Entrenamiento nocturno para el control de la enuresis.

Mediante una serie de viñetas con dibujos se dan consejos a los padres para que favorezcan el hábito de controlar la orina en los niños con este problema. El contenido se divide en una serie de fases. Comienza por el entrenamiento intensivo durante las primeras noches; sigue con la supervisión posterior al entrenamiento y termina con prácticas de rutina normal..

The influence of dietary fatty acid composition on N-ethyl-Nnitrosourea-induced mammary tumour incidence in the rat and on the composition of inositol- and ethanolamine-phospholipids of normal and tumour mammary tissue

This study has investigated the influence of dietary fatty acid composition on mammary tumour incidence in N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-treated rats and has compared the susceptibility to dietary fatty acid modification of the membrane phospholipids phosphatidyliuositol (PI) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) from normal and tumour tissue of rat mammary gland. The incidence of mammary tumours was significantly lower in fish oil- (29%), compared with olive oil- (75%; P < 0.04) but not maize oil- (63%; P < 0.1) fed animals. No differences in PI fatty acid composition were found in normal or tumour tissue between rats fed on maize oil, olive oil or fish oil in diets from weaning. When normal and tumour tissue PI fatty acids were compared, significantly higher amounts of stearic acid (18:O) were found in tumour than normal tissue in rats given olive oil (P < 0.05). A similar trend was found in animals fed on maize oil, although differences between normal and tumour tissue did not reach a level of statistical significance (P < 0.1). In mammary PE, maize oil-fed control animals had significantly higher levels of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) than either olive oil- or fish oil-fed animals (P < 0.05, both cases) and levels of arachidonic acid were also higher in maize oil- compared with fish oil-fed animals (P < 0.05). In tumourbearing animals no differences in PE fatty acid composition were found between the three dietary groups. When normal and tumour tissue PE fatty acids were compared, significantly lower amounts of liuoleic acid (18:2n-6; P < 0.01) and significantly greater amounts of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6; P < 0.05) were found in tumour than normal tissue of rats fed on maize oil. The present study shows that the fatty acid composition of PI from both normal and tumour tissue of the mammary gland is resistant to dietary fatty acid modification. The PE fraction is more susceptible to dietary modification and in this fraction there is evidence of increased conversion of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid in tumour compared with normal tissue. Lower tumour incidence rates in rats given fish oils may in part be due to alteration in prostanoid metabolism secondary to displacement of arachidonic acid by eicosapentaenoic acid, but PE rather than PI would appear to be the most likely locus for diet-induced alteration in prostanoid synthesis in this tissue. Effects of dietary fatty acids other than on the balance of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, and on prostanoid metabolism, should also be considered. The significance of increased stearic acid content of PI in tumours of olive oil-fed animals and the possible influence of dietary fatty acids on the capacity for stearic acid accumulation requires further study.

A vanilina como um agente modulador da genotoxicidade : risco ou benefício?

