Kuluttaminen ja ylhäisaatelin elämäntapa 1700-luvun Ruotsissa

Consumption and the lifestyle of the high nobility in eighteenth-century Sweden This monograph is an analysis of the lifestyle, consumption and private finances of the Swedish high nobility during the eighteenth century (ca 1730 1795). It describes the lifestyle of one noble house, the House of Fersen. The Fersen family represents the leading political, economic and cultural elite in eighteenth-century Sweden. The analysis concentrates on Count Carl von Fersen (1716 1786) and his brother Count Axel von Fersen (1719 1794), their spouses and children. Carl von Fersen was a courtier whilst Axel von Fersen was an officer and one of the leaders of the Francophile Hat party. His son, Axel von Fersen the younger, was in his time an officer and a favourite of Gustavus III, King of Sweden, as well as a favourite and trusted confidant of Marie-Antoinette, Queen of France. The research is based upon the Fersen family s private archives, the Counts personal account books, probate inventories, letters and diaries. The study discusses the Fersens landed property and investments in ironworks and manufacturing, the indebtedness of the high nobility, high offices in civil administration, the militia and at court, as well as marriages as the foundations of noble wealth and power. It analyses the Count von Fersens revenue and expenditure, their career options and personal expenses, their involvement in the building and decorating of palaces, and the servants in service of the Fersen family as well as the ideal nobleman and his consumption. Central themes are inheritance, children s education, marriages and ladies preparing their trousseaux, the nobility ordering luxury goods from France, the consumption of Counts and Countesses before and after marrying and having children, the pleasures of a noble life as well as the criticism of luxury and sumptuousness. The study contributes to the large body of research on consumption and nobility in the eighteenth century by connecting the lifestyle, consumption and private finances of the Swedish high nobility to their European context. Key words: nobility, Fersen, lifestyle, consumption, private finances, Sweden, eighteenth century

Wipert von Blücher und Finnland : Alternativpolitik und Diplomatie im 'Dritten Reich'

This dissertation explores the role of the German minister to Helsinki, Wipert von Blücher (1883-1963), within the German-Finnish relations of the late 1930s and the Second World War. Blücher was a key figure – and certainly one of the constants – within German Finland policy and the complex international diplomacy surrounding Finland. Despite representing Hitler’s Germany, he was not a National Socialist in the narrower sense of the term, but a conservative civil servant in the Wilhelmine tradition of the German foreign service. Along with a significant number of career diplomats, Blücher attempted to restrict National Socialist influence on the exercise of German foreign policy, whilst successfully negotiating a modus vivendi with the new regime. The study of his political biography in the Third Reich hence provides a highly representative example of how the traditional élites of Germany were caught in an cycle of conformity and, albeit tacit, opposition. Above all, however, the biographical study of Blücher and his behaviour offers an hitherto unexplored approach to the history of the German-Finnish relations. His unusually long tenure in Helsinki covered the period leading up to the so-called Winter War, which left Blücher severely distraught by Berlin’s effectively pro-Soviet neutrality and brought him close to resigning his post. It further extended to the German-Finnish rapprochement of 1940/41 and the military cooperation of both countries from mid-1941 to 1944. Throughout, Blücher developed a diverse and ambitious set of policy schemes, largely rooted in the tradition of Wilhelmine foreign policy. In their moderation and commonsensical realism, his designs – indeed his entire conception of foreign policy – clashed with the foreign political and ideological premises of the National Socialist regime. In its theoretical grounding, the analysis of Blücher’s political schemes is built on the concept of alternative policy and indebted to A.J.P. Taylor’s definition of dissent in foreign policy. It furthermore rests upon the assumption, introduced by Wolfgang Michalka, that National Socialist foreign policy was dominated by a plurality of rival conceptions, players, and institutions competing for Hitler’s favour (‘Konzeptionen-Pluralismus’). Although primarily a study in the history of international relations, my research has substantially benefited from more recent developments within cultural history, particularly research on nobility and élites, and the renewed focus on autobiography and conceptions of the self. On an abstract level, the thesis touches upon some of the basic components of German politics, political culture, and foreign policy in the first half of the 20th century: national belonging and conflicting loyalties, self-perception and representation, élites and their management of power, the modern history of German conservatism, the nature and practice of diplomacy, and, finally, the intricate relationship between the ethics of the professional civil service and absolute moral principles. Against this backdrop, the examination of Blücher’s role both within Finnish politics and the foreign policy of the Third Reich highlights the biographical dimension of the German-Finnish relationships, while fathoming the determinants of individual human agency in the process.

