ScreeningCorymbiapopulations for resistance toPuccinia psidii

Disease screening to determine the threat Puccinia psidii poses to plantation and native eucalypts in Australia was undertaken in half-sib families of two contrasting eucalypt species, Eucalyptus cloeziana and E. argophloia. Artificial inoculation with a single-lesion isolate of P. psidii was used to screen these species for resistance to the biotype of P. psidii established in Australia. The objective was to characterize resistance to P. psidii within these two distinct species: E. argophloia, a vulnerable species with a narrow distribution, and E. cloeziana, a species with a broad and extensive distribution in Queensland. Results for E. cloeziana indicate that inland provenances are more resistant to P. psidii infection than provenances from coastal regions. Heritability estimates for the two assessment systems used (resistance on a 1-to-5 ordinal scale verses resistance on a 0-to-1 binomial scale) were low to high (0.24 to 0.63) for E. argophloia and moderate to high (0.4 to 0.91) for E. cloeziana, indicating a significant level of additive genetic variance for rust resistance within the populations. This study demonstrates the potential to select resistant families within the tested populations and indicates that P. psidii could detrimentally affect these species in native forests, nurseries, and plantations.

Screening Eucalyptus cloeziana and E. argophloia populations for resistance to Puccinia psidii

Disease screening to determine the threat Puccinia psidii poses to plantation and native eucalypts in Australia was undertaken in half-sib families of two contrasting eucalypt species, Eucalyptus cloeziana and E. argophloia. Artificial inoculation with a single-lesion isolate of P. psidii was used to screen these species for resistance to the biotype of P. psidii established in Australia. The objective was to characterize resistance to P. psidii within these two distinct species: E. argophloia, a vulnerable species with a narrow distribution, and E. cloeziana, a species with a broad and extensive distribution in Queensland. Results for E. cloeziana indicate that inland provenances are more resistant to P. psidii infection than provenances from coastal regions. Heritability estimates for the two assessment systems used (resistance on a 1-to-5 ordinal scale verses resistance on a 0-to-1 binomial scale) were low to high (0.24 to 0.63) for E. argophloia and moderate to high (0.4 to 0.91) for E. cloeziana, indicating a significant level of additive genetic variance for rust resistance within the populations. This study demonstrates the potential to select resistant families within the tested populations and indicates that P. psidii could detrimentally affect these species in native forests, nurseries, and plantations. Disease screening to determine the threat Puccinia psidii poses to plantation and native eucalypts in Australia was undertaken in half-sib families of two contrasting eucalypt species, Eucalyptus cloeziana and E. argophloia. Artificial inoculation with a single-lesion isolate of P. psidii was used to screen these species for resistance to the biotype of P. psidii established in Australia. The objective was to characterize resistance to P. psidii within these two distinct species: E. argophloia, a vulnerable species with a narrow distribution, and E. cloeziana, a species with a broad and extensive distribution in Queensland. Results for E. cloeziana indicate that inland provenances are more resistant to P. psidii infection than provenances from coastal regions. Heritability estimates for the two assessment systems used (resistance on a 1-to-5 ordinal scale verses resistance on a 0-to-1 binomial scale) were low to high (0.24 to 0.63) for E. argophloia and moderate to high (0.4 to 0.91) for E. cloeziana, indicating a significant level of additive genetic variance for rust resistance within the populations. This study demonstrates the potential to select resistant families within the tested populations and indicates that P. psidii could detrimentally affect these species in native forests, nurseries, and plantations.

