Funil de haines modificado: curvas de retenção de solos próximos à saturação

O movimento da água através da matriz do solo é geralmente modelado pelas equações de Darcy, Darcy-Buckingam e Richards, cujo uso está baseado no conhecimento de algumas propriedades físicas do solo, como, por exemplo, a distribuição de poros e a retenção de água pelo solo. A retenção de água pelo solo é conhecida a partir da determinação de sua curva de retenção (CR) ou curva característica. O primeiro objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um aparato simples, desenvolvido pela modificação do funil de placa porosa (funil de Haines), para a investigação e o levantamento de CRs detalhadas, em amostras de solos em condições de umidade próximas à saturação e em amostras com potenciais mátricos ( 68;m) que vão desde 0 kPa a aproximadamente -12 kPa (120 cm de altura de coluna de água). Foram investigados agregados de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (LVd) de uma região do Estado do Paraná, cujos diâmetros médios e densidades variaram, respectivamente, entre 1,6 e 5,7 cm e 1,01 e 1,31 g cm-3, e amostras arenosas reconstituídas com areias de diâmetros médios entre 0,106 mm e 2,000 mm, com dimensões fractais de fracionamento (Df) entre 2,5 e 3,0. O segundo objetivo do trabalho foi inferir a distribuição de poros das amostras investigadas. Isso foi conseguido utilizando-se os parâmetros de ajuste da curva de van Genuchtenaos pontos das CRs obtidas para a determinação da Função Capacidade de Água (FCA). Pela análise dessas FCAs, observou-se que as amostras de agregados de solo apresentaram um sistema poroso de maior complexidade; e que a variação da granulometria do solo arenoso está diretamente relacionada às modificações de suas propriedades de retenção de água. Finalmente, a variação na densidade dos agregados investigados não alterou significativamente o comportamento das curvas de retenção na faixa de tensões estudadas.

Non invasive transcutaneous blood carboxyhemoglobine level: reliability in victims of carbon monoxide poisoning

Introduction: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is one of the mostcommon causes of fatal poisoning. Symptoms of CO poisoning arenonspecific and the documentation of elevated carboxyhemoglobin(HbCO) levels in arterial blood sample is the only standard ofconfirming suspected exposure. The treatment of CO poisoning requiresnormobaric or hyperbaric oxygen therapy, according to the symptomsand HbCO levels. A new device, the Rad-57 pulse CO-oximeter allowsnoninvasive transcutaneous measurement of blood carboxyhemoglobinlevel (SpCO) by measurement of light wavelength absorptions.Methods: Prospective cohort study with a sample of patients, admittedbetween October 2008 - March 2009 and October 2009 - March 2010,in the emergency services (ES) of a Swiss regional hospital and aSwiss university hospital (Burn Center). In case of suspected COpoisoning, three successive noninvasive measurements wereperformed, simultaneously with one arterial blood HbCO test. A controlgroup includes patients admitted in the ES for other complaints (cardiacinsufficiency, respiratory distress, acute renal failure), but necessitatingarterial blood testing. Informed consent was obtained from all patients.The primary endpoint was to assess the agreement of themeasurements made by the Rad-57 (SpCO) and the blood levels(HbCO).Results: 50 patients were enrolled, among whom 32 were admittedfor suspected CO poisoning. Baseline demographic and clinicalcharacteristics of patients are presented in table 1. The median age was37.7 ans ± 11.8, 56% being male. Median laboratory carboxyhemoglobinlevels (HbCO) were 4.25% (95% IC 0.6-28.5) for intoxicated patientsand 1.8% (95% IC 1.0-5.3) for control patients. Only five patientspresented with HbCO levels >= 15%. The results disclose relatively faircorrelations between the SpCO levels obtained by the Rad-57 and thestandard HbCO, without any false negative results. However, theRad-57 tend to under-estimate the value of SpCO for patientsintoxicated HbCO levels >10% (fig. 1).Conclusion: Noninvasive transcutaneous measurement of bloodcarboxyhemoglobin level is easy to use. The correlation seems to becorrect for low to moderate levels (<15%). For higher values, weobserve a trend of the Rad-57 to under-estimate the HbCO levels. Apartfrom this potential limitation and a few cases of false-negative resultsdescribed in the literature, the Rad-57 may be useful for initial triageand diagnosis of CO.