Momma's arc 1930-1945

The memoirs were written in New York in 1999. Description of the childhood of Rosemarie Schink, the author's mother, in the rural area of Meuszelwitz, Thuringia, where her grandfather, Franz Harnish, was the station manager. Rosemarie Schink eloped to Amsterdam with the Dutch Jew Judah Easel in 1931. The marriage fall apart soon thereafter, and Rosemarie was taken under the wings of her father-in-law Joseph Easel. The couple stayed officially married until their divorce in 1940, and Rosemarie worked in the pension of her in-laws. She had a long affair with the German Jew Guy Weinberg from Hamburg, a married man who was living in Amsterdam and became the father of her daughter Julia. Description of the Weinberg family history. In 1941 Rosemarie Schink married the Austrian Jewish lawyer Herbert Mauthner, the eldest of three sons of Robert Mauthner, director of the Bodenbacher-Dux Railroad and Melanie Leitner, daughter of a wealthy family from Veszprem, Hungary. Mauthner family history and nobility of the Leitner family, who were admitted to the court of the Austrian Kaiser Franz Joseph.

Staubkorn im Sandsturm.

Fate of the Jewish physician Karl Goldberg, novel written in 1944. Novel is only partially autobiographical.

Kuviteltu aatelismies : Aateluus viholliskuvana ja itseymmärryksenä 1800-luvun Suomessa

An imagined nobleman Nobility as an enemy image and in-group identity in nineteenth-century Finland The focal point of this study is the difficult relationship between two seemingly very different 19th-century elite groups, the upwardly mobile bourgeois intelligentsia and the slowly declining traditional nobility. In the thinking of the bourgeois contender the two emerged as exact opposites, styled as conflicting ideal types: an outdated, exclusive, degenerate hereditary aristocracy versus a dynamic and progressive new force in society, recruited solely on the basis of personal merit, originating from the common people and representing the nation. The appearance of an important 19th-century novelty, print publicity, coincided with the emergence of the bourgeois intelligentsia. The institutions of the developing publishing industry were manned by the aspiring new group. The strengthening flow of progressive, democratic, nationalist ideas distributed via the printing presses carried an undercurrent of self-promotion. It transmitted to the developing readership the self-image of the new cultural bourgeoisie as the defender and benevolent educator of the nation. Having won the contest over the media, the intelligentsia was free to present its predecessor and rival as an enemy of the people. In its politics the nobility emerged as an ideal scapegoat, represented as the source for existing social evils, all if which would promptly go away after its disappearance. It also served as a black backcloth, against which the democratic, national, progressive bourgeois intelligentsia would shine more brightly. In order to shed light on the 19th-century process of (re)modelling the image of nobility as a public enemy I have used four different types of source materials. These include three genres of print publicity, ranging from popular historical and contemporary fiction to nonfictional presentations of national history and the news and political commentaries of the daily papers, complemented by another, originally oral type of publicity, the discussion protocols of the Finnish four-estate parliament. To counterpoint these I also analysed the public self-image of the nobility, particularly vis-à-vis the nationalist and democratic ethos of the modernising politics.

