The global shopper & brands communication at airports

This project aims to illuminate two perspectives on travel retail. On the one hand, it describes the main character of the shopping scenario at airports, namely the Global Shopper. It covers the entire profile of the referred character, the main nationalities that represent him and the current shopping trends of the passenger. Also estimates of the booming nationalities and the future purchasing trends are accurately presented. On the other hand, the travel retail market is analyzed from the airport brands’ perspective. It is described what is currently done in terms of brands communication in the top ten airports around the world and the expected future market retail trends. To accurately explore the Global Shopper behavior and purchasing preferences, a market research was conducted with a sample of 128 respondents, male and female, from different nationalities, age groups, occupation and education backgrounds. The essay tests hypothesis regarding the relevance of several variables in the purchasing process of the Global Shopper in order to understand the most pleasant way to approach consumers in travel retail. The main variables studied concern the reasons to shop at airports, to whom the passenger shops, the preferred category and brand of purchase, feelings while shopping abroad, impulsive buying behavior, brand loyalty, the use of mobile devices in the shopping process, brands communication at airports, pre-ordering online and the attitude towards self-service stores. Some findings were in accordance with expectations, while others were a surprise and may produce valuable recommendations for future travel retail practices. 4 The main relevant results concern two areas, namely pre-ordering online and self-service stores. Results showed a certain stress about not having enough time to choose between the various offerings in travel retail, as well as difficulty in dealing with crowed stores. However, pre-ordering online was not common, which would be an initiative that could solve the discomfort at airport’s stores. Moreover, self-service would promote efficiency in stores allowing passengers to save time if they already know how to go through the shopping process by themselves. Another possible recommendation concerns differentiating the strategy in travel retail for the two genders. Some differences were found in the categories bought by male and female, as well as to how brands should shape their approach concerning the demands of each gender.

Exploração de dados para soluções de retalho em business intelligence

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia de Gestão e Sistemas de Informação

Listeria monocytogenes -bakteerin esiintyminen vähittäiskaupan vakuumipakatuissa kalatuotteissa

Abstract: Listeria monocytogenes in vacuum-packed fish products in the retail market

Markkinaehtoinen hinnoittelu ja loppuasiakasmyynnin mallintaminen sähkökaupan riskienhallinnassa

Markkinauudistuksen myötä sähkökauppa pörssin kautta on lisääntynyt voimakkaasti ja tukkusähkölle on muodostunut yleisesti tunnustettu markkinahinta. Pörssikauppaan sisältyy monia riskejä, joiden hallinta on pörssikauppaa harjoittavan osapuolen toiminnan edellytys. Tukkusähkön hinnan markkinaehtoinen määräytyminen ja pörssikaupan riskit ovat muuttaneet sähkön vähittäismyynnin hinnoittelutarpeita. Työssä esitetään markkinaehtoinen hinnoittelumenetelmä, jossa markkinahinta-, aluehinta- ja profiiliriskit otetaan huomioon. Erityisesti tutkitaan hinnoittelussa vaikeimmin huomioitavissa olevan profiiliriskin muodostumista ja esitetään menetelmä sen hallintaan. Lisäksi esitetään menetelmät suojaustason optimointiin ja suojaustuotteiden toimitusjaksoista poikkeavan sähköntoimituksen hinnoitteluun. Kilpaillussa ympäristössä pärjää parhaiten se, joka toimii kustannustehokkaimmin ja hallitsee riskinsä parhaiten. Työn lopuksi esitetään kuinka myyntisopimuskannan salkuttamista voidaan käyttää hyväksi näihin tavoitteisiin pyrittäessä.

Draft genome sequence of Aeromonas molluscorum strain 848TT, isolated from bivalve molluscs

We report here the draft genome sequence of Aeromonas molluscorum 848T, the type strain of this Aeromonas species, which was isolated from wedge shells (Donax trunculus) obtained from a retail market in Barcelona, Spain, in 1997.

Does Rigidity of Prices Hide Collusion?

Cartel detection is one of the most basic and most complicated tasks of competition authorities. In recent years, however, variance filters have provided a fairly simple tool for rejecting the existence of price-fixing, with the added advantage that the methodology requires only a low volume of data. In this paper we analyze two aspects of variance filters: 1- the relationship established between market structure and price rigidity, and 2- the use of different benchmarks for implementing the filters. This paper addresses these two issues by applying a variance filter to a gasoline retail market characterized by a set of unique features. Our results confirm the positive relationship between monopolies and price rigidity, and the variance filter's ability to detect non-competitive behavior when an appropriate benchmark is used. Our findings should serve to promote the implementation of this methodology among competition authorities, albeit in the awareness that a more exhaustive complementary analysis is required.