The effects of ridging, row-spacing and seeding rate on carrot yield

Selostus: Maan muotoilun, kylvötavan ja siementiheyden vaikutus porkkanan satoon

Optimizing anther culture for barley breeding

Selostus: Ponsiviljelymenetelmän optimointi ohranjalostuksen käyttöön

Efficient photodynamic therapy of cancer using chemotherapeutic porphyrin-ruthenium metalla-cubes.

Two cationic octanuclear metalla-cubes [Ru(8)( 51;(6)-C(6)H(5)Me)(8)(tpp-H2)(2)(dhbq)(4)](8+) and [Ru(8)( 51;(6)-p-iPrC(6)H(4)Me)(8)(tpp-H2)(2)(dhbq)(4)](8+) were prepared and evaluated as dual photosensitizers and chemotherapeutics in cancer cells. In the dark, the complexes presented high cytotoxicity towards only melanoma and ovarian cancer cells. However, the complexes exhibited good phototoxicities toward all cancer cells (1 56;M concentration, LD(50)=2-7J/cm(2)), thus suggesting a dual synergistic effect with good properties of both the arene ruthenium chemotherapeutics and the porphyrin photosensitizers.

Increased body fat is independently and negatively related with cardiorespiratory fitness levels in children and adolescents with normal weight.

Body mass index (BMI) is related with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), but less is known regarding the combined relationships between BMI and body fat (BF) on CRF. Cross-sectional study included 2361 girls and 2328 boys aged 10–18 years living in the area of Lisbon, Portugal. BMI was calculated by measuring height and weight, and obesity was assessed by international criteria. BF was assessed by bioimpedance. CRF was assessed by the 20-m shuttle run and the participants were classified as normal-to-high or low-CRF level according to Fitness gram criterion-referenced standards. The prevalence of low CRF was 47 and 39% in girls and boys, respectively. The corresponding values for the prevalence of obesity were 4.8 and 5.6% (not significant) and of excess BF of 12.1 and 25.1% (P <0.001), respectively. In both sexes, BMI and BF were inversely related with CRF: r = – 0.53 and – 0.45 for BMI and % BF, respectively, in boys and the corresponding values in girls were – 0.50 and – 0.33 (all P <0.01). When compared with a participant with normal BMI and BF, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for low CRF were 1.94 (1.46–2.58) for a participant with normal BMI and high BF, and 6.19 (5.02–7.63) for a participant with high BMI and high BF. The prevalence of low-CRF levels is high in Portuguese youths. BF negatively influences CRF levels among children/adolescents with normal BMI.

Triathlon event distance specialization: training and injury effects.

We conducted a preliminary, questionnaire-based, retrospective analysis of training and injury in British National Squad Olympic distance (OD) and Ironman distance (IR) triathletes. The main outcome measures were training duration and training frequency and injury frequency and severity. The number of overuse injuries sustained over a 5-year period did not differ between OD and IR. However, the proportions of OD and IR athletes who were affected by injury to particular anatomical sites differed (p < 0.05). Also, fewer OD athletes (16.7 vs. 36.8%, p < 0.05) reported that their injury recurred. Although OD sustained fewer running injuries than IR (1.6 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.3, p < 0.05), more subsequently stopped running (41.7 vs. 15.8%) and for longer (33.5 +/- 43.0 vs. 16.7 +/- 16.6 days, p < 0.01). In OD, the number of overuse injuries sustained inversely correlated with percentage training time, and number of sessions, doing bike hill repetitions (r = -0.44 and -0.39, respectively, both p < 0.05). The IR overuse injury number correlated with the amount of intensive sessions done (r = 0.67, p < 0.01 and r = 0.56, p < 0.05 for duration of "speed run" and "speed bike" sessions). Coaches should note that training differences between triathletes who specialize in OD or IR competition may lead to their exhibiting differential risk for injury to specific anatomical sites. It is also important to note that cycle and run training may have a "cumulative stress" influence on injury risk. Therefore, the tendency of some triathletes to modify rather than stop training when injured-usually by increasing load in another discipline from that in which the injury first occurred-may increase both their risk of injury recurrence and time to full rehabilitation.

