工程建设弃土弃渣水土流失过程试验研究

弃土弃渣是工程建设产生的最主要地面组成物质之一。采用野外放水冲刷试验方法,对黄河班多水电站工程区弃土弃渣水土流失过程进行了研究。(1)不同供水流量下,产流率随供水过程的动态变化整体呈增长趋势,可用幂函数方程描述,开始产流后的5 min内产流过程的变化幅度较大,随后较为平缓,并趋于基本稳定;(2)不同供水流量下,产沙率随供水历时的增长而减少,可用对数相关方程描述,小流量下变化过程波动较小,大流量下变化幅度较大;(3)不同供水流量下,含沙量随着供水历时的增长而减少,可用对数相关方程描述。各流量下的变化趋势基本一致;(4)次产流深、次产沙模数皆随供水流量的增大而增加,增加趋势基本相同,皆可用对数相关方程描述。平均含沙量随供水流量的增大先增加后减小,临界值为7.17 L/min,可用抛物线相关方程描述;(5)次产沙模数随次产流深的增大而增加,表现为很好的正相关关系,可用对数相关方程来描述。

聚丙烯酸钠对黄土坡面产流产沙的影响研究

通过野外模拟降雨试验,研究了施用SP对黄土坡面产流、产沙的影响,并对实验数据进行数学模拟,建立了SP施用量与产流、产沙强度间的关系模型。结果表明:SP施用量与产流时间、平均产流强度呈二次函数相关关系,与产沙强度呈线性负相关关系。SP用量在0~2.42 g/m2之间时,能够延缓坡面产流,用量为1.21 g/m2时延缓产流效果最明显;用量介于0~3.31 g/m2之间时,能够增加土壤入渗,减少坡面产流量,用量1.65 g/m2的增渗减流效果最佳;施用SP后,能够减少坡面输沙强度,且用量越大,减沙效果越明显。SP可影响坡面产流过程,用量1.8 g/m2时,能够减小产流初期径流强度增幅,用量为3.6 g/m2时,其产流过程线与对照极接近,而施用量增加到5.4 g/m2时,产流强度明显增大。SP对坡面产沙过程的影响表现为:随施用量增大,产沙强度峰值呈逐步减小的变化趋势。

黄土丘陵区两种典型灌木群落坡面侵蚀泥沙颗粒组成及养分流失的比较

在野外模拟降雨条件下,比较研究了黄土丘陵区柠条(Caragana korshinkii)和狼牙刺(Sophora viciifolia)径流小区产流产沙、侵蚀泥沙颗粒组成、比表面积(SSA)及养分流失特征。结果表明,两种灌木群落均能显著减小坡面径流泥沙的流失。产流后流失泥沙黏粒、SSA与养分含量随降雨时间总体呈现降低趋势,其中有机质变化显著,全磷变化不显著。受植被盖度影响,泥沙中黏粒与养分含量均表现为柠条群落>狼牙刺群落>对照裸地。侵蚀泥沙具有富集黏粒和富集养分的特征,富集率随群落盖度增大而增大(柠条>狼牙刺>裸地)。不同形态养分富集率不同,其中有机质均在2.5以上,全氮平均富集率为2.13,全磷为1.23。富集率随产流时间呈线性递减。流失泥沙养分含量与黏粒(粒径<0.002 mm)含量及SSA达到极显著的正相关。坡面土壤养分主要以黏粒为载体流失。SSA的变化不仅能体现土壤颗粒组成的变化,而且能够反映土壤养分的变化。

延安燕沟流域次降雨泥沙来源分析

延安燕沟流域属于水土流失治理的重点区,退耕还林(草)措施引起的生态环境改善和经济发展带动的山区道路建设压力对本地区侵蚀环境和侵蚀动力机制产生了巨大影响,坡面水土流失与道路水土流失对比关系发生了新变化。在坡面侵蚀得到初步治理的新环境下,道路侵蚀则上升为主要地位。依据燕沟流域2005年7月2日的5年一遇暴雨引起的不同土地利用类型下的侵蚀产沙监测结果,结合流域卡口站测得的流域产沙总量,分析各土地利用类型产沙量对流域总产沙量的贡献,并依据流域土地利用的演变,反演林草植被恢复与道路建设对流域泥沙来源的作用。研究结果表明:在次降雨条件下,道路的产沙强度为支道山路500 t/km2、干道山路3 163 t/km2、运油道路1万3500 t/km2,而农、林、草地的产沙强度为6~184 t/km2;道路产沙强度远大于农、林、草地的产沙强度:占流域面积1%的道路产沙量占总产沙量的42.3%,占流域面积70.5%的草地、灌木林地产沙量仅占流域的26.7%。退耕还林(草)措施使流域坡面产沙量大为降低,流域产沙量减少41.2%,但由于道路产沙量增加,抵消了减沙效益的58.0%,因此,黄土丘陵区植被恢复后,应将水土流失治理重点放在防止...

