"Ungerska för rötternas skull" : Språkval och identitet bland andragenerationens ungrare i Sverige och Finland

This thesis is a comparative sociolinguistic study which describes and compares language choice among people with Hungarian background in Sweden and Finland and studies their views on the importance of the Hungarian language and Hungarian cultural heritage for identity. The future prospects of language maintenance and language shift and differences between the Swedish-Hungarians and the Finnish-Hungarians are discussed. A survey was completed among 50 Swedish-Hungarian informants and 38 Finnish-Hungarian informants during 2006. The survey was supplemented by in-depth interviews with 15 informants during 2007. The majority language, either Swedish or Finnish, is much more active in the second-generation Hungarians’ lives than Hungarian is. Hungarian is mostly used in the domain of family relations. The language choices made today are dependent on the informant’s situation during childhood, particularly the parents’ usage of the language and the ability to learn and use Hungarian, chiefly gained through contact with the parents’ mother country and other Hungarian speakers. For some informants, having Hungarian roots forms the sole foundation for belonging, while for others it is this heritage combined with the culture, the ability to use the language or specific character traits. The Hungarian background is most often seen as a treasure offering diversity in life. Finnish-Hungarians are generally more positive about their Hungarian background, have better competence in the language and a greater awareness of the culture than Swedish-Hungarians. The Hungarian language plays a central though often symbolic role. The most important conditions for minority language preservation are language competence together with the desire and opportunity to use it; whereof the largest deficit among second-generation Hungarians is knowledge of the Hungarian language. Only one-fourth of the informants have all of the conditions necessary to be able to maintain the language, which means that Hungarian is an endangered minority language in Sweden and Finland.

Photochemical Generation and Intramolecular Chemistry of β-Alkoxycarbenes

The photolytic phenanthrene-based precursors for both β-methoxycarbene and β-ethoxycarbene were synthesized with and without a deuterium label attached to the a carbon. The incorporation of this deuterium label allowed distinction between a 1, 2-H shift and a 1, 2-O shift pathway to the respective alkyl vinyl ether, without the influence of a primary kinetic isotope effect. Photolyses of these precursors gave rearrangement products of the expected β-alkoxycarbenes. In the case of β-methoxycarbene, no methyl vinyl ether was observed due to its volatility. However, the appearance of aldehyde peaks in the NMR spectra, from an apparent further rearrangement to acetaldehyde through an enol intermediate, indicated that a 1,2-H shift had occurred. Ethyl vinyl ether was isolated following the photolysis of the β-ethoxycarbene precursor. Quantification of the two pathways showed less than 2% undergoing an ethoxy shift to the ethyl vinyl ether. Yield experiments on this photolysis demonstrated a maximum yield of β-ethoxycarbene as 43%, though this decreased as the experiment continued. Computational work on the β-ethoxycarbene system indicates that the triplet scate is more stable than the singlet. In addition, the activation energy to the 1.2-H shift pathway is remarkably low and is clearly consistent with the observed overwhelming preference for this pathway in the experiment.

Aspectos filosóficos e históricos da justiça

Aspectos filosóficos e históricos da Justiça, tema abrangente que trata não somente da evolução histórica e conceitual da ideia de justiça,mas também da influência que essa, que é a "senhora e rainha de todos os povos, em todos os tempos e em toda a sociedade humana.Será discorrido, ainda, sobre as diversas formas filosóficas de desenvolvimento do conceito de justiça assim como sua visão e discussão na atualidade, com a apresentação de casos práticos e decisões que refletem a aplicação da justiça no dias de hoje.

The risk-properties of human capital and the design of government policies

Whether human capital increases or decreases wage uncertainty is an open question from an empirical standpoint. Yet, most policy prescriptions regarding human capital formation are based on models that impose riskiness on this type of investment. In a two period and finite type optimal income taxation problem we derive prescriptions that are robust to the risk characteristics of human capital: savings should be discouraged, human capital investments encouraged and both types of investment driven to an efficient level from an aggregate perspective. These prescriptions are also robust to the assumptions regarding what choices are observed, despite policy instruments being not.