Há cerca de 20 anos a vanilina vem sendo descrita como uma substância moduladora capaz de inibir eventos relacionados à indução e promoção do processo carcinogênico. Este comportamento associado ao seu consumo elevado despertou o nosso interesse científico - resultando na publicação do primeiro trabalho associando a VA a acréscimos expressivos em eventos recombinacionais mitóticos, acompanhados de decréscimos na freqüência de mutações pontuais e cromossômicas. Entretanto, quando a antimutagênese e a co-recombinogênese foram avaliadas simultaneamente, a ação final da VA refletiu-se não como proteção, mas sim como um efeito potencializador expresso como um aumento de cerca de 200 vezes na genotoxicidade total da MMC. Na procura de respostas adicionais concernentes à ação da VA como moduladora de diferentes espectros de lesões no DNA utilizamos o Teste para Detecção de Mutação e Recombinação Somática em Drosophila melanogaster (SMART) com o intuito de avaliar o comportamento deste flavorizante em relação à genotoxicidade dos agentes químicos: N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), ethylmethanesulphonate (EMS) e bleomicina (BLEO), em dois protocolos de administração do modulador – pós e co-tratamento. Pós-tratamento Os dados obtidos através do sistema de pós-tratamento evidenciaram que a VA não altera a mutagenicidade e a recombinogenicidade do ENU e MNU - o que sugere a não interferência deste flavorizante sobre os mecanismos envolvidos na correção das lesões induzidas por estes alquilantes. Ao contrário, a toxicidade genética do EMS foi significativamente aumentada em valores compreendidos entre 7,79 a 29,79%, representando a expressão final de dois efeitos antagônicos: (i) sinergismo em recombinação mitótica e (ii) proteção em relação à mutagênese. Tais achados sugerem que diferenças entre o espectro dos danos induzidos por estes agentes alquilantes, podem afetar os caminhos de reparação a serem priorizados. Como conseqüência, o efeito potencializador da VA sobre recombinação homóloga (HR) está restrito ao EMS – o único dos agentes alquilantes monofuncionais estudados cujas lesões são processadas, em Drosophila melanogaster, por ambos mecanismos de reparo: excisão de nucleotídeos e pós-replicativo. A VA também causou drásticos incrementos na genotoxicidade da BLEO - 120 a 178% - que estão limitados a aumentos em recombinação, uma vez que não foram observadas alterações na sua potência mutacional. Como a genotoxicidade da BLEO resulta basicamente da indução de quebras duplas corrigidas por mecanismos de reparação dependentes de recombinação - que podem ocorrer tanto entre cromossomos homólogos (HR) como não-homólogos (end joining -NHEJ) – e como o teste SMART privilegia a detecção de recombinação homóloga, os nossos dados indicam que a ação potencializadora de VA em relação a BLEO deve-se especificamente a incrementos em reparo dependente de HR. Ainda relevante é o fato de que estes acréscimos não estão associados a decréscimos em mutação, como anteriormente observado para a MMC.Todos estes dados indicam que a modulação da VA está restrita ao seu efeito sinérgico sobre recombinação somática – promovendo especificamente a recombinação homóloga em células proliferativas de Drosophila. Co-tratamento Através deste procedimento ficou claro que a VA diminui significativamente a toxicidade genética total dos alquilantes MNU e ENU e do agente intercalante bleomicina. Os decréscimos observados tanto para o MNU quanto para o ENU são basicamente atribuídos ao seu papel promotor sobre o processo de detoxificação - que leva a diminuição no número de metilações e etilações induzidas respectivamente pelo MNU e pelo ENU. Adicionalmente, a caracterização da VA como um potente captador de radicais livres, especialmente em função do seu efeito sobre os danos oxidativos induzidos pela BLEO – explica a sua ação desmutagênica em relação a este agente intercalante. Todos estes dados referentes ao efeito modulador da VA não permitem a quantificação da relação risco-benefício do seu consumo, especialmente pela dificuldade prática de se medir o quanto a sua presença concomitante com as genotoxinas – representado por efeito benéfico, via interferência no potencial genotóxico – ou a sua ação após a indução dos danos genéticos, através da promoção de reparo recombinacional e conseqüente aumento em HR, contribuem para a expressão final do seu efeito modulador. Entretanto, o papel fundamental da recombinação homóloga na gênese de inúmeras doenças genéticas, incluindo o câncer, e a preponderante ação recombinogênica da VA são um sinal de alerta.

Antimutagenic effect of Lentinula edodes (BERK.) Pegler mushroom and possible variation among lineages

This study was performed to evaluate the efficiency of four different lineages (95/01, L1, 96/22 and JABK) of Lentinula edodes (BERK.) Pegler mushroom (shiitake) for inhibiting the N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) clastogenicity in vivo. Male Swiss mice (10 animals/group) were treated during 15 consecutive days with dried mushroom added to basal diet under three different concentrations (1, 5 and 10%). At day 15, mice were intraperitoneally injected with ENU (50 mg/kg body weight) and sacrificed 24 h later for evaluation of micronucleated bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE). Negative and positive controls (10 animals each), receiving basal diet and saline or ENU ip injection, respectively, were also evaluated. Results showed that pretreatments with diets containing the lineages 95/01, L1 and 96/22 reduce the frequencies of MNPCE induced by ENU. The absence of an antimutagenic activity for the lineage JABK might be related to intrinsic differences among the lineages such as biochemical composition. Taken together, our data show that the differences in protective activities of the mushrooms need to be clarified in further studies and the mechanisms for such activities need to be investigated. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Letinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler (Shiitake) modulates genotoxic and mutagenic effects induced by alkylating agents in vivo

We evaluated the antimutagenic effect of Letinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler (Shiitake) on the frequency of micronuclei in mice treated with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) or cyclophosphamide (Cl?). Mice were orally (gavage) pretreated for 15 consecutive days with solutions of Shiitake (0.6 ml per day, gavage) prepared at three different temperatures: 4, 21 (RT), and 60 degreesC. Then, the animals were intraperitoneally injected on day 15 with CP (25 or 50 mg/kg) or ENU (50 mg/kg) and killed 24 or 48 h after treatment for evaluation of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) in bone marrow and micronucleated reticulocytes (MNRETs). A mixture of L. edodes lineages (LE 95/016, 96/14, 96/17, 96/22, 96/23, 97/27, and 97/28) significantly decreased the frequencies of MNPCEs and MNRETs induced by CP (25 and 50 mg/kg). When a single lineage from the mixture (LE 96/17) was tested we also found a significant reduction in the frequencies of MNPCEs and MNRETs induced by both CP or ENU (50 mg/kg). The comet assay was also performed 3 h after ENU treatment using mice pretreated with the single lineage (LE 96/17) of L. edodes. The results showed a high degree of variability with some indications of an antigenotoxic effect. Taken together, our data show that solutions from Shiitake inhibit in vivo mutagenicity of CP and ENU. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

