Classificação de sinais acústicos utilizando a transformada wavelet discreta e a decomposição de modo empírico: aplicações na área de alimentos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Proposta de Algoritmos Inteligentes para Localizar Faltas e Monitorar a Qualidade da Energia em Redes de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS

Análise multiescala de séries temporais do efeito da cintilação ionosférica nos sinais de satélite GPS a partir de wavelets não decimadas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Deteccão de complexos QRS em eletrocardiogramas baseada na decomposição em valores singulares em multirresolução

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS

Transformada Wavelet Compleja de Doble Árbol (DT-CWT) y su aplicación en Teledetección. Nuevos modelos y aplicaciones

La teledetección o percepción remota (remote sensing) es la ciencia que abarca la obtención de información (espectral, espacial, temporal) sobre un objeto, área o fenómeno a través del análisis de datos adquiridos por un dispositivo que no está en contacto con el elemento estudiado. Los datos obtenidos a partir de la teledetección para la observación de la superficie terrestre comúnmente son imágenes, que se caracterizan por contar con un sinnúmero de aplicaciones que están en continua evolución, por lo cual para solventar los constantes requerimientos de nuevas aplicaciones a menudo se proponen nuevos algoritmos que mejoran o facilitan algún proceso en particular. Para el desarrollo de dichos algoritmos, es preciso hacer uso de métodos matemáticos que permitan la manipulación de la información con algún fin específico. Dentro de estos métodos, el análisis multi-resolución se caracteriza por permitir analizar una señal en diferentes escalas, lo que facilita trabajar con datos que puedan tener resoluciones diferentes, tal es el caso de las imágenes obtenidas mediante teledetección. Una de las alternativas para la implementación de análisis multi-resolución es la Transformada Wavelet Compleja de Doble Árbol (DT-CWT). Esta transformada se implementa a partir de dos filtros reales y se caracteriza por presentar invariancia a traslaciones, precio a pagar por su característica de no ser críticamente muestreada. A partir de las características de la DT-CWT se propone su uso en el diseño de algoritmos de procesamiento de imagen, particularmente imágenes de teledetección. Estos nuevos algoritmos de procesamiento digital de imágenes de teledetección corresponden particularmente a fusión y detección de cambios. En este contexto esta tesis presenta tres algoritmos principales aplicados a fusión, evaluación de fusión y detección de cambios en imágenes. Para el caso de fusión de imágenes, se presenta un esquema general que puede ser utilizado con cualquier algoritmo de análisis multi-resolución; este algoritmo parte de la implementación mediante DT-CWT para luego extenderlo a un método alternativo, el filtro bilateral. En cualquiera de los dos casos la metodología implica que la inyección de componentes pueda realizarse mediante diferentes alternativas. En el caso del algoritmo de evaluación de fusión se presenta un nuevo esquema que hace uso de procesos de clasificación, lo que permite evaluar los resultados del proceso de fusión de forma individual para cada tipo de cobertura de uso de suelo que se defina en el proceso de evaluación. Esta metodología permite complementar los procesos de evaluación tradicionales y puede facilitar el análisis del impacto de la fusión sobre determinadas clases de suelo. Finalmente, los algoritmos de detección de cambios propuestos abarcan dos enfoques. El primero está orientado a la obtención de mapas de sequía en datos multi-temporales a partir de índices espectrales. El segundo enfoque propone la utilización de un índice global de calidad espectral como filtro espacial. La utilización de dicho filtro facilita la comparación espectral global entre dos imágenes, esto unido a la utilización de umbrales, conlleva a la obtención de imágenes diferencia que contienen la información de cambio. ABSTRACT Remote sensing is a science relates to information gathering (spectral, spatial, temporal) about an object, area or phenomenon, through the analysis of data acquired by a device that is not in contact with the studied item. In general, data obtained from remote sensing to observe the earth’s surface are images, which are characterized by having a number of applications that are constantly evolving. Therefore, to solve the constant requirements of applications, new algorithms are proposed to improve or facilitate a particular process. With the purpose of developing these algorithms, each application needs mathematical methods, such as the multiresolution analysis which allows to analyze a signal at different scales. One of the options is the Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DT-CWT) which is implemented from two real filters and is characterized by invariance to translations. Among the advantages of this transform is its successful application in image fusion and change detection areas. In this regard, this thesis presents three algorithms applied to image fusion, assessment for image fusion and change detection in multitemporal images. For image fusion, it is presented a general outline that can be used with any multiresolution analysis technique; this algorithm is proposed at first with DT-CWT and then extends to an alternative method, the bilateral filter. In either case the method involves injection of components by various means. For fusion assessment, the proposal is focused on a scheme that uses classification processes, which allows evaluating merger results individually for each type of land use coverage that is defined in evaluation process. This methodology allows complementing traditional assessment processes and can facilitate impact analysis of the merger on certain kinds of soil. Finally, two approaches of change detection algorithms are included. The first is aimed at obtaining drought maps in multitemporal data from spectral indices. The second one takes a global index of spectral quality as a spatial filter. The use of this filter facilitates global spectral comparison between two images and by means of thresholding, allows imaging containing change information.