Controles internos e gestão de riscos em instituições financeiras

O Comitê de Supervisão Bancária da Basiléia, um dos organismos mais respeitados no mundo em normatização da indústria bancária, emitiu, em setembro de 1998, o documento: Framework for Internal Control Systems in Banking Organizations, que trata da necessidade da manutenção de controles internos adequados para a natureza e para a escala dos negócios das instituições financeiras. O documento originou-se a partir de pressões internacionais por controles internos mais eficientes e eficazes. De acordo com o documento, os instrumentos de controle devem incluir disposições claras para a delegação de competência e responsabilidade; a separação de funções que envolvam a assunção de compromissos pelos bancos, a utilização de seus recursos financeiros e a responsabilidade por seus ativos e passivos; a reconciliação de tais processos; a proteção de seus ativos; e as funções apropriadas de auditoria e de conformidades independentes, internas ou externas, para verificar a adesão a tais controles, assim como às leis e regulamentos aplicáveis. O Comitê de Supervisão Bancária da Basiléia verificou que diversos problemas ocorridos em grandes organizações bancárias poderiam ser evitados com um sistema eficiente de controles internos. Vários casos estudados demonstraram que controles internos inadequados resultaram em perdas significativas para os bancos. Assim, esta dissertação apresenta, com base no documento acima citado, os tipos de perdas e a análise dos princípios de controles internos recomendados pelo Comitê de Supervisão Bancária da Basiléia e adotados no Brasil a partir da publicação pelo Conselho Monetário Nacional da Resolução 2.554, de 24 de setembro de 1998.

The importance of common cyclical features in VAR analysis: a Monte-Carlo study

Despite the commonly held belief that aggregate data display short-run comovement, there has been little discussion about the econometric consequences of this feature of the data. We use exhaustive Monte-Carlo simulations to investigate the importance of restrictions implied by common-cyclical features for estimates and forecasts based on vector autoregressive models. First, we show that the ìbestî empirical model developed without common cycle restrictions need not nest the ìbestî model developed with those restrictions. This is due to possible differences in the lag-lengths chosen by model selection criteria for the two alternative models. Second, we show that the costs of ignoring common cyclical features in vector autoregressive modelling can be high, both in terms of forecast accuracy and efficient estimation of variance decomposition coefficients. Third, we find that the Hannan-Quinn criterion performs best among model selection criteria in simultaneously selecting the lag-length and rank of vector autoregressions.

Estrés, coping y autoeficacia en profesores de Madeira

Este estudio investiga el grado de incidencia de estrés laboral (Lazarus y Folkman, 1984; Jesús, 2005) en una muestra de profesores en la Educación Básica e Secundaria, oficiales, de la isla de Madeira, mediante el estudio de las variables afrontamiento (Latack, 1986; Jesus & Pereira, 1994) y auto-eficacia (Bandura, 1997). Los encuestados fueron 765 docentes del 1º, 2º, 3º Ciclo de Educación Básica y Educación Secundaria. Para evaluar las variables de estudio, se utilizó el cuestionario sobre el estrés docente (Gomes, 2007), el Coping Job Scale de Latack (1986) adaptado por Jesus y Pereira (1994) y el cuestionario de autoeficacia del personal docente (Pedro, 2007). Los resultados obtenidos sugieren las siguientes conclusiones: la percepción de altos niveles de estrés en el trabajo (42% de los profesores); las fuentes de estrés más perturbadoras son la mala actitud de los estudiantes y las correspondientes medidas de intervención inadecuadas; los factores situacionales inherentes a el contenido funcional y la sobrecarga de trabajo están causando estrés y malestar en los profesores; los maestros se basan principalmente en las estrategias de control; los profesores revelan percepciones de autoeficacia alta (3,60); existe una asociación positiva entre la percepción de estrés en la enseñanza y las estrategias de control; existe una asociación entre la autoeficacia general y las estrategias de control; existe una asociación entre la percepción de autoeficácia general y el nivel global de estrés percibido; y se detectó varios diferencias significativas en función de las variables sociodemográficas y profesionales. Este trabajo sugiere la capacidad predictiva de las dimensiones de la autoeficacia como variable moderadora cuando, al mismo tiempo, articula con el coping y las variables sociodemograficas profesionales, en estrés docente.

