995 resultados para vertical electrical sounding
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The geometry of Riera de Tossa (Costa Brava, Catalonia) Pleistocene paleovalley has been studied by two geophysical prospecting methods: vertical electric sounding (VES-DC) and seismic refraction. The results show the existence of a sudden slope change of the thalweg that permits to differentiate two sections where erosion processes operated in unequal intensity. Based on geological and geomorphological available data, it can be inferred that this slope rupture is caused by the litological control imposed by the alineation of resistant materials, which limited the headward erosion extend of the creek during the Upper Pleistocene
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A connection between thunderstorms and the ionosphere has been hypothesized since the mid-1920s(1). Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this connection(2-7), and evidence from modelling(8) as well as various types of measurements(9-14) demonstrate that lightning can interact with the lower ionosphere. It has been proposed, on the basis of a few observed events(15), that the ionospheric 'sporadic E' layer - transient, localized patches of relatively high electron density in the mid-ionosphere E layer, which significantly affect radio-wave propagation - can be modulated by thunderstorms, but a more formal statistical analysis is still needed. Here we identify a statistically significant intensification and descent in altitude of the mid-latitude sporadic E layer directly above thunderstorms. Because no ionospheric response to low-pressure systems without lightning is detected, we conclude that this localized intensification of the sporadic E layer can be attributed to lightning. We suggest that the co-location of lightning and ionospheric enhancement can be explained by either vertically propagating gravity waves that transfer energy from the site of lightning into the ionosphere, or vertical electrical discharge, or by a combination of these two mechanisms.
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A caracterização do Sistema Aquífero Barreiras / Marituba, maior fonte de abastecimento de água da cidade de Maceió, capital de Alagoas, Brasil, é importante para fornecer subsídios para uma utilização racional e sustentável desse recurso. O arcabouço tectônico e estratigráfico da área construído por meio de perfis de poços, análise de elementos estruturais e mapeamento geológico propõe um modelo com uma série de grabens e horsts. Com o objetivo de confirmar a presença de estruturas delimitando blocos estruturais e refinar o modelo foram realizados ensaios de sondagem elétrica vertical e caminhamento elétrico dipolo-dipolo. Os resultados dos ensaios geofísicos confirmaram a existência de zonas mais condutoras, que caracterizam as zonas de falhas normais que delimitam os blocos estruturais. A integração dos dados geológicos e estruturais aos resultados geofísicos confirmaram a existência de um modelo estrutural com blocos escalonados, que influenciam fortemente o comportamento do sistema águas subterrâneas.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE
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Esse trabalho de geofísica aplicada à hidrogeologia, foi realizado numa área localizada na porção sudeste do estado do Pará, mas precisamente na cidade de Palestina à margem esquerda do rio Araguaia. Ironicamente existem problemas de abastecimento de água potável para a população da cidade. Esse problema deve-se ao fato que, no momento, é antieconômico o tratamento e transporte de água do rio para a cidade. Considerando que a extração de água subterrânea é economicamente mais viável para a solução desse problema, o Departamento de Geofísica e o curso de Pós-graduação de Geofísica da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPa), por solicitação da prefeitura daquele município e da Fundação Nacional de Saúde (FNS), participaram no levantamento geofísico de eletroresistividade para investigar os possíveis locais de ocorrência de água subterrânea. Foram realizadas, na área, 21 Sondagens Elétricas Verticais (SEVs) medidas na superfície, utilizando o arranjo Schlumberger com abertura máxima dos eletrodos AB e MN de 500m e 50m, respectivamente. Para a sua interpretação foram usados os programas de modelagem direta (EGSLIB/SEV1D) e inversa (EGSLIB/SEV1DIN) de RIJO (1994), de modelos de n camadas horizontais, homogêneas e isotrópicas. Com base nos resultados da interpretação das 21 SEVs, e também das informações da geologia local foram confeccionadas três mapas de contorno e seis secções geoelétricas. Dos seis horizontes que aparecem nessas secções, o mais favorável para a exploração hidrogeológica é o quarto, com espessura variando de 10 a 79 m, estando a uma profundidade média de 50m e com valores de resistividade variando de 150 — 850 Ωm, sendo correlacionavel com a Formação Potí. A analise final dos mapas e das secções geoelétricas, indicou que o local mais apropriado para a perfuração de poços, é uma área próximo à atual área de captação.
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Este trabalho foi realizado numa área de 25 km2 em Ponta de Pedras, Ilha de Marajó. Tem por objetivo o dimensionamento geométrico e seleção de zonas favoráveis à água subterrânea. Foram utilizados dois métodos geofísicos: sísmica de refração e eletroresistividade. O método sísmico foi empregado em caráter experimental, visando verificar a viabilidade de sua aplicação na área. Os resultados da interpretação confirmaram a suspeita inicial, da existência de horizontes geológicos pouco profundos, não possíveis de serem distinguidos pelo método sísmico. Com o método de eletroresistividade foram feitas sondagens verticais e perfis horizontais. Os resultados da interpretação indicaram áreas promissoras na parte central e numa faixa ao norte da área prospectada. A espessura do aquífero raso varia entre 0 e 50 m.
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Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da aplicação do método geofísico de eletrorresistividade, especificamente das técnicas de sondagem elétrica vertical e caminhamento elétrico, no estudo de campo experimental, monitorado pela Escola Superior de Agronomia Luis de Queiroz – ESALQ, irrigado por efluentes gerados em lagoas de estabilização do tipo aeróbica-facultativa na ETE (Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos) da SABESP, no município de Lins (SP). Palavras-chave: Caminhamento elétrico, sondagem elétrica vertical, efluentes, fertilização, pluma de contaminação.