Photographic Plate Libraries at European Astronomical Observatories

ACM Computing Classification System (1998): J.2.

Utilização da transformada de wavelet para detecção de variações anormais de tensão em sistemas elétricos com geração distribuída

The increasing demand in electricity and decrease forecast, increasingly, of fossil fuel reserves, as well as increasing environmental concern in the use of these have generated a concern about the quality of electricity generation, making it well welcome new investments in generation through alternative, clean and renewable sources. Distributed generation is one of the main solutions for the independent and selfsufficient generating systems, such as the sugarcane industry. This sector has grown considerably, contributing expressively in the production of electricity to the distribution networks. Faced with this situation, one of the main objectives of this study is to propose the implementation of an algorithm to detect islanding disturbances in the electrical system, characterized by situations of under- or overvoltage. The algorithm should also commonly quantize the time that the system was operating in these conditions, to check the possible consequences that will be caused in the electric power system. In order to achieve this it used the technique of wavelet multiresolution analysis (AMR) for detecting the generated disorders. The data obtained can be processed so as to be used for a possible predictive maintenance in the protection equipment of electrical network, since they are prone to damage on prolonged operation under abnormal conditions of frequency and voltage.

Modeling the impact of large-scale solid mass transfers on the gravity field

The focus of this thesis is to explore and quantify the response of large-scale solid mass transfer events on satellite-based gravity observations. The gravity signature of large-scale solid mass transfers has not been deeply explored yet; mainly due to the lack of significant events during dedicated satellite gravity missions‘ lifespans. In light of the next generation of gravity missions, the feasibility of employing satellite gravity observations to detect submarine and surface mass transfers is of importance for geoscience (improves the understanding of geodynamic processes) and for geodesy (improves the understanding of the dynamic gravity field). The aim of this thesis is twofold and focuses on assessing the feasibility of using satellite gravity observations for detecting large-scale solid mass transfers and on modeling the impact on the gravity field caused by these events. A methodology that employs 3D forward modeling simulations and 2D wavelet multiresolution analysis is suggested to estimate the impact of solid mass transfers on satellite gravity observations. The gravity signature of various submarine and subaerial events that occurred in the past was estimated. Case studies were conducted to assess the sensitivity and resolvability required in order to observe gravity differences caused by solid mass transfers. Simulation studies were also employed in order to assess the expected contribution of the Next Generation of Gravity Missions for this application.

Multiresolution spherical wavelet analysis in global seismic tomography

Every seismic event produces seismic waves which travel throughout the Earth. Seismology is the science of interpreting measurements to derive information about the structure of the Earth. Seismic tomography is the most powerful tool for determination of 3D structure of deep Earth's interiors. Tomographic models obtained at the global and regional scales are an underlying tool for determination of geodynamical state of the Earth, showing evident correlation with other geophysical and geological characteristics. The global tomographic images of the Earth can be written as a linear combinations of basis functions from a specifically chosen set, defining the model parameterization. A number of different parameterizations are commonly seen in literature: seismic velocities in the Earth have been expressed, for example, as combinations of spherical harmonics or by means of the simpler characteristic functions of discrete cells. With this work we are interested to focus our attention on this aspect, evaluating a new type of parameterization, performed by means of wavelet functions. It is known from the classical Fourier theory that a signal can be expressed as the sum of a, possibly infinite, series of sines and cosines. This sum is often referred as a Fourier expansion. The big disadvantage of a Fourier expansion is that it has only frequency resolution and no time resolution. The Wavelet Analysis (or Wavelet Transform) is probably the most recent solution to overcome the shortcomings of Fourier analysis. The fundamental idea behind this innovative analysis is to study signal according to scale. Wavelets, in fact, are mathematical functions that cut up data into different frequency components, and then study each component with resolution matched to its scale, so they are especially useful in the analysis of non stationary process that contains multi-scale features, discontinuities and sharp strike. Wavelets are essentially used in two ways when they are applied in geophysical process or signals studies: 1) as a basis for representation or characterization of process; 2) as an integration kernel for analysis to extract information about the process. These two types of applications of wavelets in geophysical field, are object of study of this work. At the beginning we use the wavelets as basis to represent and resolve the Tomographic Inverse Problem. After a briefly introduction to seismic tomography theory, we assess the power of wavelet analysis in the representation of two different type of synthetic models; then we apply it to real data, obtaining surface wave phase velocity maps and evaluating its abilities by means of comparison with an other type of parametrization (i.e., block parametrization). For the second type of wavelet application we analyze the ability of Continuous Wavelet Transform in the spectral analysis, starting again with some synthetic tests to evaluate its sensibility and capability and then apply the same analysis to real data to obtain Local Correlation Maps between different model at same depth or between different profiles of the same model.