Degradação do PMMA através da reação despolimerização uitlizando catalisadores de óxidos mistos

In this work, mixed oxides were synthesized by two methods: polymeric precursor and gel-combustion. The oxides, Niquelate of Lanthanum, Cobaltate of Lanthanum and Cuprate of Lanthanum were synthesized by the polymeric precursor method, and treated at 300 º C for 2 hours, calcined at 800 º C for 6h in air atmosphere. In gel-combustion method were produced and oxides using urea and citric acid as fuel, forming for each fuel the following oxides Ferrate of Lanthanum, Cobaltato of Lanthanum and Ferrato of Cobalt and Lanthanum, which were submitted to the combustion process assisted by microwave power maximum of 10min. The samples were characterized by: thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction; fisisorção of N2 (BET method) and scanning electron microscopy. The reactions catalytic of depolymerization of poly (methyl methacrylate), were performed in a reactor of silica, with catalytic and heating system equipped with a data acquisition system and the gas chromatograph. For the catalysts synthesized using the polymeric precursor method, the cuprate of lanthanum was best for the depolymerization of the recycled polymer, obtaining 100% conversion in less time 554 (min), and the pure polymer, was the Niquelate of Lanthanum, with 100% conversion in less time 314 (min). By gel-combustion method using urea as fuel which was the best result obtained Ferrate of Lanthanum for the pure polymer with 100% conversion in less time 657 (min), and the recycled polymer was Cobaltate of Lanthanum with 100 % conversion in less time 779 (min). And using citric acid to obtain the best result for the pure polymer, was Ferrate of Lanthanum with 100% conversion in less time 821 (min and) for the recycled polymer, was Ferrate of Lanthanum with 98.28% conversion in less time 635 (min)

Redução no consumo de efluente gerado em abatedouro de tilápia do nilo através da implantação de conceitos de produção mais limpa (p+l)

the nourishing industry is a segment that makes use of high water consumption due to necessity of the hygienic cleaning of the establishments and the maintenance of the good quality of the food. It enters the nourishing industries with bigger water consumption we have the fishery industry which generates effluent around 5.4 m(3). t(-1) of processed fish. This work had as objective the reduction in the water consumption of the processing of Nile tilapia through the implantation of P+L techniques, for had been in such a way carried through hydraulical alterations in the filleting tables aiming at the minimum possible water consumption for two methods of filleting, eviscerated and not eviscerated, as well as the comment of the alterations in the generated quality of the effluent one. In the present study, the reduction in the water consumption in the filleting process corresponded 98.16% for method EV considering an average time of processing of 3 hours for 32.99 kg of fish, and for method NEV the reduction was of 97.97% with average time of processing of 2.1 hours for 34.96 kg of fish, thus demonstrating that the P+L techniques are efficient for the reduction of the water consumption.

Spatial distribution of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in citrus orchards

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Serum protein concentrations, including acute phase proteins, in calves experimentally infected with Salmonella Dublin

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Aspectos biológicos de Harmonia axyridis alimentada com duas espécies de presas e predação intraguilda com Eriopis connexa

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os aspectos biológicos de Harmonia axyridis, alimentada com duas espécies de presas, e a ocorrência de predação intraguilda com Eriopis connexa. Larvas de H. axyridis foram alimentadas diariamente com ovos de Anagasta kuehniella ou com o pulgão Schizaphis graminum. Adultos da joaninha foram separados em dez casais que receberam o mesmo tipo de alimento da fase larval. Na avaliação da predação, uma larva de quarto instar de cada espécie foi mantida na presença ou ausência de abrigo e de ovos de A. kuehniella. A fase larval de H. axyridis durou 10,2 e 8,9 dias, quando alimentada com A. kuehniella e S. graminum, respectivamente. A sobrevivência do predador, em fase imatura, variou de 70 a 100%. A joaninha apresentou período de oviposição de 47,3 e 51,7 dias, com 887,6 e 822,5 ovos, ao se alimentar de A. kuehniella e S. graminum, respectivamente. A longevidade das fêmeas foi de 74,1 e 76,2 dias e a dos machos de 67,3 e 70,3 dias, em A. kuehniella e S. graminum, respectivamente. H. axyridis atuou como predador intraguilda e foi a espécie dominante na competição com E. connexa.