Platform pricing and consumer foresight: The case of airports

Airports have become platforms that derive revenues from both aeronautical and commercial activities. The demand for these services is characterized by a one-way complementarity in that only air travelers can purchase retail goods at the airport terminals. We analyze a model of optimal airport behavior in which this one-way complementarity is subject to consumer foresight, i.e., consumers may not anticipate in full the ex post retail surplus when purchasing a flight ticket. An airport sets landing fees, and, in addition, also chooses the retail market structure by selecting the number of retail concessions to be awarded. We find that, with perfectly myopic consumers, the airport chooses to attract more passengers via low landing fees, and also sets the minimum possible number of retailers in order to increase the concessions’ revenues, from which it obtains the largest share of profits. However, even a very small amount of anticipation of the consumer surplus from retail activities changes significantly the airport’s choices: the optimal airport policy is dependent on the degree of differentiation in the retail market. When consumers instead have perfect foresight, the airport establishes a very competitive retail market, where consumers enjoy a large surplus. This attracts passengers and it is exploited by the airport by charging higher landing fees, which then constitute the largest share of its profits. Overall, the airport’s profits are maximal when consumers have perfect foresight. Keywords: two-sided markets, platform pricing, one-way demand complementarity, consumer foresight. JEL classification: L1, L2, L93.

Quality evaluation of parmesan-type cheese: a chemometric approach

Parmesan-type cheeses are the most consumed special cheeses in Brazil. It is generally sold in retail shops, either grated or in wedge-shaped pieces, and its quality varies considerably, which is reflected directly in its price. There is lack of processing standardization and, since the ripening period is fundamental for the quality of this hard, semi-fat cooked cheese, this stage seems to be the thin line between low and high quality products. It is important to note that the Italian Parmegiano Reggiano is matured for a period of twelve months, as well as its rival Grana Padano, and this long ripening period causes changes making them gourmet, highly-valued cheeses. In the present study, twelve different Parmesan-type cheeses were purchased from the Brazilian retail market and evaluated for microbiological, physicochemical, and instrumental parameters. Heterogeneous quality was confirmed by microbiological problems detected in the samples and physicochemical composition that did not meet current Brazilian specifications. The use of principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis made it possible to separate the samples into three distinct groups, mainly due to different acidity and moisture levels, water activity, and hardness values. The price per kg was also considered and was correlated with moisture, acidity, and texture.

Sähkönmyyntiyhtiöiden riskienhallinnan haasteet ja kehittäminen

Diplomityön tavoitteena on esitellä sähkökaupan ja erityisesti sähköyhtiöiden kokemia sähkönmyynnin riskejä sekä kuvata sähkönmyyntiin liittyvää riskienhallinnan problematiikkaa. Tarkastelun näkökulmana on tietojärjestelmien ja saatavissa olevan tiedon hyödyntäminen energiayhtiöiden riskienhallinnassa. Toinen päätavoitteista on tutkia, kuinka saatavilla olevaa tiedon hyödyntämistä voidaan kehittää sähkönmyynnin hinnoittelussa sekä suojausten suunnittelussa. Työ toteutettiin työskentelemällä asiantuntijana energia-alaan keskittyneessä ohjelmistoyrityksessä sekä haastattelemalla yhdeksän suomalaisen sähkönmyyntiyhtiön henkilöitä riskienhallinnan haasteiden sekä tietojärjestelmien näkökulmasta. Saatavilla olevien tietojen nykyistä parempi hyödyntäminen ja automatisointi voivat auttaa pienentämään yhtiöiden riskitasoa ja parantaa menestymisen edellytyksiä sähkönmyynnin vähittäismarkkinoilla. Lisäksi kulloiseenkin markkinatilanteeseen sopivat sähkön hankintahinnan suojausstrategiat sekä monipuoliset dynaamiset hinnoittelumallit auttavat pienentämään yhtiön kokemia riskejä tai niiden vaikutuksia. Näiden hyödyntäminen vaatii laajaa ymmärrystä sähkö- ja johdannaismarkkinoiden toiminnasta sekä usein myös nykyisten tietojärjestelmien kehittämistä. Tulevaisuudessa yhä yleistyvä hajautettu tuotanto sekä kysynnän jousto asettavat tietojärjestelmille uusia vaatimuksia, jotka toteutuessaan mahdollistavat uudenlaisten palveluiden käyttöönoton sekä voivat tuoda tilaa myös alan uusille toimijoille. Työssä käsitellään energiayhtiöiden kokemia riskejä sähkönmyynnin näkökulmasta, esitellään alan yleisimmät riskit sekä keinot ja työkalut niiltä suojautumiseen. Työn lopuksi tarkastellaan sähkönmyynnin ja –hankinnan oleellisimpia prosesseja riskienhallinnan kehittämisen näkökulmasta.

