos de pacientes com malária por Plasmodium falciparum, evoluindo com síndrome do choque. Receberam suporte hemodinâmico em unidade de terapia intensiva, sem uso de antibióticos, evoluindo com melhora. Malária álgida deve ser um diagnóstico sindrômico, de etiologia diversa (desidratação, infecção bacteriana, sangramento e/ou insuficiência adrenal).

Pheochromocytoma treated by laparoscopic surgery

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of the laparoscopic technique in the treatment of adrenal pheochromocytoma. METHOD: Ten patients, 7 men and 3 women, between 10 and 67 years of age (mean 48) with pheochromocytoma underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy and were evaluated retrospectively, based on clinical, laboratory, and pathological diagnosis. In all cases there was a solid unilateral adrenal tumor, 5 on the left side and 5 on the right side, whose greater diameter varied from 7 to 80 mm (mean 32). Nine of the 10 patients were chronically hypertensive or had already had hypertensive crises. One patient was normotensive, but presented metabolic alterations suggestive of adrenergic hyperfunction. RESULTS: No deaths occurred in this series. There were two (20%) conversions to open surgery, one due to venous bleeding and one due to the difficulty of dissection behind the vena cava in a patient presenting a partially retro-caval tumor. Surgical time in the 8 non-converted cases ranged from 70 to 215 minutes (mean 136). One patient (10%) received blood transfusion, and another (10%) presented two complications - acute renal failure and a subcutaneous infection. Both had been converted to open surgery. None of the non-converted cases was transfused or presented complications. Hospital discharge occurred between the 2nd and 11th post-operative day (mean 3). The pathological exam of the surgical specimens confirmed the diagnoses of pheochromocytoma in all 10 cases, one of them associated with an aldosterone-producing cortical tumor. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for selected patients presenting pheochromocytoma is feasible and provides good results.

Adrenocortical tumors: results of treatment and study of Weiss's score as a prognostic factor

PURPOSE: The differential diagnosis between benign and malignant adrenal cortical tumors circumscribed to the gland is controversial. One hundred and seven patients with adrenal cortex tumors (excluding those with primary hyperaldosteronism) were studied to assess the 5-year survival rate of adults, children, patients stratified by pathological stage, and patients stratified according to Weiss's score of <3 or >3. METHODS: The patients were evaluated both clinically and biochemically. One hundred and five patients underwent surgery and were classified pathologically as stages I, II, III, or IV. The tumors were weighed, measured, and classified according to Weiss's criteria and divided into 2 groups: <3 and >3. RESULTS: After 5 years, the survival rate was 77.5% for the whole group, 74.61% for the adults, 84.3% for the children, 100% for stage I, 83.9% for stage II, 33% for stage III, and 11.7% for stage IV groups. Additionally, after 5 years, 100% of the patients with tumors with Weiss's score <3 were alive compared to 61.65% of those with Weiss's score >3. The average weights of the tumors of score <3 and >3 were 23.38 g ± 41.36 g and 376.3 ± 538.76 g, respectively, which is a statistically significant difference. The average sizes of tumors of Weiss's score <3 and >3 were 3.67 ± 2.2 cm and 9.64 ± 5.8 cm, respectively, which is also a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: Weiss's score may be a good prognostic factor for tumors of the adrenal cortex. Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference between the average weight and size of tumors with benign behavior (Weiss's score <3) and those with malignant behavior (Weiss's score >3).

Involvement of C4 allotypes in the pathogenesis of human diseases

The complement system is an important humoral defense mechanism that plays a relevant role against microbial agents, inflammatory response control, and immunocomplex clearance. Classical complement pathway activation is antibody-dependent. The C4 component participates in the initial step of activation, and C4 expression is determined by 2 pairs of allotypes: C4A and C4B. Deficiencies in C4 allotypes have been associated with several diseases. The aim of the present review is evaluate the reported data in the literature regarding specific C4A and C4B deficiencies and characterize their clinical relevance. We searched the MEDLINE and LILACS databases. Papers referring to total C4 deficiency without allotype evaluation and case reports of primary C4 deficiency were not included. Deficiencies in C4 allotypes have been associated with Mycobacterium leprae infection, erythema nodosum, systemic sclerosis with anti-topoisomerase I antibodies, intermediate congenital adrenal hyperplasia with DR5 genotype, diabetes mellitus type 1 with DR3,4 genotype, and diabetes mellitus with antibodies against islet cells. C4 allotype deficiency is also related to C4B deficiency and autoimmune-associated diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, or diseases with an autoimmune component, such as autism. Some reports associate C4A with thyroiditis after delivery as well as limited and systemic sclerosis without anti-topoisomerase I antibodies. However, the studies with C4A and C4B have been concentrated in isolated populations, and some of the studies could not be reproduced by other authors.