Biodiversity, biosecurity and integrated pest management

Breaches of biosecurity, leading to incursions by invasive species, have the potential to cause substantial economic, social and environmental losses, including drastic reduction in biodiversity. It is argued that improving biosecurity reduces risk to biodiversity, while maintaining stable ecosystems through biodiversity can be a safeguard against biosecurity breaches. The global costs of invasive alien species (IAS) have been estimated at around US$350 billion, while alien invertebrate and vertebrate pests and weeds are estimated to cost Australia at least $7 billion a year. A striking, current, example is the incursion by Myrtle Rust (Puccinia psidii) an organism which can infect all members of the Myrtaceae, the most important family in the Australian flora. Myrtle rust was first detected on a property on the central coast of New South Wales in late April 2010. Two years later the disease has been detected in numerous locations in Queensland and New South Wales ranging from commercial plant nurseries and public amenities to large areas of bushland. This particular breach of biosecurity will, inevitably, diminish biodiversity of flora and fauna over large areas of the continent. Integrated pest management (IPM), an enrichment of diversity in managing invasive and other pest species, offers the best opportunity to address problems such as these. Australia's response to increasing biosecurity risk is comprehensive and includes national networking of scientists engaged in a complex program of biosecurity research and development, including studies of IPM. This network is being enhanced by the development of international linkages.

Jos olisin viisas niin siivoisin : Lasten luovat prosessit päiväkodissa

It has been found usually to talk in the early childhood education in connection with the creativity about arts and skills and about play. In this treatise, the creativity is approached besides play but also from the point of view of the creativity of the everyday. The starting point for the study is the view according to which the creativity is complex interaction between a creative person and an environment. The theoretical body of the study is the Componential theory of creativity of Amabile (1996). The process which is open and product which is new and suitable or acceptable were defined creative. In the opinion of many researchers, the creativity is a phenomenon that has determined in a certain time and place so the creativity is examined from the point of view of the social constructionism. As creative processes in the day nursery it has been defined pretend play, child´s involvement and children´s agentive perception which is based on the Children´s agentive perception theory of Reunamo (2007). The purpose of the study is to clarify how the child's personal factors and the social environment affect the creative processes of children in the day nursery. This Master's thesis is based on the Children' s agentive perception uncovered study led by Jyrki Reunamo (2010) which was carried out in the spring of 2010 in Keski-Uusimaa and in Hämeenlinna and Taiwan. From the study, a name has also been used "on the sources of Orientation", a research project and development project. The study includes the children's evaluation sector, the observation sector, the children's interview sector and the evaluation sector of the pedagogic environment. 891 Children 1-7 year-old by age participated in the study. All the sectors which belong to the study of Reunamo were utilized in this treatise and the Finnish day nurseries or preschool groups which had participated in the study were marked off as the target group. The main component analysis, sum variables, the correlation coefficients, Mann-Whitney s U-test and Kruskall-Wallas test were used for the statistical examination of the quantitative material. In this treatise it was noticed, both the personal properties of the child and a social environment, that they affected all the examined creative processes which also had a significant connection with each other statistically. The definition of creativity was filled best by the participative answers. However, the number of the participative answers was only 8% in the questions concerning adults. That raised the question whether an attempt should be made to have effect so that the children's better participation also in the interaction with the adults would be possible in the educational culture of the day nursery. In the further study, the conscious building of the social environment which supports the creativity from a social constructionism point of view could indeed be an interesting task. The treatise is suitable for an examination of the interaction between the child's person and a social environment especially from the point of view of the creativity.

Diel variation in fig volatiles across syconium development: making sense of scents

Plants produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a variety of contexts that include response to abiotic and biotic stresses, attraction of pollinators and parasitoids, and repulsion of herbivores. Some of these VOCs may also exhibit diel variation in emission. In Ficus racemosa, we examined variation in VOCs released by fig syconia throughout syconium development and between day and night. Syconia are globular enclosed inflorescences that serve as developing nurseries for pollinating and parasitic fig wasps. Syconia are attacked by gallers early in their development, serviced by pollinators in mid phase, and are attractive to parasitoids in response to the development of gallers at later stages. VOC bouquets of the different development phases of the syconium were distinctive, as were their day and night VOC profiles. VOCs such as alpha-muurolene were characteristic of the pollen-receptive diurnal phase, and may serve to attract the diurnally-active pollinating wasps. Diel patterns of release of volatiles could not be correlated with their predicted volatility as determined by Henry's law constants at ambient temperatures. Therefore, factors other than Henry's law constant such as stomatal conductance or VOC synthesis must explain diel variation in VOC emission. A novel use of weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) on the volatilome resulted in seven distinct modules of co-emitted VOCs that could be interpreted on the basis of syconium ecology. Some modules were characterized by the response of fig syconia to early galling by parasitic wasps and consisted largely of green leaf volatiles (GLVs). Other modules, that could be characterized by a combination of syconia response to oviposition and tissue feeding by larvae of herbivorous galler pollinators as well as of parasitized wasps, consisted largely of putative herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). We demonstrated the usefulness of WGCNA analysis of the volatilome in making sense of the scents produced by the syconia at different stages and diel phases of their development.