How do domestic policies affect the integration of Ethiopian fertiliser markets with world markets?

Frequent shifts in policy on fertiliser markets have occurred in Ethiopia with the aim of facilitating both physical and economic access of farmers to fertiliser. The last shift was the introduction of a monopoly on each stage of the supply chain in 2008. Furthermore, government control of prices and margins as well as stockholding programmes are also present on the markets. This paper evaluates the effect of these policies on the integration of domestic with world markets of fertiliser, using cointegration methods. Time series data of diammonium phosphate (DAP) and urea prices on world, import and retail markets between 1971 and 2012 are used. The findings show high transmission of price signals from world markets to import prices for both DAP and urea. However, between import and retail prices there is no evidence of cointegration for urea, while for DAP full price transmission is concluded. In the retail market, domestic transaction costs associated with storing large volumes of fertiliser act as a buffer between import and retail prices, especially for urea. Therefore, economic benefits could be achieved by reducing the size of stocks and revising the demand estimation process.

La importancia de la tienda de barrio como canal de distribución aplicado en la Localidad La Candelaria

Las tiendas de barrio en Colombia como canales de distribución aún representan oportunidades de crecimiento en algunas categorías, ya que se convirtieron en una herramienta de captación de capital, oportunidad de trabajo y apoyo a la industria nacional, al brindar mejoras en el acceso de productos, asequibilidad en precios y una relación interpersonal más cercana e intima entre tendero y consumidor; situación que no se evidencia con los almacenes mayoristas, que pese a su aparición y auge, no lograron eliminar a las ya consolidadas “tiendas de barrio” , aún cuando se había pronosticado el final de dichos establecimientos de comercio con la aparición de grandes cadenas como Carrefour, ÉXITO, CAFAM y Makro. De igual manera, la existencia de factores estratégicos como la ubicación, la amabilidad, el crédito que otorgan a sus clientes, la dosis precisa del producto en una presentación de bajo desembolso, la amistad y el trato personalizado, han permitido que las tiendas de barrio continúen manteniendo una fortaleza a nivel económico, cultural y comercial en Colombia. Por otro lado cabe destacar que las grandes superficies cuentan con mayor capital, mejor mercadeo y ventas, mejores prácticas logísticas, aliados internacionales y un bajo nivel de agotados, factores que sin duda atraen a clientes pertenecientes a los estratos económicos más altos, pero también implica el no acceso de sectores populares, que compiten entre el precio y la calidad, primando siempre el primero. La afluencia de las tiendas de barrio no es otra cosa que la combinación de factores económicos tales como la inflación y las tasas de desempleo que según cifras oficiales han venido aumentando en la última década, situación que lleva a los consumidores a querer acceder a las tiendas de barrio, pues los clientes no siempre cuentan con la cantidad de dinero suficiente para adquirir sus productos en las grandes superficies, tal como sucede en la Localidad de La Candelaria que cuenta con un alto número de población flotante, en donde el consumo per cápita y la capacidad de endeudamiento de los consumidores no alcanza para acceder a Almacenes de Cadena y sí a la modesta pero cómoda compra en las tiendas de barrio. Es a partir de esta situación que los proveedores (especialmente los dedicados a los productos de consumo) deciden cambiar la visión y el modus operandi de sus modelos de negocios tradicionales a una visión que busca la expansión rentable de los negocios de la empresa adaptándose a la economía de sus clientes y generando riqueza entre los sectores más pobres de la sociedad, es decir, enfocándose en el segmento de las personas con menos recursos. De esta manera las grandes empresas se convierten en empresas aliadas del sector tradicional.

Marketin experiencial: revolución de fidelización

Actualmente en Colombia sólo existen dos tiendas por departamento, Falabella y La Polar. Ambas ofrecen productos similares a precios análogos, por lo cual este proyecto busca desarrollar una estrategia de fidelización del cliente, utilizando una novedosa tendencia del marketing, el marketing experiencial, que permitan que Falabella cree una marcada diferenciación estableciendo relaciones a lo largo del tiempo con los clientes. El marco del proyecto es la industria del retail, por lo que inicialmente se definirán conceptos relacionados con el retail y las tiendas por departamentos, y se llevará a cabo un análisis del mercado del retail en Colombia para luego exponer la situación de los principales actores del mercado de las tiendas por departamento: Falabella y La Polar. En este trabajo, se expondrá lo que es el marketing tradicional y las herramientas publicitarias tradicionales, para luego explicar las nuevas tendencias del marketing, donde se explicará acerca del marketing experiencial y el marketing emocional. Resulta interesante desarrollar este tema porque se utiliza una herramienta del marketing que se apoya en otras disciplinas como la economía (principalmente la microeconomía); las llamadas ciencias del comportamiento como la sicología, la sociología, la antropología y la estadística, con el objeto de lograr relaciones de largo plazo entre Falabella y sus clientes.

