L’éthos maternel dans Lettres à sa fille (1916-1953) de Colette

Depuis les Lettres de Madame de Sévigné à sa fille, la pratique épistolaire permet à la mère et à la fille d’entretenir un lien à distance. Outre la valeur communicative à l’origine de ce lien, l’espace de la lettre fait intervenir le moi de l’épistolière dans le mouvement de l’écriture. Cette particularité est propice à l’élaboration d’une image propre aux buts recherchés de la correspondance en adoptant une rhétorique qui crée un effet sur la destinataire incitée à répondre, à prendre position, à construire une image de soi par le biais de l’échange épistolaire. Une forme de littérarité se manifeste dans ce genre de lettres comme nous le démontrons à propos des Lettres à sa fille (1916-1953) de Colette. L’étape de la maternité constitue une fatalité redoutée ou refusée pour certaines femmes qui connaissent un amour tardivement, voire jamais. Colette s’inscrit dans cette lignée de mères atypiques en refusant le rôle maternel pour consacrer sa vie à sa carrière d’écrivaine. Elle entretient néanmoins pendant trente-sept ans une correspondance avec sa fille, Colette de Jouvenel, afin de satisfaire à la représentation sociale voulant que la mère soit religieusement dévouée à son enfant. Mère physiquement absente la plupart du temps, Colette construit un éthos épistolaire qui oscille entre garder sa fille près d’elle grâce aux mots tout en maintenant la distance physique et sentimentale avec celle qui doit trouver sa place dans la correspondance. Colette se défile, mais s’impose aussi par son omniprésence dans l’univers de son enfant en témoignant d’une sévérité propre à sa posture d’auteure. Le déploiement de cette facette de l’écrivaine dans l’échange épistolaire à priori privé est rendu possible en raison du statut générique de la lettre : de fait, l’écriture épistolaire favorise, non seulement un rapport de soi à l’autre, mais également de soi à soi à travers divers effets spéculaires. L’étude de l’éthos maternel nous amène à nous interroger finalement sur l’éthos de la jeune fille contrainte de se construire dans une relation de dépendance avec l’image de la sur-mère.

Crime organisé et construction : un duo indissociable?

La collusion est une pratique anticoncurrentielle qui a pour but la coopération de personnes morales afin d’atteindre un but commun tel que le profit. Cette méthode se retrouve dans le milieu de la construction notamment par la rotation de contrat, par la fixation de prix ou le débalancement de bordereaux. Bien que la collusion dans la construction soit souvent associée au crime organisé, cette étude propose l’hypothèse d’un contrôle du marché par le crime organisant et non le crime organisé. Ainsi, l’industrie de la construction serait influencée par une organisation en mouvance et en développement constant pouvant s’organiser tout en organisant d’autres noyaux. En analysant le marché de l’industrie de la construction, cette étude a pu relever qu’il était possible à l’aide d’outils quantitatifs tels que l’analyse de classification d’identifier des irrégularités au sein du marché, au fil des années. Des entrevues passées auprès d’acteurs du domaine de la construction sont venues confirmer l’hypothèse d’un contrôle du marché par le crime organisant et non le crime organisé. L’analyse qualitative se penchait ainsi sur les motivations des acteurs à entreprendre des pratiques anticoncurrentielles et sur la compréhension de l’émergence de la collusion dans la construction. La discussion identifie les opportunités criminelles, de même que les problématiques survenant dans le milieu de la construction et pouvant influencer l’émergence de la collusion. Ces problématiques concernent les contributions aux partis politiques, le truquage des devis et bordereaux par les firmes de consultants, l’impunité des autorités, l’historicité des entrepreneurs, l’idéologie de marché et les problématiques liées au cautionnement. Enfin, des solutions adaptées à la réalité de l’industrie de la construction en tenant compte des facteurs de risque ont été identifiées.

Caracterización del ausentismo laboral en una empresa de telecomunicaciones de Colombia