人工降雨条件下谷子地留茬的水土保持效应研究

通过人工模拟降雨试验研究了谷子地不同留茬高度及不同坡度的水土保持效应。结果表明,15cm留茬高度相对于未留茬处理径流量减少了18.6%,留茬5cm与10cm无显著减少径流作用;留茬能够减小产沙量14.36%～19.47%;5,10,及15cm留茬高度对产流时间没有显著影响,坡度的变化对产流时间无显著影响;坡度为10°时,径流对土壤的侵蚀最明显;留茬高度为15cm的处理水土保持效应最佳。

黄土区不同地类坡面水沙动态过程及其发生机理的模拟实验研究

利用模拟降雨在降雨性质上的可控性优势,分析了在黄土丘陵区具有代表性的几种坡面土地利用方式(林灌地、封禁荒草地、弃耕农地)的产流产沙动态过程及发生机制。结果表明,在降雨条件相近时,不同类型坡面状况的初始产流时间差异明显。次降雨过程中各地类小区产沙和产流动态变化不完全一致,产沙量较产流量增加趋势更为显著。在降雨和土壤条件相对一致的条件下,不同地类小区的侵蚀产沙过程差异显著,其中林地和草灌地与坡耕农地相比可增加入渗,减水效益明显,减沙效益更为显著,表明实施林草植被建设,包括退耕封禁等措施在内的生态治理减蚀效益明显,能够有效地减少坡面的来水来沙;并提出了可反映土壤抗蚀能力的量化指标——单位冲刷强度,为在实验流域对包括退耕还林草、封禁措施在内的生态恢复重建过程的流域水沙变化及其效应评估提供量化指标。

硬地面侵蚀产沙模拟试验研究

硬地面由于具有容重大、地表完全裸露、易受人为干扰等特性 ,因而其产沙特性有其自身的规律。在人工降雨实验模拟的基础上 ,对硬地面次降雨侵蚀产沙过程和影响硬地面侵蚀产沙的因素进行了初步探讨 ,为硬地面的侵蚀防治提供了科学依据

稀土元素示踪法在坡面土壤侵蚀垂直分布研究中的应用

通过野外全坡长侵蚀小区试验，证明了稀土元素示踪法在土壤侵蚀垂直分布研究中的可应用性。结果表明该径流小区产沙强度坡长存在三种变化模式：增长型，增长 递减型和波动型，其形成机理可能与径流过程有关。利用稀土元素在坡面的再分析，初步建立了估算坡面沟蚀率的关系式。

黄土高原沟沿线的廊道防蚀效应探析

在分析黄土高原地区的沟沿线、沟沿线上下沟间地和沟谷地土壤侵蚀特征、小流域泥沙来源、坡沟侵蚀产沙关系的基础上,结合廊道的生态功能和以往的研究结果,认为在沟沿线的上部建立草灌与整地工程措施相结合的植物廊道,来拦蓄阻截沟间地的来水来沙,可使流域的土壤侵蚀量减少54．5%～77．0%。

Agricultural practices and horizontal nutrient balances in urban gardens and the alternative use of urban agricultural land in Khartoum, Sudan