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Spatial variability of Vertisol properties is relevant for identifying those zones with physical degradation. In this sense, one has to face the problem of identifying the origin and distribution of spatial variability patterns. The objectives of the present work were (i) to quantify the spatial structure of different physical properties collected from a Vertisol, (ii) to search for potential correlations between different spatial patterns and (iii) to identify relevant components through multivariate spatial analysis. The study was conducted on a Vertisol (Typic Hapludert) dedicated to sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) production during the last sixty years. We used six soil properties collected from a squared grid (225 points) (penetrometer resistance (PR), total porosity, fragmentation dimension (Df), vertical electrical conductivity (ECv), horizontal electrical conductivity (ECh) and soil water content (WC)). All the original data sets were z-transformed before geostatistical analysis. Three different types of semivariogram models were necessary for fitting individual experimental semivariograms. This suggests the different natures of spatial variability patterns. Soil water content rendered the largest nugget effect (C0 = 0.933) while soil total porosity showed the largest range of spatial correlation (A = 43.92 m). The bivariate geostatistical analysis also rendered significant cross-semivariance between different paired soil properties. However, four different semivariogram models were required in that case. This indicates an underlying co-regionalization between different soil properties, which is of interest for delineating management zones within sugarcane fields. Cross-semivariograms showed larger correlation ranges than individual, univariate, semivariograms (A ≥ 29 m). All the findings were supported by multivariate spatial analysis, which showed the influence of soil tillage operations, harvesting machinery and irrigation water distribution on the status of the investigated area.
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The use of chemical fertilization in arable perimeters provides increased productivity, though it can eventually lead to a qualitative depreciation of groundwater sources, especially if such sources are unconfined in nature. In this context, this thesis presents results from an analysis of the level of natural protection of the Barreiras Aquifer in an area located on the eastern coast of the Rio Grande do Norte State - Brazil. Such an aquifer is clastic in nature and has an unconfined hydraulic character, which clearly makes it susceptible to contamination from surface ground loads with contaminants associated with the leaching of excess fertilizers not absorbed by ground vegetation. The methodology used was based on the use of hydro-geophysical data, particularly inverse models of vertical electrical soundings (VES) and information from well profiles, allowing the acquisition of longitudinal conductance cartographies (S), data in mili-Siemens (mS), and the vulnerability of the aquifer. Such maps were prepared with emphasis to the unsaturated overlying zone, highlighting in particular its thickness and occurrence of clay lithologies. Thus, the longitudinal conductance and aquifer vulnerability reveal areas more susceptible to contamination in the northeast and east-central sections of the study area, with values equal to or less than 10mS and greater than or equal to 0,50, respectively. On the other hand, the southwestern section proved to be less susceptible to contamination, whose longitudinal conductance and vulnerability indices are greater than or equal to 30mS and less than or equal to 0,40, respectively.
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The use of chemical fertilization in arable perimeters provides increased productivity, though it can eventually lead to a qualitative depreciation of groundwater sources, especially if such sources are unconfined in nature. In this context, this thesis presents results from an analysis of the level of natural protection of the Barreiras Aquifer in an area located on the eastern coast of the Rio Grande do Norte State - Brazil. Such an aquifer is clastic in nature and has an unconfined hydraulic character, which clearly makes it susceptible to contamination from surface ground loads with contaminants associated with the leaching of excess fertilizers not absorbed by ground vegetation. The methodology used was based on the use of hydro-geophysical data, particularly inverse models of vertical electrical soundings (VES) and information from well profiles, allowing the acquisition of longitudinal conductance cartographies (S), data in mili-Siemens (mS), and the vulnerability of the aquifer. Such maps were prepared with emphasis to the unsaturated overlying zone, highlighting in particular its thickness and occurrence of clay lithologies. Thus, the longitudinal conductance and aquifer vulnerability reveal areas more susceptible to contamination in the northeast and east-central sections of the study area, with values equal to or less than 10mS and greater than or equal to 0,50, respectively. On the other hand, the southwestern section proved to be less susceptible to contamination, whose longitudinal conductance and vulnerability indices are greater than or equal to 30mS and less than or equal to 0,40, respectively.
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A simple, uniquely plasma-enabled and environment-friendly process to reduce the thickness of vertically standing graphenes to only 4–5 graphene layers and arranging them in dense, ultra-large surface area, ultra-open-edge-length, self-organized and interconnected networks is demonstrated. The approach for the ultimate thickness reduction to 1–2 graphene layers is also proposed. The vertical graphene networks are optically transparent and show tunable electric properties from semiconducting to semi-metallic and metallic at room and near-room temperature, thus recovering semi-metallic properties of a single-layer graphene.
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The characterization of air-water two-phase vertical flow in a 12 m flow loop with 1.5 m of vertical section is studied by using electrical resistance tomography (ERT). By applying a fast data collection to a dual-plane ERT sensor and an iterative image reconstruction algorithm, relevant information is gathered for implementation of flow characteristics, particularly for flow regime recognition. A cross-correlation method is also used to interpret the velocity distribution of the gas phase on the cross section. The paper demonstrates that ERT can now be deployed routinely for velocity measurements and this capability will increase as faster measurement systems evolve.
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Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers operating in the 1.3- and 1.5-mu m wavelength ranges are highly attractive for telecommunications applications. However, they are far less well-developed than devices operating at shorter wavelengths. Pulsed electrically-injected lasing at 1.5 mu m, at temperatures up to 240 K, is demonstrated in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with one epitaxial and one dielectric reflector. This is an encouraging result in the development of practical sources for optical fiber communications systems.