STORAGE RESULTS IN LOSS of THE ANTIGENOTOXIC PROPERTIES of LENTINULA EDODES (SHIITAKE MUSHROOM) and DEVELOPMENT of IN VIVO GENOTOXICITY

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Drifter technique: a new method to obtain metaphases in Hep-2 cell line cultures

A linhagem celular Hep-2 é formada por células de carcinoma da laringe e é muito utilizada em modelos de carcinogênese e mutagenêse. Para avaliar o potencial proliferativo desta linhagem, desenvolvemos uma metodologia citogenética (técnica do sobrenadante) para obtenção de metáfases a partir de células que, ao entrarem em mitose, perdem adesão celular, ficando em suspensão no meio de cultura. Através deste procedimento, foram contadas 2000 células, correspondendo a um índice mitótico (IM) de 22.2% . Apesar de o IM obtido por esta técnica não ter sido estatisticamente diferente do IM obtido por outras metodologias citogenéticas clássicas, a técnica do sobrenadante é vantajosa porque elimina o uso de alguns reagentes utilizados na obtenção de metáfases e também diminui o consumo de reagentes de manutenção desta linhagem.

Mecanismos de antimutagenicidade do cogumelo Agaricus brasiliensis sobre lesões no DNA induzidas in vivo e in vitro

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Suche nach einem leichten Higgs-Boson im Kanal WH ev e bb in pp-Kollisionen bei s=1.96 TeV am DO-Detektor des Tevatron

Eine wichtige Komponente des Standardmodells der Teilchenphysik bildet der Higgs-Mechanismus, der benötigt wird um den vom Standardmodell beschriebenen Teilchen Masse zu verleihen. Dieser Mechanismus beinhaltet jedoch ein weiteres schweres Elementarteilchen das bislang noch nich beobachtet werden konnte. Die Suche nach diesem Teilchen ist eines Hauptziele der derzeitigen Forschung an Teilchenbeschleunigern. Diese Arbeit untersucht die vom D0-Detektor am Tevatron des Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) aufgezeichneten Daten von ppbar-Kollisionen bei einer Schwerpunktsenergie von sqrt{s}=1.96 TeV, um im Kanal WH -> enu bb nach einem leichten Higgs-Boson zu suchen. Darüber hinaus wird der Produktionswirkungsquerschnitt der Wbb-Produktion ermittelt. Für die Analyse stand eine integrierte Luminosität von L=255pb^{-1} zur Verfügung. Zur Selektion dieser Prozesse, werden Ereignisse ausgewählt, die Elektronen und fehlenden Transversalimpuls enthalten, sowie mindestens zwei Jets, die sich als b-Jets identifizieren lassen. Um eine effiziente Selektion zu erhalten, wurden Schnitte auf verschiedene Kenngrößen entwickelt, getestet und optimiert. Aus den selektierten Ereignissen wird der Wbb-Wirkungsquerschnitt ermittelt, der für Ereignisse angegeben wird, in denen die b-Quarks p_T>8 GeV und |eta|<3 erfüllen. Der unter Berücksichtigung des Verzweigungsverhältnisses BR(W->enu)=0.108 errechnete Wert ist sigma(Wbb)=21.8 pb (+15.5; -20.0 pb(sys+stat)). Wegen der geringen Signifikanz der Messung von etwa 1.2sigma wurden die Ereigniszahlen auch zur Berechnung einer oberen Grenze auf den Wirkungsquerschnitt verwendet, die sich bei einem Konfidenzniveau von 95% zu sigma^95(Wbb)=60.9pb ergibt. Ebenso wurden Grenzen auf den WH-Produktionswirkungsquerschnitt ermittelt. Dafür wurde die statistische Methode von Feldman und Cousins angewandt, nachdem sie nach den Vorschlägen von Conrad et al. erweitert worden war, um systematische Unsicherheiten zu berücksichtigen. Für ein Standardmodell Higgs-Boson der Masse 115 GeV kann eine obere Grenze auf den Produktionswirkungsquerschnitt von sigma^{95} (WH)=12.2pb angegeben werden. Für höhere Massen bis 135 GeV werden ähnliche Grenzen ermittelt.