Effects of Exemestane and Tamoxifen Treatment on Bone Texture Analysis Assessed by TBS in Comparison With Bone Mineral Density Assessed by DXA in Women With Breast Cancer.

We performed an analysis of a substudy of the randomized Tamoxifen Exemestane Adjuvant Multinational trial to determine the effects of exemestane (EXE) and tamoxifen (TAM) adjuvant treatment on bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry compared with the trabecular bone score, a novel grey-level texture measurement that correlates with 3-dimensional parameters of bone texture in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer for the first time. In total, 36 women were randomized to receive TAM (n = 17) or EXE (n = 19). Patients receiving TAM showed a mean increase of BMD in lumbar spine from baseline of 1.0%, 1.5%, and 1.9% and in trabecular bone score of 2.2%, 3.5%, and 3.3% at 6-, 12-, and 24-mo treatment, respectively. Conversely, patients receiving EXE showed a mean decrease from baseline in lumbar spine BMD of -2.3%, -3.6%, and -5.3% and in trabecular bone score of -0.9%, -1.7%, and -2.3% at 6-, 12-, and 24-mo treatment, respectively. Changes in trabecular bone score from baseline at spine were also significantly different between EXE and TAM: p = 0.05, 0.007, and 0.006 at 6, 12, and 24mo, respectively. TAM induced an increase in BMD and bone texture analysis, whereas EXE resulted in decreases. The results were independent from each other.

Disponibilidade de cobre para mudas de eucalipto em solos de cerrado

No Brasil, com a intensificação da silvicultura clonal, o plantio de materiais genéticos mais produtivos e exigentes nutricionalmente tem aumentado o aparecimento de sintomas de deficiência de micronutrientes, principalmente de B e, mais recentemente, de Cu e de Zn, sobretudo em áreas de Cerrado. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar três métodos de determinação da disponibilidade de Cu (Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 e DTPA pH 7,3) para mudas de eucalipto cultivadas em casa de vegetação, em amostras de seis solos de Cerrado, e a influência de propriedades do solo na eficiência desses extratores. Os tratamentos foram arranjados no esquema fatorial 6 x 5, correspondendo a seis solos e cinco doses de Cu (0, 2, 4, 8 e 16 mg dm-3), com quatro repetições, em blocos ao acaso. Os níveis críticos de Cu em solos de Cerrado, para o crescimento de mudas de eucalipto, são iguais ou inferiores a 0,12 e 0,09 mg dm-3; pelos extratores Mehlich-1 e DTPA, respectivamente. Os teores e conteúdos de Cu na planta mostram estreita relação com os teores de Cu no solo pelos três extratores. Os teores de Cu pelo Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 e DTPA são altamente correlacionados entre si. A avaliação da disponibilidade de Cu para mudas de eucalipto pode ser feita com qualquer um dos três extratores. Entretanto, o Mehlich-1 é o extrator mais recomendado, pela facilidade operacional deste método em relação aos outros e por ele já ser usado na grande maioria dos laboratórios do País.

Perustuslakiuudistus ja hallinto-oikeus

Artikkeli perustuu Turussa 6.-7.5.1999 järjestettyyn Hallinto-oikeuden tila ja tulevaisuus -seminaariin

Disponibilidade de zinco para mudas de eucalipto em solos de Cerrado

No Brasil, com a expansão da silvicultura clonal, o plantio de materiais genéticos mais produtivos e exigentes nutricionalmente tem aumentado o aparecimento de sintomas de deficiência de micronutrientes, principalmente de B, e, mais recentemente, de Cu e de Zn, sobretudo em áreas de Cerrado. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar três métodos de determinação da disponibilidade de Zn (Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 e DTPA pH 7,3) para mudas de eucalipto cultivadas em casa de vegetação, em amostras de seis solos de Cerrado, bem como a influência de propriedades do solo na eficiência desses extratores. Os tratamentos foram arranjados no esquema fatorial 6 x 5, correspondendo a seis solos e cinco doses de Zn (0, 2,5, 5, 10 e 20 mg dm-3), com quatro repetições, em blocos ao acaso. Os níveis críticos de Zn em solos de Cerrado, para o crescimento de mudas de eucalipto, são iguais ou inferiores a 0,23 e 0,05 mg dm-3, pelos extratores Mehlich-1 e DTPA, respectivamente. Os teores de Zn no solo pelos três extratores, assim como os teores e conteúdo na planta, aumentam com a elevação das doses adicionadas de Zn e são altamente correlacionados entre si. A avaliação da disponibilidade de Zn para mudas de eucalipto pode ser feita com qualquer um dos três extratores; entretanto, o Mehlich-1 é o mais recomendado, pela facilidade operacional deste método em relação aos outros e por ele já ser usado na grande maioria dos laboratórios do país.