El ausentismo laboral es un problema para la economía de las empresas y para la sociedad en general, su principal causa son las enfermedades de origen común. Los costos totales son difíciles de cuantificar por la cantidad de factores que influyen en él. METODOLOGIA: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal que caracterizó el ausentismo laboral teniendo como fuente la base de datos de una empresa del sector terciario de la economía Colombiana, dedicada a las telecomunicaciones a nivel nacional. Se tomó como población universo 3.647 trabajadores a mitad de año de 2013. La población objeto de estudio la conformaron 889 trabajadores que se incapacitaron desde el 1 de enero de 2013 al 31 de diciembre de 2013. RESULTADOS: Se presentaron por enfermedad común 1.097 (83,87%)incapacidades, 740 (83,24%) incapacitados y 7.526 (57,28%) de días perdidos. Las mujeres son las que presentaron mayor número de incapacidades 63,3% (694). Según la clasificación de grupos diagnósticos del CIE 10, el sistema que generó mayor número de días perdidos fue el osteomuscular con el 13,40%. El diagnostico individual que genero mayor número de días perdidos fue el trastorno mixto de ansiedad y depresión 4% (301). Los trabajadores con cinco o más incapacidades durante el año fueron 26 (3,51%) que generaron el 33,3% (2.506) de los días perdidos. Los accidentes de trabajo no son una causa importante de ausentismo. RECOMENDACIONES: Implementar un sistema de recolección de información del ausentismo que se alimente de manera sistemática y continua para tener información suficiente, oportuna y confiable que permita analizarla y generar planes de acción. revisar las actividades que la empresa ha implementado para identificar, evaluar, gestionar los factores de riesgo psicolaborales; optimizar la detección temprana y prevención de desórdenes musculo esqueléticos. Por último realizar monitoreo evaluación y seguimiento a los trabajadores que presentan más de cinco incapacidades durante el año, con un grupo de salud interdisciplinario que permita implementar acciones de promoción y prevención de salud.

Caracterización del ausentismo laboral en una empresa de telecomunicaciones de Colombia

El ausentismo laboral es un problema para la economía de las empresas y para la sociedad en general, su principal causa son las enfermedades de origen común. Los costos totales son difíciles de cuantificar por la cantidad de factores que influyen en él. METODOLOGIA: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal que caracterizó el ausentismo laboral teniendo como fuente la base de datos de una empresa del sector terciario de la economía Colombiana, dedicada a las telecomunicaciones a nivel nacional. Se tomó como población universo 3.647 trabajadores a mitad de año de 2013. La población objeto de estudio la conformaron 889 trabajadores que se incapacitaron desde el 1 de enero de 2013 al 31 de diciembre de 2013. RESULTADOS: Se presentaron por enfermedad común 1.097 (83,87%)incapacidades, 740 (83,24%) incapacitados y 7.526 (57,28%) de días perdidos. Las mujeres son las que presentaron mayor número de incapacidades 63,3% (694). Según la clasificación de grupos diagnósticos del CIE 10, el sistema que generó mayor número de días perdidos fue el osteomuscular con el 13,40%. El diagnostico individual que genero mayor número de días perdidos fue el trastorno mixto de ansiedad y depresión 4% (301). Los trabajadores con cinco o más incapacidades durante el año fueron 26 (3,51%) que generaron el 33,3% (2.506) de los días perdidos. Los accidentes de trabajo no son una causa importante de ausentismo. RECOMENDACIONES: Implementar un sistema de recolección de información del ausentismo que se alimente de manera sistemática y continua para tener información suficiente, oportuna y confiable que permita analizarla y generar planes de acción. revisar las actividades que la empresa ha implementado para identificar, evaluar, gestionar los factores de riesgo psicolaborales; optimizar la detección temprana y prevención de desórdenes musculo esqueléticos. Por último realizar monitoreo evaluación y seguimiento a los trabajadores que presentan más de cinco incapacidades durante el año, con un grupo de salud interdisciplinario que permita implementar acciones de promoción y prevención de salud.

Anàlisi cronològica de la pesca al Port de Llançà: període 1977-1996

A partir del buidatge exhaustiu dels fulls de subhasta del peix i de les fitxes tècniques de les embarcacions de la Confraria del Port de Llançà, es fa una anàlisi cronològica qualitativa i quantitativa dels darrers vint anys de pesca. La flota, inicialment constituïda per barques d'arrossegament i de pesca artesanal (palangre petit i tresmail), ha anat evolucionant, i ha quedat bàsicament constituïda actualment pel ròssec i el palangre de fons, que ha substituit progressivament la pesca artesanal. Les pesqueries, notablement multiespecífiques els primers anys, van donar pas, bàsicament amb la incorporació del radar, a una pesca molt més selectiva, dominada essencialment per la captura de lluç entre els anys 1980 i 1985. La progressiva incorporació del palangre de fons fa que a partir del 1986 es tendeixi novament cap a una captura més multiespecífica, perd amb canvis qualitatius importants en la composició d'espècies capturades en relació amb els primers anys