Funduscopy in adult zebrafish and its application to isolate mutant strains with ocular defects

Funduscopy is one of the most commonly used diagnostic tools in the ophthalmic practice, allowing for a ready assessment of pathological changes in the retinal vasculature and the outer retina. This non-invasive technique has so far been rarely used in animal model for ophthalmic diseases, albeit its potential as a screening assay in genetic screens. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is well suited for such genetic screens for ocular alterations. Therefore we developed funduscopy in adult zebrafish and employed it as a screening tool to find alterations in the anterior segment and the fundus of the eye of genetically modified adult animals.A stereomicroscope with coaxial reflected light illumination was used to obtain fundus color images of the zebrafish. In order to find lens and retinal alterations, a pilot screen of 299 families of the F3 generation of ENU-treated adult zebrafish was carried out.Images of the fundus of the eye and the anterior segment can be rapidly obtained and be used to identify alterations in genetically modified animals. A number of putative mutants with cataracts, defects in the cornea, eye pigmentation, ocular vessels and retina were identified. This easily implemented method can also be used to obtain fundus images from rodent retinas.In summary, we present funduscopy as a valuable tool to analyse ocular abnormalities in adult zebrafish and other small animal models. A proof of principle screen identified a number of putative mutants, making funduscopy based screens in zebrafish feasible.

A different approach to treatment of phenylketonuria: Phenylalanine degradation with recombinant phenylalanine ammonia lyase

Phenylketonuria (PKU), with its associated hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) and mental retardation, is a classic genetic disease and the first to have an identified chemical cause of impaired cognitive development. Treatment from birth with a low phenylalanine diet largely prevents the deviant cognitive phenotype by ameliorating HPA and is recognized as one of the first effective treatments of a genetic disease. However, compliance with dietary treatment is difficult and when it is for life, as now recommended by an internationally used set of guidelines, is probably unrealistic. Herein we describe experiments on a mouse model using another modality for treatment of PKU compatible with better compliance using ancillary phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) to degrade phenylalanine, the harmful nutrient in PKU; in this treatment, PAL acts as a substitute for the enzyme phenylalanine monooxygenase (EC 1.14.16.1), which is deficient in PKU. PAL, a robust enzyme without need for a cofactor, converts phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid, a harmless metabolite. We describe (i) an efficient recombinant approach to produce PAL enzyme, (ii) testing of PAL in orthologous N-ethyl-N′-nitrosourea (ENU) mutant mouse strains with HPA, and (iii) proofs of principle (PAL reduces HPA)—both pharmacologic (with a clear dose–response effect vs. HPA after PAL injection) and physiologic (protected enteral PAL is significantly effective vs. HPA). These findings open another way to facilitate treatment of this classic genetic disease.

Temporal and molecular characteristics of mutations induced by ethylnitrosourea in germ cells isolated from seminiferous tubules and in spermatozoa of lacZ transgenic mice.

The lacZ transgenic mouse (Muta mouse) model was used to examine the timing of ethylnitrosourea (ENU)-induced mutations in germ cells. The spectrum of mutations was also determined. Animals received five daily treatments with ENU at 50 mg/kg and were sampled at times up to 55 days after treatment. In mixed germ-cell populations isolated from seminiferous tubules, there was little increase in the mutant frequency 5 days after treatment; subsequently, there was a continuous increase until the maximum (17.5-fold above background) was reached by approximately 35 days. In the spermatozoa, an increase in mutant frequency was not seen until 20 days after treatment, with the maximum (4.3-fold above background) being achieved no sooner than approximately 35 days. Based on the timing of sampling, these data demonstrate the detection of both spermatogonial and postspermatogonial, mutations. The most prominent feature of the ENU-induced base-pair mutations in testicular germ cells sampled 55 days after treatment is that 70% are induced in A.T base pairs, compared to only 16% in spontaneous mutations. These findings are consistent with comparable data from ENU studies using assays for inherited germ-cell mutations in mice. This study has demonstrated the utility and potential of the transgenic mouse lacZ model (Muta mouse) for the detection and study of germ-cell mutations and provides guidance in the selection of simplified treatment and sampling protocols.

Rôle des boucles interhélicales du domaine I dans la formation de pores transmembranaires par la toxine insecticide Cry1Aa du bacille de Thuringe

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Caractérisation moléculaire de la région responsable de l'affinité et de la perméabilité du canal calcique ECaC1 (TRPV5)

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Analyses mutationnelles et cinétiques de la [bêta]-lactamase TEM-1 de Escherichia coli : vers une meilleure compréhension du phénomène de résistance aux antibiotiques

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.