Validation of a clinical prediction score for ruling out coronary heart disease in primary care patients with chest pain.

Background: A patient's chest pain raises concern for the possibility of coronary heart disease (CHD). An easy to use clinical prediction rule has been derived from the TOPIC study in Lausanne. Our objective is to validate this clinical score for ruling out CHD in primary care patients with chest pain. Methods: This secondary analysis used data collected from a oneyear follow-up cohort study attending 76 GPs in Germany. Patients attending their GP with chest pain were questioned on their age, gender, duration of chest pain (1-60 min), sternal pain location, pain increases with exertion, absence of tenderness point at palpation, cardiovascular risks factors, and personal history of cardiovascular disease. Area under the curve (ROC), sensitivity and specificity of the Lausanne CHD score were calculated for patients with full data. Results: 1190 patients were included. Full data was available for 509 patients (42.8%). Missing data was not related to having CHD (p = 0.397) or having a cardiovascular risk factor (p = 0.275). 76 (14.9%) were diagnosed with a CHD. Prevalence of CHD were respectively of 68/344 (19.8%), 2/62 (3.2%), 6/103 (5.8%) in the high, intermediate and low risk category. ROC was of 72.9 (CI95% 66.8; 78.9). Ruling out patients with low risk has a sensitivity of 92.1% (CI95% 83.0; 96.7) and a specificity of 22.4% (CI95% 18.6%; 26.7%). Conclusion: The Lausanne CHD score shows reasonably good sensitivity and can be used to rule out coronary events in patients with chest pain. Patients at risk of CHD for other rarer reasons should nevertheless also be investigated.

Effect of elective antibiotic therapy on resting energy expenditure and inflammation in cystic fibrosis.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients often present with malnutrition which may partly be due to increased resting energy expenditure (REE) secondary to inflammation. Both REE and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), as other markers of inflammation, are elevated during respiratory exacerbations and decrease after antibiotic treatment. However, the effect of antibiotic therapy on REE and inflammation in patients without respiratory exacerbation is not known. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of such an elective antibiotic therapy on REE, TNF-alpha, and other serum markers of inflammation. Twelve CF patients 5F/7M, age 15.9 +/- 6.1 years, weight for height ratio 89 +/- 8% without clinically obvious exacerbation and treated by intravenous antibiotics were studied. Both before (D0) and after (D14) treatment, pulmonary function tests were performed. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry and blood taken to measure inflammation parameters. Body weight increased by 1.1 kg from D0 to D14 (P < 0.001), composed of 0.3 kg fat mass and 0.8 kg fat-free mass (FFM). The forced expiratory volume at 1 s increased from 43 +/- 15% of predicted at D0 to 51 +/- 15% of predicted at D14 (P < 0.01). Mean REE was 41.1 +/- 7.6 kcal/kg FFM per day at D0 and did not change significantly at D14 (40.6 +/- 8.5 kcal/kg FFM per day). Serum markers of inflammation decreased from D0 to D14: C-reactive protein 17 +/- 17 mg/l to 4 +/- 7 mg/l (P < 0.05), elastase 62 +/- 29 microg/l to 45 +/- 18 microg/l (P < 0.02), orosomucoid acid 1.25 +/- 0.11 g/l to 0.80 +/- 0.15 g/l (P < 0.001), and TNF-alpha 37 +/- 14 pg/ml to 29 +/- 6 pg/ml (P = 0.05). Individual values showed a correlation between changes in REE and in TNF-alpha (P < 0.02). The contribution of inflammation to energy expenditure is possible but appears to be minimal in cystic fibrosis patients treated by antibiotics on a regular basis in the absence of clinically obvious exacerbation.