Facebook & Blackboard: comparison of learner perspectives

Different systems, different purposes – but how do they compare as learning environments? We undertook a survey of students at the University, asking whether they learned from their use of the systems, whether they made contact with other students through them, and how often they used them. Although it was a small scale survey, the results are quite enlightening and quite surprising. Blackboard is populated with learning material, has all the students on a module signed up to it, a safe environment (in terms of Acceptable Use and some degree of staff monitoring) and provides privacy within the learning group (plus lecturer and relevant support staff). Facebook, on the other hand, has no learning material, only some of the students using the system, and on the face of it, it has the opportunity for slips in privacy and potential bullying because the Acceptable Use policy is more lax than an institutional one, and breaches must be dealt with on an exception basis, when reported. So why do more students find people on their courses through Facebook than Blackboard? And why are up to 50% of students reporting that they have learned from using Facebook? Interviews indicate that students in subjects which use seminars are using Facebook to facilitate working groups – they can set up private groups which give them privacy to discuss ideas in an environment which perceived as safer than Blackboard can provide. No staff interference, unless they choose to invite them in, and the opportunity to select who in the class can engage. The other striking finding is the difference in use between the genders. Males are using blackboard more frequently than females, whilst the reverse is true for Facebook. Interviews suggest that this may have something to do with needing to access lecture notes… Overall, though, it appears that there is little relationship between the time spent engaging with Blackboard and reports that students have learned from it. Because Blackboard is our central repository for notes, any contact is likely to result in some learning. Facebook, however, shows a clear relationship between frequency of use and perception of learning – and our students post frequently to Facebook. Whilst much of this is probably trivia and social chit chat, the educational elements of it are, de facto, contructivist in nature. Further questions need to be answered - Is the reason the students learn from Facebook because they are creating content which others will see and comment on? Is it because they can engage in a dialogue, without the risk of interruption by others?

An ichnofabric approach to the depositional interpretation of the intensely burrowed Bateig Limestone, Miocene, SE Spain

The foraminiferal-rich pelagic Bateig Limestone forms several varieties of the important building stones quarried at Bateig Hill in southeastern Spain. Three principal ichnofabrics (Bichordites, mottled-Palaeophycus and mottled-Ophiomorpha) are recognized, which are present in at least two (possibly up to four) repeated successions (cycles). Each succession begins with an erosional event. The Bichordites ichnofabric represents a new type of facies, formed as thin turbidity/grain flow, stratiform units derived from sediment slips off a fault into deep water. Each slipped unit became almost completely bioturbated by infaunal echinoids, colonizing by lateral migration. Because of the thinness of the units, successive colonizations tended to truncate the underlying burrows giving rise to a pseudo-stratification. As the Bichordites ichnofabric accumulated on the fault apron, thus reducing the effective height of the fault scarp, the substrate gradually came under the influence of currents traversing the shelf. This led to a change in hydraulic regime, and to the mottled-Palaeophycus and mottled-Ophiomorpha ichnofabrics in sediment deposited under bed load transport, and associated with laminar and cross-stratified beds and local muddy intervals. Reactivation of the fault triggered erosion and channeling and a return to grain flow sedimentation, and to the Bichordites ichnofabric of the succeeding cycle. The highest unit of the Bateig Limestone is formed entirely of cross-stratified calcarenites with occasional Ophiomorpha (Ophiomorpha-primary lamination ichnofabric) and is similar to many shallow marine facies but they still bear a significant content of pelagic foraminifera. The sedimentary setting bears resemblance with that described for the Pleistocene Monte Torre Paleostrait and the modem Strait of Messina (Italy), where the narrow morphology of the depositional area enhanced tidal currents and allowed for high-energy sandy deposition in relatively deep areas. More data on the Miocene paleogeography of the Bateig area should provide further testing for this hypothesis. The ichnofacies and stacking of the Bateig Limestone differ from the classic Seilacherian model in that they reflect changes in hydraulic process and are associated with faulting and subsidence and changes in sediment supply. Recognition of the unusual ichnofabrics and their relationships provides a clear indication of the overall dynamic setting. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Assessing the frictional and abrasion-resisting properties of hooves and claws

Hoof abrasion and slips on floors are known to have negative effects on animal health and welfare. This paper describes a new design of test rig for use in a universal materials test machine. The rig enables the frictional and abrasion-resisting properties of hoof horn to be investigated under controlled conditions, in vitro. To assess the performance of the rig, pilot experiments were carried out which indicated both test surface roughness and specimen hydration interact to alter frictional coefficient and mechanical work done to lose a unit volume of hoof material by abrasive wear.