Divvying up an incubator: How parasitic and mutualistic fig wasps use space within their nursery microcosm

Differential occupancy of space can lead to species coexistence. The fig-fig wasp pollination system hosts species-specific pollinating and parasitic wasps that develop within galls in a nursery comprising a closed inflorescence, the syconium. This microcosm affords excellent opportunities for investigating spatial partitioning since it harbours a closed community in which all wasp species are dependent on securing safe sites inside the syconium for their developing offspring while differing in life history, egg deposition strategies and oviposition times relative to nursery development. We determined ontogenetic changes in oviposition sites available to the seven-member fig wasp community of Ficus racemosa comprising pollinators, gallers and parasitoids. We used species distribution models (SDMs) for the first time at a microcosm scale to predict patterns of spatial occurrence of nursery occupants. SDMs gave high true-positive and low false-positive site occupancy rates for most occupants indicating species specificity in oviposition sites. The nursery microcosm itself changed with syconium development and sequential egg-laying by different wasp species. The number of sites occupied by offspring of the different wasp species was negatively related to the risk of syconium abortion by the plant host following oviposition. Since unpollinated syconia are usually aborted, parasitic wasps ovipositing into nurseries at the same time as the pollinator targeted many sites, suggesting response to lower risk of syconium abortion owing to reduced risk of pollination failure compared to those species ovipositing before pollination. Wasp life history and oviposition time relative to nursery development contributed to the co-existence of nursery occupants.

O enfermeiro e a criança no contexto da doença oncológica fora de possibilidade de cura atual

O estudo emergiu da minha experiência profissional como enfermeira de um hospital especializado em oncologia, no qual me deparei com crianças internadas e consideradas fora de possibilidade de cura atual acompanhadas de um familiar. É considerado fora de possibilidade de cura atual, o paciente para o qual foram esgotados todos os recursos atuais conhecidos para sua cura, a incorporação dessa concepção de cuidar, possibilitou o desenvolvimento do cuidado paliativo. Cuidados paliativos são os cuidados ativos totais de pacientes cuja doença não responde a um tratamento curativo. O objetivo do cuidado paliativo é alcançar a melhor qualidade de vida para os pacientes e suas famílias. O objeto de estudo desta pesquisa foi à ação de cuidado do enfermeiro à criança hospitalizada portadora de doença oncológica e fora de possibilidade de cura atual. Tendo como objetivo: analisar compreensivamente o cuidado do enfermeiro à criança hospitalizada portadora de doença oncológica fora de possibilidade de cura atual. Estudo de natureza qualitativa, desenvolvido com o apoio da fenomenologia sociológica de Alfred Schutz por possibilitar a apreensão da ação desse cuidar, como uma conduta humana, num processo contínuo a partir de um projeto pré-concebido. Os sujeitos do estudo foram 12 enfermeiros que trabalham nas enfermarias de oncologia e hematologia do setor de internação pediátrica de um hospital público federal especializado em oncologia, localizado no município do Rio de Janeiro. Esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética (n 43-11). A apreensão das falas deu-se por meio de entrevista fenomenológica guiada pela seguinte questão orientadora: Quando você cuida da criança em tratamento oncológico fora de possibilidade de cura atual, O que você tem em vista? A análise compreensiva mostrou duas categorias concretas do vivido emergidas das falas dos sujeitos da pesquisa. São elas: conforto e minimizar a dor. O estudo possibilitou entender que ao cuidar da criança considerada fora de possibilidade de cura atual o enfermeiro desenvolve suas ações na perspectiva de confortar e minimizar a dor da criança. Neste contexto, também direciona o seu cuidar para o familiar ali presente, promovendo apoio e ajuda, estabelecendo uma relação de confiança construída em função do longo período de hospitalização que ocorre nas doenças oncológicas. Nesse sentido, o enfermeiro se volta para o familiar como foco central de sua ação de cuidar, com o intuito de apoiá-lo nesse momento especial de sofrimento pela doença de sua criança. A criança deixa de ser o centro das atenções de cuidar que passa, então, a ser o familiar de cada criança.