Valistus suomalaisessa kirjakulttuurissa 1700-luvulla

The dissertation discusses the history of the book and the Enlightenment in Finland by studying the reception and diffusion of eighteenth-century books and by approaching the discourse on the Enlightenment in Finnish source material. The methods used relate to historian Robert Darnton s studies on eighteenth-century print culture and his analyses of the relations between print culture and society. The study is based on diverse eighteenth-century sources: books, pamphlets and dissertations, bibliographies, book auction protocols, parliamentary documents, estate inventory deeds, newspapers, letters, lectures, memoirs and commonplace books. By the end of the eighteenth century, book production had increased and secular literature had begun to challenge the dominance of religious literature. The books of the Enlightenment belonged to the new literature that found its way into Finnish book collections previously dominated by religious literature. Enlightenment literature is not a set selection of books but rather diverse works from different genres. Thus the study introduces a variety of printed material, from philosophical tracts and textbooks to novels and pornography. In the case of books of the Enlightenment, the works of French Voltaire and German Christian Wolff were among the most widely read and circulated books in Finland. First and foremost, the Enlightenment was an era of intellectual debate. These debates carried strong criticism of the prevailing systems of thought. Enlightenment ideas challenged the Lutheran society of Sweden and especially its sense of conformity. Contemporaries saw many of the books of the Enlightenment as vessels of new ideas and criticism. Furthermore, this kind of print material was interpreted as being dangerous for uneducated readers. Belonging to a certain estate and social class had a major impact on individuals reading habits and their acquisition of books. One specific social group stands out in the Finnish source material: the officers at the Sveaborg naval fortress possessed and distributed Enlightenment books more than the members of any other social class. Other essential social groups were scholars, the nobility and the clergy, who took part in debates concerning the ideas and benefits of the Enlightenment. In the Finnish debates at the time, the concept of Enlightenment involved three primary notions. Firstly, it referred to the French philosophers, les philosophes, and to their works as well as to the social changes that took place during the French revolution. It also carried the idea of philosophical light or the light of reason, in a sense similar to Immanuel Kant s writings. Most importantly, it referred to a belief in progress and to a trust in true knowledge that would supercede ignorance and fanaticism. Hence, it is impossible to speak about the Enlightenment era in the Swedish realm without such concepts as reason, benefit or progress. These concepts likewise marked the books of the Enlightenment in eighteenth-century Finland.

El Apocalipsis de Angers (Siglo XIV) : la gestualidad en una obra maestra

Integran este número de la revista ponencias presentadas en Studia Hispanica Medievalia VIII: Actas de las IX Jornadas Internacionales de Literatura Española Medieval, 2008, y de Homenaje al Quinto Centenario de Amadis de Gaula.

Los regicidios de Zamora y de Montiel en las crónicas castellanas

Resumen: Se comparan dos regicidios cometidos en Castilla separados por más de trescientos años, con un enfoque principalmente histórico. En función de investigaciones actualmente en curso, se invierte el orden cronológico, comenzando por los sucesos de Montiel. El fratricidio, y a la vez regicidio, de Pedro I a manos de Enrique de Trastámara, tiene un carácter fundacional, ya que a partir de entonces se instaura una nueva dinastía en Castilla. Constituye un fratricidio indudable, reconocido por el perpetrador. El cronista López de Ayala presenta aquí una dicotomía cruzada: construye la figura de un rey de origen indudablemente legítimo, que va perdiendo legitimidad por culpa de sus propios actos monstruosos y la figura contrapuesta de un usurpador que adquiere legitimidad al cumplir una misión divina. Por otra parte, en el asesinato de Sancho II la presunta instigación al crimen de parte de su hermana Urraca es incluso ignorada en algunas de las fuentes. Aquí interesa resaltar la responsabilidad colectiva que se le atribuye al concejo de Zamora, al que se acusa de la muerte del rey. En ambos regicidios se trabajará la función simbólica y fundacional de la violencia, los escenarios de violencia y la participación de los principales actores: los reyes, la nobleza y la comunidad

La construcción de la figura legendaria de Alfonso XI en el “Poema de Alfonso Onceno” y la “Gran Crónica de Alfonso XI”

El artículo intenta estudiar, tanto en el Poema de Alfonso Onceno como en la Gran Crónica de Alfonso XI, cómo el dispositivo discursivo legendario se utiliza con un fin propagandístico de la figura del rey, pues se destina principalmente a exaltarlo no sólo en cuanto a su triunfo en la sumisión de los nobles levantiscos sino también a su éxito en las campañas militares contra los musulmanes.