Stress generation in the tension wood of poplar is based on the lateral swelling power of the G-layer

The mechanism of active stress generation in tension wood is still not fully understood. To characterize the functional interdependency between the G-layer and the secondary cell wall, nanostructural characterization and mechanical tests were performed on native tension wood tissues of poplar (Populus nigra x Populus deltoids) and on tissues in which the G-layer was removed by an enzymatic treatment. In addition to the well-known axial orientation of the cellulose fibrils in the G-layer, it was shown that the microfibril angle of the S2-layer was very large (about 36 degrees). The removal of the G-layer resulted in an axial extension and a tangential contraction of the tissues. The tensile stress-strain curves of native tension wood slices showed a jagged appearance after yield that could not be seen in the enzyme-treated samples. The behaviour of the native tissue was modelled by assuming that cells deform elastically up to a critical strain at which the G-layer slips, causing a drop in stress. The results suggest that tensile stresses in poplar are generated in the living plant by a lateral swelling of the G-layer which forces the surrounding secondary cell wall to contract in the axial direction.

The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire: A population-based random sampling study

The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) has been shown to have acceptable reliability and factorial, predictive, and concurrent validity. However, the PRMQ has never been administered to a probability sample survey representative of all ages in adulthood, nor have previous studies controlled for factors that are known to influence metamemory, such as affective status. Here, the PRMQ was applied in a survey adopting a probabilistic three-stage cluster sample representative of the population of Sao Paulo, Brazil, according to gender, age (20-80 years), and economic status (n=1042). After excluding participants who had conditions that impair memory (depression, anxiety, used psychotropics, and/or had neurological/psychiatric disorders), in the remaining 664 individuals we (a) used confirmatory factor analyses to test competing models of the latent structure of the PRMQ, and (b) studied effects of gender, age, schooling, and economic status on prospective and retrospective memory complaints. The model with the best fit confirmed the same tripartite structure (general memory factor and two orthogonal prospective and retrospective memory factors) previously reported. Women complained more of general memory slips, especially those in the first 5 years after menopause, and there were more complaints of prospective than retrospective memory, except in participants with lower family income.

The fall descriptions and health characteristics of older adults with hip fracture : a mixed methods study

Background: In light of the multifactorial etiology of fall-related hip fracture, knowledge of fall circumstances may be especially valuable when placed in the context of the health of the person who falls. We aimed to investigate the circumstances surrounding fall-related hip fractures and to describe fall circumstances in relation to participants' health and functional characteristics. Methods: The fall circumstances of 125 individuals (age >= 50 years) with hip fracture were investigated using semi-structured interviews. Data concerning participants' health (comorbidities and medications) and function (self-reported performance of mobility, balance, personal activities of daily living and physical activity, previous falls and hand grip strength) were collected via medical records, questionnaires and dynamometry. Using a mixed methods design, both data sets were analysed separately and then merged in order to provide a comprehensive description of fall events and identify eventual patterns in the data. Results: Fall circumstances were described as i) Activity at the time of the fall: Positional change (n = 24, 19%); Standing (n = 16, 13%); Walking (n = 71, 57%); Balance challenging (n = 14, 11%) and ii) Nature of the fall: Environmental (n = 32, 26%); Physiological (n = 35, 28%); Activity-related indoor (n = 8, 6%) and outdoor (n = 8, 6%); Trips and slips on snow (n = 20, 16%) and in snow-free conditions (n = 12, 10%) and Unknown (n = 10, 8%). We observed the following patterns regarding fall circumstances and participants' health: those who fell i) during positional change had the poorest functional status; ii) due to environmental reasons (indoors) had moderate physical function, but high levels of comorbidity and fall risk increasing medications; iii) in snow-free environments (outdoors) appeared to have a poorer health and functional status than other outdoor groups. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that patterns exist in relation to the falls circumstances and health characteristics of people with hip fracture which build upon that previously reported. These patterns, when verified, can provide useful information as to the ways in which fall prevention strategies can be tailored to individuals of varying levels of health and function who are at risk for falls and hip fracture.

Avaliação de estratégias de detecção e correção de perdas de ciclos na portadora GPS L1

To prevent large errors in the GPS positioning, cycle slips should be detected and corrected. Such procedure is not trivial, mainly for single frequency receivers, but normally it is not noticed by the users. Thus, it will be discussed some practical and more used methods for cycle slips detection and correction using just GPS single-frequency observations. In the detection, the triple (TD) and tetra differences were used. In relation to the correction, in general, each slip is corrected in the preprocessing. Otherwise, other strategies should be adopted during the processing. In this paper, the option was to the second option, and two strategies were tested. In one of them, the elements of the covariance matrix of the involved ambiguities are modified and new ambiguity estimation starts. In the one, a new ambiguity is introduced as additional unknown when a cycle slip is detected. These possibilities are discussed and compared in this paper, as well as the aspects related to the practicity, implementation and viability of each one. Some experiments were carried out using simulated data with cycle slips in different satellites and epochs of the data. This allowed assessing and comparing the results of different occurrence of cycle slip and correction in several conditions.