Ambientes da infância e a formação do educador: arranjo espacial no berçário

Esta tese teve o objetivo de investigar o processo de apropriação do espaço por educadores que atuam nos berçários da Creche Institucional Doutor Paulo Niemeyer. Trata-se de um estudo de caso/intervenção o qual busca entender os significados e sentidos produzidos por esses sujeitos e as transformações dos arranjos espaciais provocadas pelas intervenções ocorridas em 2008, que enfocaram a formação em serviço através da participação dos mesmos como co-pesquisadores. Partimos do pressuposto de que o espaço/ambiente é um mediador das práticas pedagógicas e do desenvolvimento infantil. Discutimos a concepção de espaço e de outras categorias espaciais (ambiente, território e lugar) a partir da abordagem interdisciplinar (Filosofia, Geografia, Arquitetura, Psicologia e Educação), e histórico-cultural, destacando o caráter relacional do mesmo. Participaram da pesquisa 22 educadores e 37 crianças dos 3 agrupamentos de berçários, além da diretora. Para a produção dos dados, foram realizados os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: entrevista com a diretora, observação e registro em diário de bordo e fotográfico dos arranjos espaciais e suas transformações, sessões reflexivas com os educadores e aplicação de um questionário nos educadores. Os resultados indicam que as intervenções, via ações colaborativas, propiciaram mudanças significativas nos arranjos espaciais, aumentando a quantidade e a qualidade da estruturação espacial. Igualmente, esta pesquisa possibilitou a reflexão da prática pedagógica e a ressignificação do papel do ambiente no fazer pedagógico. Esperamos que esta pesquisa contribua para a melhoria da qualidade da educação de crianças pequenas e que o uso desta metodologia, da qual os educadores participaram como co-pesquisadores, possa auxiliar no processo de formação em serviço desses profissionais e também em outras pesquisas que privilegiem o víeis interventivo no contexto de investigação.

O portfólio na formação docente como espaço de produção curricular na educação infantil: o PROINFANTIL em Mesquita - RJ

A presente pesquisa de mestrado tem como objeto de estudo o currículo do Programa de formação inicial para professores em exercício na educação infantil (PROINFANTIL/MEC). Tem o objetivo de investigar e analisar a produção curricular e docente do referido programa no município de Mesquita - RJ, entre os anos de 2009 a 2011. Este programa de formação tem seu texto curricular desenvolvido pelo Ministério da Educação, esfera federal, é desenvolvido em parceria entre estados e municípios, com a participação de múltiplos sujeitos ativos no trabalho com a Educação Infantil: educadores de creches comunitárias, auxiliares de creches e pré-escolas concursados das redes municipais de ensino, professores formadores, professores tutores, professores das universidades, representantes das esferas federal, estadual e municipal, entre outros atores. O foco de análise está no portfólio ? instrumento de avaliação e registro escrito do currículo do curso - construído pelas professoras cursistas participantes, entendendo-o como espaço de produção dinâmica do currículo da educação infantil, tecido em meio a uma rede de relações no processo de formação docente, criando diferentes sentidos e significados para as questões curriculares. A base teórica para dialogar com esta pesquisa está nos estudos de Ball (2006), Bhabha (2007), Macedo e Frangella (2007), que trazem discussões fundamentais sobre a produção cíclica de políticas curriculares, tecidas em meio a processos de hibridizações culturais e negociações constantes. A formação docente e o currículo aqui são entendidos como construções ininterruptas entre/nas negociações dos diferentes sujeitos envolvidos, em meio a diversos contextos da educação infantil.