The surge in the urban population evident in most developing countries is a worldwide phenomenon, and often the result of drought, conflicts, poverty and the lack of education opportunities. In parallel with the growth of the cities is the growing need for food which leads to the burgeoning expansion of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA). In this context, urban agriculture (UA) contributes significantly to supplying local markets with both vegetable and animal produce. As an income generating activity, UA also contributes to the livelihoods of poor urban dwellers. In order to evaluate the nutrient status of urban soils in relation to garden management, this study assessed nutrient fluxes (inputs and outputs) in gardens on urban Gerif soils on the banks of the River Nile in Khartoum, the capital city of Sudan. To achieve this objective, a preliminary baseline survey was carried out to describe the structure of the existing garden systems. In cooperation with the author of another PhD thesis (Ms. Ishtiag Abdalla), alternative uses of cow dung in brick making kilns in urban Khartoum were assessed; and the socio-economic criteria of the brick kiln owners or agents, economical and plant nutritional value of animal dung and the gaseous emission related to brick making activities were assessed. A total of 40 household heads were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire to collect information on demographic, socio-economic and migratory characteristics of the household members, the gardening systems used and the problems encountered in urban gardening. Based on the results of this survey, gardens were divided into three groups: mixed vegetable-fodder gardens, mixed vegetable-subsistence livestock gardens and pure vegetable gardens. The results revealed that UA is the exclusive domain of men, 80% of them non-native to Khartoum. The harvested produce in all gardens was market oriented and represented the main source of income for 83% of the gardeners. Fast growing leafy vegetables such as Jew’s mallow (Corchorous olitorius L.), purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) were the dominant cultivated species. Most of the gardens (95%) were continuously cultivated throughout the year without any fallow period, unless they were flooded. Gardeners were not generally aware of the importance of crop diversity, which may help them overcome the strongly fluctuating market prices for their produce and thereby strengthen the contributions of UA to the overall productivity of the city. To measure nutrient fluxes, four gardens were selected and their nutrients inputs and outputs flows were monitored. In each garden, all plots were monitored for quantification of nutrient inputs and outputs. To determine soil chemical fertility parameters in each of the studied gardens, soil samples were taken from three selected plots at the beginning of the study in October 2007 (gardens L1, L2 and H1) and in April 2008 (garden H2) and at the end of the study period in March 2010. Additional soil sampling occurred in May 2009 to assess changes in the soil nutrient status after the River Nile flood of 2008 had receded. Samples of rain and irrigation water (river and well-water) were analyzed for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and carbon (C) content to determine their nutrient inputs. Catchment traps were installed to quantify the sediment yield from the River Nile flood. To quantify the nutrient inputs of sediments, samples were analyzed for N, P, K and organic carbon (Corg) content, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the particle size distribution. The total nutrient inputs were calculated by multiplying the sediment nutrient content by total sediment deposits on individual gardens. Nutrient output in the form of harvested yield was quantified at harvest of each crop. Plant samples from each field were dried, and analyzed for their N, P, K and Corg content. Cumulative leaching losses of mineral N and P were estimated in a single plot in garden L1 from December 1st 2008 to July 1st 2009 using 12 ion exchange resins cartridges. Nutrients were extracted and analyzed for nitrate (NO3--N), ammonium (NH4+-N) and phosphate PO4-3-P. Changes in soil nutrient balance were assessed as inputs minus outputs. The results showed that across gardens, soil N and P concentrations increased from 2007 to 2009, while particle size distribution remained unchanged. Sediment loads and their respective contents of N, P and Corg decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from the gardens of the downstream lowlands (L1 and L2) to the gardens of the upstream highlands (H1 and H2). No significant difference was found in K deposits. None of the gardens received organic fertilizers and the only mineral fertilizer applied was urea (46-0-0). This equaled 29, 30, 54, and 67% of total N inputs to gardens L1, L2, H1, and H2, respectively. Sediment deposits of the River Nile floods contributed on average 67, 94, 6 and 42% to the total N, P, K and C inputs in lowland gardens and 33, 86, 4 and 37% of total N, P, K and C inputs in highland gardens. Irrigation water and rainfall contributed substantially to K inputs representing 96, 92, 94 and 96% of total K influxes in garden L1, L2, H1 and H2, respectively. Following the same order, total annual DM yields in the gardens were 26, 18, 16 and 1.8 t ha-1. Annual leaching losses were estimated to be 0.02 kg NH4+-N ha-1 (SE = 0.004), 0.03 kg NO3--N ha-1 (SE = 0.002) and 0.005 kg PO4-3-P ha-1 (SE = 0.0007). Differences between nutrient inputs and outputs indicated negative nutrient balances for P and K and positive balances of N and C for all gardens. The negative balances in P and K call for adoptions of new agricultural techniques such as regular manure additions or mulching which may enhance the soil organic matter status. A quantification of fluxes not measured in our study such as N2-fixation, dry deposition and gaseous emissions of C and N would be necessary to comprehensively assess the sustainability of these intensive gardening systems. The second part of the survey dealt with the brick making kilns. A total of 50 brick kiln owners/or agents were interviewed from July to August 2009, using a semi-structured questionnaire. The data collected included general information such as age, family size, education, land ownership, number of kilns managed and/or owned, number of months that kilns were in operation, quantity of inputs (cow dung and fuel wood) used, prices of inputs and products across the production season. Information related to the share value of the land on which the kilns were built and annual income for urban farmers and annual returns from dung for the animal raisers was also collected. Using descriptive statistics, budget calculation and Gini coefficient, the results indicated that renting the land to brick making kilns yields a 5-fold higher return than the rent for agriculture. Gini coefficient showed that the kiln owners had a more equal income distribution compared to farmers. To estimate emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and losses of N, P, K, Corg and DM from cow dung when used in brick making, samples of cow dung (loose and compacted) were collected from different kilns and analyzed for their N, P, K and Corg content. The procedure modified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 1994) was used to estimate the gaseous emissions of cow dung and fuel wood. The amount of deforested wood was estimated according to the default values for wood density given by Dixon et al. (1991) and the expansion ratio for branches and small trees given by Brown et al. (1989). The data showed the monetary value of added N and P from cow dung was lower than for mineral fertilizers. Annual consumption of compacted dung (381 t DM) as biomass fuel by far exceeded the consumption of fuel wood (36 t DM). Gaseous emissions from cow dung and fuel wood were dominated by CO2, CO and CH4. Considering that Gerif land in urban Khartoum supports a multifunctional land use system, efficient use of natural resources (forest, dung, land and water) will enhance the sustainability of the UA and brick making activities. Adoption of new kilns with higher energy efficiency will reduce the amount of biomass fuels (cow dung and wood) used the amount of GHGs emitted and the threat to the few remaining forests.