El discurso en cuestión: la afirmación de la ideología señorial en el discurso jurídico castellano bajomedieval (el caso del manuscrito 431 de la BNM)

Integran este número de la revista ponencias presentadas en Studia Hispanica Medievalia VIII: Actas de las IX Jornadas Internacionales de Literatura Española Medieval, 2008, y de Homenaje al Quinto Centenario de Amadis de Gaula.

La crisis sucesoria en las postrimerías del reinado de Alfonso VI de León y Castilla : el partido Borgoñón

Resumen: Abordamos en este trabajo algunas cuestiones referentes al problema sucesorio durante el reinado de Alfonso VI, y en concreto a la grave crisis planteada en 1103, cuando el rey, que carecía de descendencia masculina legítima, optó por su único hijo varón, habido de la princesa musulmana Zaida, como heredero. Entonces se vieron truncadas las expectativas de Raimundo de Borgoña, casado con la primogénita legítima del monarca, y, aunque en menor medida, las de Enrique de Borgoña, esposo de doña Teresa, otra hija del rey, así como en cierto modo las del abad Hugo de Cluny. Una particular atención hemos dedicado al análisis de la actitud de la alta nobleza en relación con tan conflictivo asunto, y en este sentido, creemos haber demostrado que Pedro Ansúrez encabezó al sector nobiliario contrario a las previsiones sucesorias de Alfonso VI.

Frescos caballerescos y artúricos en el norte de Italia : tres castillos en los alrededores de Trento

Integran este número de la revista ponencias presentadas en Studia Hispanica Medievalia VIII: Actas de las IX Jornadas Internacionales de Literatura Española Medieval, 2008, y de Homenaje al Quinto Centenario de Amadis de Gaula

La configuración del espacio en la historiografía castellana bajomedieval : una microlectura

Resumen: El trabajo se centra en el análisis de la representación del espacio en tres episodios incluidos en sendas crónicas de mediados del siglo XIV: la “Leyenda de los jueces de Castilla” (tal y como se conserva en el Ms. 431 de la Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid), la “Leyenda del pecho de los fijosdalgo” (según la Primera Crónica General) y el levantamiento de la nobleza en Lerma en 1272 (en la Crónica de Alfonso X). En cada uno de estos episodios la glera de Burgos se constituye en un escenario privilegiado en la confrontación de la nobleza con el rey y contribuye a la configuración de la subjetividad de estos actores sociales en virtud de un particular entrelazamiento de temas históricos y legendarios. El espacio adquiere, así, una nueva significación que lo liga social y políticamente a este estamento convirtiéndose en un emblema con una fuerte carga simbólica.

La visión de la autoridad regia desde la perspectiva de la nobleza rebelde en el Libro del conde Lucanor de don Juan Manuel y Mocedades de Rodrigo

Resumen: El trabajo propone una lectura del ejemplo XXXIIII del Libro del conde Lucanor (“De lo que conteçió a un falcón sacre del infante don Manuel con un águila et con una garça”) que atiende a cómo don Juan Manuel evalúa y discute la figura de autoridad real. Sin embargo, su relación con el rey se entiende como la síntesis de los conflictos entre proyecto nobiliario y proyecto regio, y es enfocada desde la perspectiva ideológica de los grandes señores de Castilla. Al mismo tiempo se intentará una lectura comparada con Mocedades de Rodrigo que trata la misma problemática con similar perspectiva ideológica, pero con una resolución diferente del conflicto

La fiesta, socialización y prevención del conflicto : Castilla, siglos XIV y XV

Integran este número de la revista ponencias presentadas en Studia Hispanica Medievalia VIII: Actas de las IX Jornadas Internacionales de Literatura Española Medieval, 2008, y de Homenaje al Quinto Centenario de Amadis de Gaula.