Distribution, movements, and habitat use of small striped bass (Morone saxatilis) across multiple spatial scales

Distribution, movements, and habitat use of small (<46 cm, juveniles and individuals of unknown maturity) striped bass (Morone saxatilis) were investigated with multiple techniques and at multiple spatial scales (surveys and tag-recapture in the estuary and ocean, and telemetry in the estuary) over multiple years to determine the frequency and duration of use of non-natal estuaries. These unique comparisons suggest, at least in New Jersey, that smaller individuals (<20 cm) may disperse from natal estuaries and arrive in non-natal estuaries early in life and take up residence for several years. During this period of estuarine residence, individuals spend all seasons primarily in the low salinity portions of the estuary. At larger sizes, they then leave these non-natal estuaries to begin coastal migrations with those individuals from nurseries in natal estuaries. These composite observations of frequency and duration of habitat use indicate that non-natal estuaries may provide important habitat for a portion of the striped bass population.

Zaintzen garrantzia Haur Hezkuntzako lehenengo zikloan

[EUS] Gizarteak jasandako aldaketak direla eta, eskolatze goiztiarrak nabarmen egin du gora azken urteotan. Haurrak bere biziko lehen hilabeteetan gurasoengandik aldendu eta haur eskolara joan beharra dauka. Hala ere, lehen haurtzaroko edo 0-3 urte bitarteko haurren premiak ez dira Haur Hezkuntzako bigarren zikloko haurren beharrizanen berdinak eta, ondorioz, gure hezkuntza sistema egoera berri horretara egokitzen jarraitu beharra daukagu. Lan honetan haurra behatu eta tratatzeko eredu ezberdin bat aurkeztuko da, Emmi Pikler pediatrak sortutakoa eta Lóczy-n aurrera eramaten dena. Horretarako, Pikler-Lóczy pedagogia horretako atal batean, hots, eguneroko zaintzetan murgildu eta horiek sakon aztertzeari ekingo diogu. Eredu hori gure eremuko haur eskolakoetatik aldendu arren, gure jardunbidea birplanteatzeko aukera paregabea eskaintzen digu.

Spatial and temporal variation in otolith chemistry for tautog (Tautoga onitis) in Narragansett Bay and Rhode Island coastal ponds

The elemental composition of otoliths may provide valuable information for establishing connectivity between fish nursery grounds and adult fish populations. Concentrations of Rb, Mg, Ca, Mn, Sr, Na, K, Sr, Pb, and Ba were determined by using solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in otoliths of young-of-the year tautog (Tautoga onitis) captured in nursery areas along the Rhode Island coast during two consecutive years. Stable oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotopic ratios in young-of-the year otoliths were also analyzed with isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Chemical signatures differed significantly among the distinct nurseries within Narragansett Bay and the coastal ponds across years. Significant differences were also observed within nurseries from year to year. Classification accuracy to each of the five tautog nursery areas ranged from 85% to 92% across years. Because accurate classification of juvenile tautog nursery sites was achieved, otolith chemistry can potentially be used as a natural habitat tag.