Hydrosedimentological dynamic on Água Fria Watershed

Este estudo objetivou estimar a quantidade de sedimento que foi carreada da microbacia do Ribeirão Água Fria (Palmas, TO) entre fevereiro de 1998 e janeiro de 1999. Almejou-se ainda investigar as relações entre a produção de sedimento e alguns fatores antrópicos e ambientais. O método de Colby foi a técnica empregada no estudo. A produção específica de sedimento e o coeficiente de remoção de sedimentos foram parâmetros também investigados neste trabalho. Foi estimada uma quantidade de 138.619 toneladas de sedimento produzido e a produção específica de sedimentos foi estimada como sendo 827 t km-2 ano-1, enquanto que o coeficiente de remoção de sedimentos foi 6,2%. A fração suspensa foi a predominante durante quase todo o período de estudo.

Avaliação da produção de sedimento na bacia hidrográfica do rio Potengi através do modelo SWAT

Anthropic disturbances in watersheds, such as inappropriate building development, disorderly land occupation and unplanned land use, may strengthen the sediment yield and the inflow into the estuary, leading to siltation, changes in the reach channel conformation, and ecosystem/water quality problems. Faced with such context, this study aims to assess the applicability of SWAT model to estimate, even in a preliminary way, the sediment yield distribution along the Potengi River watershed, as well as its contribution to the estuary. Furthermore, an assessment of its erosion susceptibility was used for comparison. The susceptibility map was developed by overlaying rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, the slope of the terrain and land cover. In order to overlap these maps, a multi-criteria analysis through AHP method was applied. The SWAT was run using a five year period (1997-2001), considering three different scenarios based on different sorts of human interference: a) agriculture; b) pasture; and c) no interference (background). Results were analyzed in terms of surface runoff, sediment yield and their propagation along each river section, so that it was possible to find that the regions in the extreme west of the watershed and in the downstream portions returned higher values of sediment yield, reaching respectively 2.8 e 5.1 ton/ha.year, whereas central areas, which were less susceptible, returned the lowest values, never more than 0.7 ton/ha.ano. It was also noticed that in the west sub-watersheds, where one can observe the headwaters, sediment yield was naturally forced by high declivity and weak soils. In another hand, results suggest that the eastern part would not contribute to the sediment inflow into the estuary in a significant way, and the larger part of the sediment yield in that place is due to anthropic activities. For the central region, the analysis of sediment propagation indicates deposition predominance in opposition to transport. Thus, it s not expected that isolated rain storms occurring in the upstream river portions would significantly provide the estuary with sediment. Because the model calibration process hasn t been done yet, it becomes essential to emphasize that values presented here as results should not be applied for pratical aims. Even so, this work warns about the risks of a growth in the alteration of natural land cover, mainly in areas closer to the headwaters and in the downstream Potengi River

Geomorfologia e hidrossedimentologia da planície do Rio Paraguai, da Lagoa Vermelha à confluência do Rio Miranda, Pantanal Mato-Grossense

Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE

Simulação da produção de sedimentos na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Pardo – Botucatu, SP, por modelagem hidrológica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Hydrosedimentological disequilibrium in a small, urbanized watershed

AIM: In this paper we estimate the sediment yield and other related information for a small urbanized watershed, located in Sorocaba, São Paulo State. The driving forces that produce the observed scenario are presented and discussed; METHODS: Over a year, water samples and hydrologic information concerning the river channel were collected monthly at one sampling site. In the laboratory, water samples were oven dried (80 ºC) and the total suspended solid weighed for each sample. To estimate sediment yield we used Colby's simplified method. The sediment delivery ratio (SDR) was estimated using two methods: the relief - length ratio and the bifurcation ratio; RESULTS: The annual sediment yield estimated for the period was 1,636.1 t. The total specific sediment yield was 541.7 t.km -2.y-1. Bedload was the predominant fraction. The SDR changed between 60 and 66% according to the method employed. CONCLUSIONS: The main driving forces of hydrosedimentological disequilibrium are the lack of riparian vegetation, the dumping of construction wastes at inadequate sites, and the launching of untreated sewage. Hence, if these three factors were controlled, a significant improvement in the environmental quality, particularly water quality, might be achieved.