Protein turnover and thermogenesis in response to high-protein and high-carbohydrate feeding in men.

The rates of energy expenditure and wholebody protein turnover were determined during a 9-h period in a group of seven men while they received hourly isocaloric meals of high-protein (HP) or high-carbohydrate (HC) content. Their responses to feeding were compared with those to a short period of fasting (15-24 h). The 9-h thermic response to the repeated feeding of HP meals was found to be greater than that to the HC meals (9.6 +/- 0.6% vs 5.7 +/- 0.4% of the energy intake, respectively, means +/- SEM, p less than 0.01). The rate of whole-body nitrogen turnover over 9 h increased from 17.6 +/- 2.2 g on the fasting day to 27.4 +/- 1.4 g during HC feeding (NS) and there was a further increase to 58.2 +/- 5.3 g resulting from HP feeding (p less than 0.001). By using theoretical estimates (based upon ATP requirements) of the metabolic cost of protein synthesis, 36 +/- 9% of the thermic response to HC feeding and 68 +/- 3% of the response to HP feeding could be accounted for by the increases in protein synthesis compared with the fasting state.

Évaluation d'un score simplifié de bas débit cardiaque chez l'enfant.

1.1 Objectifs Le syndrome de bas débit cardiaque est une appréciation clinique (Hoffman et al.) dont les signes sont peu sensibles, peu spécifiques, souvent tardifs et dont la mesure chez l'enfant est rendue impossible en clinique pour des raisons techniques et de fiabilités des systèmes de mesures. Aucun score n'est applicable à l'heure actuelle chez l'enfant. C'est pourquoi, ces 10 dernières années, de nombreuses équipes se sont penchée activement sur ce problème afin de définir des marqueurs performants prédisant la survenue du LCOS après chirurgie cardiaque chez l'enfant. Cette étude s'est attachée à réunir ses marqueurs cardiaques, de les combiner et de les inclure dans un score de bas débit cardiaque. 1.2 Méthode Enfants et nouveau-nés ayant subit une chirurgie cardiaque au CHUV, après malformation cardiaque congénitale, entre janvier 2010 et octobre 2011 (N=48). Age : 8 jours à 13 ans (médiane : 16.3 mois). Deux scores développés. Soumission à l'aveugle de la liste des patients à un comité d'expert pour identifier les patients en LCOS à 48h post-chirurgie, puis comparaison avec le résultat du score. Les paramètres du premier score (SCORE 1), sont agendées de manière ordinales, alors que dans le deuxième score (SCORE 2) elles le sont de manière dichotomiques. Valeurs cut-off supérieures et inférieures des scores choisies selon une recherche extensive dans la littérature. Les valeurs cut-off intermédiaires (SCORE 1) ont été choisies au hasard. 1.3 Résultats La régression logistique multivariée pour la prédiction d'un LCOS à 48h, démontre que seul le score d'amine durant les 24 premières heures et un prédicteur indépendant de LCOS (OR 16.6 [2.6- 105.5] p<0.0001). Ce paramètre est bien corrélé avec le résultat des experts avec un coefficient de corrélation r=0.57 (p<0.0001). Les spécificités des deux scores (AUC=0.78 (p<0.0001) respectivement AUC=0.81 (p<0.0001)) sont de 71% respectivement 93.5%, les sensibilités de 70.6% respectivement 41.2 %, VPP de 57.1% respectivement 77.8%, VPN de 81.5 % respectivement 74.4%. Les tests du khi2 valent 7.7 (p=0.006) respectivement 8.69 (p=003), rejettent l'hypothèse nulle d'indépendance entre le résultat des experts et celui prédit par le score. 1.4 Conclusions Les scores développés dans le cadre de cette étude ne montrent pas une corrélation significative avec l'apparition d'un bas débit cardiaque. Même si le choix des paramètres permettant de quantifier l'apparition d'un bas débit cardiaque à 48h fût réalisé selon une recherche extensive dans la littérature, le design rétrospectif de l'étude, n'a pas permit de vérifier efficacement la relation entre l'apparition d'un bas débit cardiaque et le score de bas débit cardiaque.