Electrocardiogram breathing: A study of electrocardiogram derived respiration plus multiresolution wavelet analysis of heartbeat interval variability in sleep study patients

This dissertation presents a unique research opportunity by using recordings which provide electrocardiogram (ECG) plus a reference breathing signal (RBS). ECG derived breathing (EDR) is measured and correlated against RBS. Standard deviations of multiresolution wavelet analysis coefficients (SDMW) are obtained from heart rate and classified using RBS. Prior works by others used select patients for sleep apnea scoring with EDR but no RBS. Another prior work classified select heart disease patients with SDMW but no RBS. This study used randomly chosen sleep disorder patient recordings; central and obstructive apneas, with and without heart disease.^ Implementation required creating an application because existing systems were limited in power and scope. A review survey was created to choose a development environment. The survey is presented as a learning tool and teaching resource. Development objectives were rapid development using limited resources (manpower and money). Open Source resources were used exclusively for implementation. ^ Results show: (1) Three groups of patients exist in the study. Grouping RBS correlations shows a response with either ECG interval or amplitude variation. A third group exists where neither ECG intervals nor amplitude variation correlate with breathing. (2) Previous work done by other groups analyzed SDMW. Similar results were found in this study but some subjects had higher SDMW, attributed to a large number of apneas, arousals and/or disconnects. SDMW does not need RBS to show apneic conditions exist within ECG recordings. (3) Results in this study support the assertion that autonomic nervous system variation was measured with SDMW. Measurements using RBS are not corrupted due to breathing even though respiration overlaps the same frequency band.^ Overall, this work becomes an Open Source resource which can be reused, modified and/or expanded. It might fast track additional research. In the future the system could also be used for public domain data. Prerecorded data exist in similar formats in public databases which could provide additional research opportunities. ^

Empirical analysis on relationship between traffic conditions and crash occurrences

This paper investigates relationship between traffic conditions and the crash occurrence likelihood (COL) using the I-880 data. To remedy the data limitations and the methodological shortcomings suffered by previous studies, a multiresolution data processing method is proposed and implemented, upon which binary logistic models were developed. The major findings of this paper are: 1) traffic conditions have significant impacts on COL at the study site; Specifically, COL in a congested (transitioning) traffic flow is about 6 (1.6) times of that in a free flow condition; 2)Speed variance alone is not sufficient to capture traffic dynamics’ impact on COL; a traffic chaos indicator that integrates speed, speed variance, and flow is proposed and shows a promising performance; 3) Models based on aggregated data shall be interpreted with caution. Generally, conclusions obtained from such models shall not be generalized to individual vehicles (drivers) without further evidences using high-resolution data and it is dubious to either claim or disclaim speed kills based on aggregated data.

Fusion of Multisensor Data:Review and Comparative Analysis

Image fusion is a formal framework which is expressed as means and tools for the alliance of multisensor, multitemporal, and multiresolution data. Multisource data vary in spectral, spatial and temporal resolutions necessitating advanced analytical or numerical techniques for enhanced interpretation capabilities. This paper reviews seven pixel based image fusion techniques - intensity-hue-saturation, brovey, high pass filter (HPF), high pass modulation (HPM), principal component analysis, fourier transform and correspondence analysis.Validation of these techniques on IKONOS data (Panchromatic band at I m spatial resolution and Multispectral 4 bands at 4 in spatial resolution) reveal that HPF and HPM methods synthesises the images closest to those the corresponding multisensors would observe at the high resolution level.

Fiedler trees for multiscale surface analysis

In this work we introduce a new hierarchical surface decomposition method for multiscale analysis of surface meshes. In contrast to other multiresolution methods, our approach relies on spectral properties of the surface to build a binary hierarchical decomposition. Namely, we utilize the first nontrivial eigenfunction of the Laplace-Beltrami operator to recursively decompose the surface. For this reason we coin our surface decomposition the Fiedler tree. Using the Fiedler tree ensures a number of attractive properties, including: mesh-independent decomposition, well-formed and nearly equi-areal surface patches, and noise robustness. We show how the evenly distributed patches can be exploited for generating multiresolution high quality uniform meshes. Additionally, our decomposition permits a natural means for carrying out wavelet methods, resulting in an intuitive method for producing feature-sensitive meshes at multiple scales. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Clinical validation of an automated vessel-segmentation software of the extracranial-carotid arteries based on 3D-MRA: A prospective study

OBJECTIVES: To determine the accuracy of automated vessel-segmentation software for vessel-diameter measurements based on three-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (3D-MRA). METHOD: In 10 patients with high-grade carotid stenosis, automated measurements of both carotid arteries were obtained with 3D-MRA by two independent investigators and compared with manual measurements obtained by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and 2D maximum-intensity projection (2D-MIP) based on MRA and duplex ultrasonography (US). In 42 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA), intraoperative measurements (IOP) were compared with postoperative 3D-MRA and US. RESULTS: Mean interoperator variability was 8% for measurements by DSA and 11% by 2D-MIP, but there was no interoperator variability with the automated 3D-MRA analysis. Good correlations were found between DSA (standard of reference), manual 2D-MIP (rP=0.6) and automated 3D-MRA (rP=0.8). Excellent correlations were found between IOP, 3D-MRA (rP=0.93) and US (rP=0.83). CONCLUSION: Automated 3D-MRA-based vessel segmentation and quantification result in accurate measurements of extracerebral-vessel dimensions.