A nursery site of the Alaska skate (Bathyraja parmifera) in the eastern Bering Sea

A nursery site for the Alaska skate (Bathyraja parmifera) was sampled seasonally from June 2004 to July 2005. At the small nursery site (~2 km2), located in a highly productive area near the shelf-slope interface at the head of Bering Canyon in the eastern Bering Sea, reproductive males and females dominated the catch and neonate and juvenile skates were rare. Seasonal samples showed summertime (June and July) as the peak reproductive time in the nursery although some reproduction occurred throughout the year. Timeseries analysis of embryo length frequencies revealed that three cohorts were developing simultaneously and the period of embryonic development was estimated at 3.5 years and average embryo growth rate at 0.2 mm/day. Estimated egg case deposition occurred mainly during summertime and hatching occurred during winter months. Protracted hatching times may be common for oviparous elasmobranch species and may be directly correlated with ambient temperatures as evident from a meta-data analysis. Evidence indicates that the Alaska skate uses the eastern Bering Sea outer continental shelf region for reproduction and the middle and inner shelf regions as habitat for immature and subadults. Skate nurseries may be vulnerable to disturbances because they are located in highly productive areas and because embryos develop slowly.

Geographic variation among age-0 walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma): evidence of mesoscale variation in nursery quality?

Nurseries play an important part in the production of marine f ishes. Determining the relative importance of different nurseries in maintaining the parental population, however, can be difficult. In the western Gulf of Alaska, the Kodiak Island vicinity may be particularly well suited as a pollock nursery because of a prey-rich nearshore environment. Our objectives were 1) to examine age-0 pollock body condition, growth, and diet for evidence of a nearshore-shelf effect, and 2) to determine if variation in the potential prey field of zooplankton was associated with this effect. This was a pilot study that occurred in three bays and over the adjacent shelf off east Kodiak Island during 5−18 September 1993. Sampling occurred only during night at locations where echo sign indicated the presence of age-0 pollock. Echo sign was targeted to increase the chance of collecting fish given the limited vessel time. Fish condition was indicated by length-specific body weight. Growth rate indices were estimated for three different periods by using fish lengthage data and daily otolith increment widths: 1) from hatching date to capture, 2) 1−5 d before capture, and 3) 6−10 d before capture. Fish diet was determined from gut content analysis. Considerable variation among areas was evident in zooplankton composition, and fish condition, growth, and diet. However, relatively high prey densities, as well as fish condition and growth rates indicated that Chiniak Bay was particularly well suited as a pollock nursery. Hatching-date distributions indicated that most of the age-0 walleye pollock from bays were spawned earlier than were those from the shelf. The benefit of being reared in nearshore areas is therefore realized more by individuals that were spawned early than by individuals spawned relatively late.

The Status of Eelgrass, Zostera marina, as Bay Scallop Habitat: Consequences for the Fishery in the Western Atlantic

Zostera marina is a member of a widely distributed genus of seagrasses, all commonly called eelgrass. The reported distribution of eelgrass along the east coast of the United States is from Maine to North Carolina. Eelgrass inhabits a variety of coastal habitats, due in part to its ability to tolerate a wide range of environmental parameters. Eelgrass meadows provide habitat, nurseries, and feeding grounds for a number of commercially and ecologically important species, including the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians. In the early 1930’s, a marine event, termed the “wasting disease,” was responsible for catastrophic declines in eelgrass beds of the coastal waters of North America and Europe, with the virtual elimination of Z. marina meadows in the Atlantic basin. Following eelgrass declines, disastrous losses were documented for bay scallop populations, evidence of the importance of eelgrass in supporting healthy scallop stocks. Today, increased turbidity arising from point and non-point source nutrient loading and sediment runoff are the primary threats to eelgrass along the Atlantic coast and, along with recruitment limitation, are likely reasons for the lack of recovery by eelgrass to pre-1930’s levels. Eelgrass is at a historical low for most of the western Atlantic with uncertain prospects for systematic improvement. However, of all the North American seagrasses, eelgrass has a growth rate and strategy that makes it especially conducive to restoration and several states maintain ongoing mapping, monitoring, and restoration programs to enhance and improve this critical resource. The lack of eelgrass recovery in some areas, coupled with increasing anthropogenic impacts to seagrasses over the last century and heavy fishing pressure on scallops which naturally have erratic annual quantities, all point to a fishery with profound challenges for survival.