Fases magnéticas de sistemas nanoestruturados de terras-raras

There is presently a worldwide interest in artificial magnetic systems which guide research activities in universities and companies. Thin films and multilayers have a central role, revealing new magnetic phases which often lead to breakthroughs and new technology standards, never thought otherwise. Surface and confinement effects cause large impact in the magnetic phases of magnetic materials with bulk spatially periodic patterns. New magnetic phases are expected to form in thin film thicknesses comparable to the length of the intrinsic bulk magnetic unit cell. Helimagnetic materials are prototypes in this respect, since the bulk magnetic phases consist in periodic patterns with the length of the helical pitch. In this thesis we study the magnetic phases of thin rare-earth films, with surfaces oriented along the (002) direction. The thesis includes the investigation of the magnetic phases of thin Dy and Ho films, as well as the thermal hysteresis cycles of Dy thin films. The investigation of the thermal hysteresis cycles of thin Dy films has been done in collaboration with the Laboratory of Magnetic Materials of the University of Texas, at Arlington. The theoretical modeling is based on a self-consistent theory developed by the Group of Magnetism of UFRN. Contributions from the first and second neighbors exchange energy, from the anisotropy energy and the Zeeman energy are calculated in a set of nonequivalent magnetic ions, and the equilibrium magnetic phases, from the Curie temperature up to the Nèel temperature, are determined in a self-consistent manner, resulting in a vanishing torque in the magnetic ions at all planes across the thin film. Our results reproduce the known isothermal and iso-field curves of bulk Dy and Ho, and the known spin-slip phases of Ho, and indicate that: (i) the confinement in thin films leads to a new magnetic phase, with alternate helicity, which leads to the measured thermal hysteresis of Dy ultrathin films, with thicknesses ranging from 4 nm to 16 nm; (ii) thin Dy films have anisotropy dominated surface lock-in phases, with alignment of surface spins along the anisotropy easy axis directions, similar to the known spin-slip phases of Ho ( which form in the bulk and are commensurate to the crystal lattice); and (iii) the confinement in thin films change considerably the spin-slip patterns of Ho.

Crescimento vegetativo e características dos frutos de cinco cultivares de abacaxi na região de Bauru-SP

Avaliaram-se o crescimento vegetativo e a produção de cultivares novas e tradicionais de abacaxi na região de Bauru. As cultivares estudadas foram: 'Smooth Cayenne', 'Jupi', 'Imperial', 'Gold' e 'Gomo de Mel'. As mudas foram obtidas por cultura de tecidos pela empresa BIONOVA a partir de plantas-matrizes cedidas pela Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical e por produtores comerciais e passaram por um período de 100 dias de aclimatação em telado acondicionadas em tubetes. O plantio no campo foi realizado em canteiros revestidos com 'mulching' plástico preto em janeiro de 2007. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Cada parcela apresentou 32 plantas, e o sistema de plantio foi em linhas duplas, no espaçamento 0,30 x 0,50 x 1,0 m. A avaliação dos tratamentos foi baseada na determinação do nível de crescimento vegetativo (massa e comprimento da folha 'D' e diâmetro do caule) e nas características físicas dos frutos. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. Nas condições ambientais da região de Bauru (SP), e considerando o uso de mudas obtidas por cultura de tecidos, os resultados deste trabalho indicaram a superioridade das cultivares 'Gold', 'Smooth Cayenne' e 'Jupi' em relação a 'Imperial' e 'Gomo de Mel', com crescimento vegetativo maior e produção de frutos mais pesados.

Alumina porous ceramics: mathematical behavior at different commercial starch concentration

Several researches have been developed in order to verify the porosity effect over the ceramic material properties. The starch consolidation casting (SCC) allows to obtain porous ceramics by using starch as a binder and pore forming element. This work is intended to describe the porous mathematical behavior and the mechanical resistance at different commercial starch concentration. Ceramic samples were made with alumina and potato and corn starches. The slips were prepared with 10 to 50 wt% of starch. The specimens were characterized by apparent density measurements and three-point flexural test associated to Weibull statistics. Results indicated that the porosity showed a first-order exponential equation e(-x/c) increasing in both kinds of starches, so it was confirmed that the alumina ceramic porosity is related to the kind of starch used. The mechanical resistance is represented by a logarithmic expression R = A + B/1+10((Log(x0)-P)C).