Use of nonradioactive labeling to detect large gene rearrangements in 21-hydroxylase deficiency

PURPOSE: To establish the Southern blotting technique using hybridization with a nonradioactive probe to detect large rearrangements of CYP21A2 in a Brazilian cohort with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (CAH-21OH). METHOD: We studied 42 patients, 2 of them related, comprising 80 non-related alleles. DNA samples were obtained from peripheral blood, digested by restriction enzyme Taq I, submitted to Southern blotting and hybridized with biotin-labeled probes. RESULTS: This method was shown to be reliable with results similar to the radioactive-labeling method. We found CYP21A2 deletion (2.5%), large gene conversion (8.8%), CYP21AP deletion (3.8%), and CYP21A1P duplication (6.3%). These frequencies were similar to those found in our previous study in which a large number of cases were studied. Good hybridization patterns were achieved with a smaller amount of DNA (5 mug), and fragment signs were observed after 5 minutes to 1 hour of exposure. CONCLUSIONS: We established a non-radioactive (biotin) Southern blot/hybridization methodology for CYP21A2 large rearrangements with good results. Despite being more arduous, this technique is faster, requires a smaller amount of DNA, and most importantly, avoids problems with the use of radioactivity.

Parâmetros endócrinos em ratos tratados cronicamente com extrato concentrado de Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni

Os efeitos de princípios ativos de S.revaudiana sobre parâmetros endócrinos de ratos foram estudados após administração crônica (60 dias) de extrato aquaso bruto(decocto) concentrado nas folhas desse planeta, começando em idade pré-púbere (25 a 30 dias de idade). Foram feitas as seguintes determinações: glicemia, níveis séricos de T3, T4 e T3R, união de [3H] R1881 à fração citosólica de próstata, teor de zinco em próstata, testículo, glândula salivar submandibular e pâncreas, e conteúdo hídrico em testículo e próstata. Estudou-se também a curva de ganho de peso corporal e os pesos terminais de testículo, próstata, vesícula seminal, glândula submandibular e adrenal. Os resultados deixaram potente que o grupo experimental não diferiu do controle significativamente em nenhum dos parâmetros analisados, exceto quanto ao peso de vesícula seminal, que diminuiu em 608, tanto em termos absolutos como em relação ao peso corporal. Conclui-se que os parâmetros endócrinos estudados no rato não são fundamentalmente alterados por doses farmacológicas de princípios ativos de S.rebaudiana.

An efficient chronic unpredictable stress protocol to induce stress-related responses in C57BL/6 mice

Exposure to chronic stress can have broad effects on health ranging from increased predisposition for neuropsychiatric disorders to deregulation of immune responses. The chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) protocol has been widely used to study the impact of stress exposure in several animal models and consists in the random, intermittent, and unpredictable exposure to a variety of stressors during several weeks. CUS has consistently been shown to induce behavioral and immunological alterations typical of the chronic stress-response. Unfortunately C57BL/6 mice, one of the most widely used mouse strains, due to the great variety of genetically modified lines, seem to be resistant to the commonly used 4-week-long CUS protocol. The definition of an alternative CUS protocol allowing the use of C57BL/6 mice in chronic stress experiments is a need. Here, we show that by extending the CUS protocol to 8?weeks is possible to induce a chronic stress-response in C57BL/6 mice, as revealed by abrogated body weight gain, increased adrenals weight, and an overactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis with increased levels of serum corticosterone. Moreover, we also observed stress-associated behavioral alterations, including the potentiation of anxious-like and depressive-like behaviors and a reduction of exploratory behavior, as well as subtle stress-related changes in the cell population of the thymus and of the spleen. The present protocol for C57BL/6 mice consistently triggers the spectrum of CUS-induced changes observed in rats and, thus, will be highly useful to researchers that need to use this particular mouse strain as an animal model of neuropsychiatric disorders and/or immune deregulation related to CUS.