John Lewis Partnership lessons in logical incrementalism and organic growth: a case study and interview with the Chairman, Mr Charlie Mayfield

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how strategy is developed and implemented in an organisation with an unusual ownership model. Partnerships are not a prevalent form of ownership but as this case demonstrates they can be extremely effective. Furthermore this case demonstrates how logical incrementalism can be used to implement major strategic decisions. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on company documentary evidence and a semi-structured interview with Mr Charlie Mayfield, Chairman of John Lewis Partnership. A chairman has a helicopter view of business whose perspectives are rarely captured by strategy researchers. This case study offers an insight into strategic thinking of a chairman and chief executive of a successful company. Research limitations/implications – The case study and interview offer a unique insight into the rationale behind strategic decisions within a successful partnership that has grown organically in a highly competitive retail market without high gearing. Originality/value – This case study sheds light on strategic moves within partnership. Furthermore, very few case studies offer insight into the thinking of a chief executive who has successfully managed a business in a turbulent environment.

Regulating vertical relations in the presence of retailer differentiation costs

We discuss public policy towards vertical relations, comparing different types of contracts between a manufacturer and a maximum of two retailers. Together with (potential) price competition between the retailers, we study the role of a (sunk) differentiation cost paid by them in order to relax competition in the retail market and broaden the market potential of the distributed product. This non-price competition element in the downstream market is responsible for our conclusion that, unlike in standard policy guidelines and previous theoretical analysis, restrictions in intra-brand competition may deserve a permissive treatment even in the absence of inter-brand competition, if retailer differentiation is costly.

Kundernas behov i butiksmiljöer : Skillnaderna mellan handlares och kunders uppfattning av kundernas behov i klädbutiker

Konkurrensen inom detaljhandeln blir allt hårdare, både från andra butiker men även från e-handeln, vilket sätter press på fysiska butiker att ha nöjda kunder som fortsätter handla i butiken. Ett tillvägagångssätt för att möta den hårdnande konkurrensen är att ha en butiksmiljö s.k. servicescape som är utformad efter kundernas behov, vilket dock förutsätter att handlarna vet vilka behov sina kunder har. Har handlarna en felaktig uppfattning om kundernas behov föreligger det ett gap som minskar chansen att kunderna blir nöjda och därmed butikens konkurrenskraft. En avgränsning gjordes till klädbutiker, då klädbutiker är bland de butikstyper som är mest konkurrensutsatt. Syftet med uppsatsen var att kartlägga hur kundernas behov överensstämmer eller skiljer sig från handlarnas uppfattning om deras behov. För att uppfylla syftet tillämpades en kvalitativ metod men med en statistisk bearbetning dvs. en kvantitativ bearbetning då resultatet redovisades med hjälp av frekvenser och värden på en skala. Datainsamlingsverktyget som användes var enkäter och utformades efter de tio faktorerna som sammanställdes i den teoretiska referensramen. Enkäterna delades ut till både kunder och handlare i Borlänges stadskärna och Faluns stadskärna. Resultatet av uppsatsen visade att det för faktorerna ljus (4,2), trängsel (4.5) (4.6), Ljud (4.7), toaletter (4.9), (4.10) finns en skillnad ett s.k. gap mellan handlarnas uppfattning om kundernas behov och vad kundernas behov egentligen är. Det framkom även att handlarna ansåg att kunderna har större behov av att faktorerna rent & städat (4.3), (4.4) in & utgångar (4.8) är tillfredsställande än vad kunderna egentligen har. Det framkom precis som behandlades i den teoretiska referensramen att kundernas behov tenderar att variera utifrån deras demografiska faktorer ålder och kön. Om handlarna har en låg, medel eller hög prisnivå påverkade även det hur viktigt det är för kunderna att faktorerna är tillfredsställande. Slutsatsen som författarna identifierade var att det föreligger ett gap mellan handlarnas uppfattning om kundernas behov och vad kunderna anser att deras behov är gällande flera av faktorerna. Detta är dock något som kunderna säger vilket inte behöver stämma överrens med hur de verkligen tycker. Det är dock svårt att urskilja något mönster gällande gapen utan det är nästan enbart tendenser man kan urskilja, vilket gör att varje faktor bör analyseras individuellt.