High-growth firms : Not so vital after all?

High-growth firms have received considerable interest recently since they create most of the new jobs in the economy. The purpose of our paper is to investigate the characteristics of high-growth firms prior to their growth period, and whether these characteristics differ across industries. Using data on a large sample of limited liability firms in Sweden for the period 2007-2010, we find that high-growth firms do not have the characteristics that we typically associate with successful firms. On the contrary, our results indicate that high-growth firms have low profits and a weak financial position. This might explain why studies have found that high-growth firms are seldom capable of sustaining their high growth rates in subsequent periods, and thus question policies that are targeted towards these companies.

Financial characteristics of Australian initial public offerings from 1994 to 1999

A variety of financial characteristics of Australian initial public offerings (IPOs) for the period 1994-1999 are explored. A number of previous Australian studies have investigated the initial day underpricing and longer term underperformance of IPOs and this study updates those papers. This paper partitions the IPO data into no liability/limited liability; share option/no share option; underwriter option/no underwriter option and dividend reinvestment/no dividend reinvestment characteristics to better understand the types of IPOs that list on the Australian Stock Exchange. The data supports the findings of previous studies in that IPOs are underpriced at the time of listing and underperform the market in the first year following their listing.

Do you really want to ask an underwriter how much money you should leave on the table?

This paper analyses whether the owners of companies seeking to list will leave less money on the table if underwriters are employed to price and market the issue. Our findings indicate that limited liability and Industrial company initial public offerings (IPOs) that have used underwriters have left
more money on the table than those not employing underwriters. Not only is there a direct cost in employing an underwriter but this study suggests there might also be an indirect cost. We also find that a positive forecast earnings per share yield may be useful in reducing the amount of money left on the table.

Promise more, leave less

Following Kim and Ritter (1999) who find that earnings forecasts provide more accurate valuations of IPOs, this paper analyses whether the owners of companies seeking to list will leave less money on the table if positive dividend per share (DPS) yield forecasts are made in the prospectus. Our findings indicate that DPS yield forecasts by directors of Industrial company IPOs have been an important ingredient in the amount of money left on the table. A similar result is found for Limited Liability IPOs and those that do not offer options to subscribers to buy more shares. The offer of an operational dividend reinvestment plan in the prospectus does not appear significant in reducing the amount of money left on the table.

Definition and quantification of assets

The word ‘asset’ was originally taken into the English language, from the Latin ‘ad satis’ and French ‘asez’, as a term used at law meaning sufficient estate or effects to discharge debts. It later came to be used in the sense of property available for the payment of debts. Assets were understood to be property (objects owned and rights of ownership) that could be exchanged for cash. The importance of factual knowledge of the money equivalents of property and debts, in managing mercantile affairs, was emphasised in accounting manuals during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The rights of investors and creditors to factual up-to-date information about the financial state of affairs of companies, given the advent of limited liability, underscored the early company legislation that required the preparation and auditing of statements of property and debts. During the latter part of the nineteenth century the emphasis in accounting moved away from assets as exchangeable property to assets as deferred costs. Expectations took the place of observables. The abstract (expectational) notion of assets as ‘future economic benefits’ was embraced by accountants in the absence of rigorous definitions of the elements and functions of dated statements of financial position and performance. Assets are quantified financially by a heterogeneous mass of potentially inconsistent rules that, by and large, have no regard for the empirical nature of measurement. Consequently, accountants have failed to provide the community with up-to-date factual information about the financial state of affairs and performance of business entities - and, hence, with an informative basis for financial action.

Going negative : what to do with negative book equity stocks

A firm's book equity is a measure of the value held by a firm's ordinary shareholders. Increasingly, it is being reported as a negative number. Because a firm's limited liability structure means that shareholders cannot have negative value, negative book equity has no obvious interpretation. Consequently, both practitioners and academics typically omit such stocks in their analysis .While these stocks are small in number, they are disproportionately represented in extreme growth-value sectors and, therefore, can have an impact on applications where value is defined in terms of book equity. The authors propose a new approach that classifies negative book equity stocks across the growth-value spectrum by considering how close their returns correspond to those of stocks that fit more obviously into these classifications .They find that this new value factor, which includes negative book equity stock, is economically and statistically different from the old value factor that excludes such stocks. Although they illustrate how this approach can be used to classify negative book equity stock, the approach is quite general and may be used whenever particular accounting data are unavailable or otherwise suspect.

Competição e alavancagem na indústria de aços planos

Pesquisas recentes nos campos das Finanças e de Economia Industrial vêem mostrando que as decisões de financiamento corporativo são interdependentes de decisões relativas ao mercado de produtos. As teorias apresentadas apóiam-se na responsabilidade limitada dos detentores do capital próprio para construir modelos nos quais a dívida é utilizada estrategicamente. Altos níveis de endividamento tendem a favorecer o acirramento da concorrência e a produzir resultados piores do que numa situação de conluio, provocando a adoção de mecanismos de limitação da alavancagem e da concorrência pelo oligopólio. Evidências indicam que firmas alavancadas suavizam a concorrência enquanto firmas menos ou não alavancadas tornam a concorrência mais acirrada ante a presença de um rival mais alavancado. Dados de corte seccional das firmas participantes do mercado brasileiro de aços planos ao carbono foram tratados pelo método econométrico para verificar o comportamento da variável de endividamento tendo como variáveis explicativas de interesse os preços praticados e as quantidades vendidas pelas firmas e, como variáveis de controle, algumas dentre aquelas sugeridas pela teoria da estrutura de capital. Os resultados mostram evidências de que a variável de concorrência "preço" influencia as decisões de estrutura de capital das firmas siderúrgicas produtoras de aços planos e que a correlação com a alavancagem é positiva. No entanto, nenhuma conclusão pôde ser obtida sobre a variável quantidade. Cálculos adicionais produziram resultados que são indicativos de iniciativas de aumento de concorrência pelas firmas mais alavancadas da indústria, como redução de preço, aumento de lucratividade e maior participação de mercado, sugerindo que as circunstâncias de expansão de demanda favorecem a ruptura do conluio.

A autonomia patrimonial na empresa individual de responsabilidade limitada (EIRELI)

O presente trabalho pretende demonstrar que o real avanço com o advento da previsão legal da empresa individual de responsabilidade limitada – EIRELI é a proteção conferida pela autonomia patrimonial e não a limitação da responsabilidade do comerciante. Visto que há uma escassez na literatura nacional a respeito do tema, iremos utilizar bibliografia norte americana como base para a primeira parte da pesquisa. Assim poderemos identificar as vantagens e desvantagens da responsabilidade limitada e da autonomia patrimonial para podermos concluir com uma análise de custo e benefício destes institutos jurídicos. Por fim, utilizaremos do conhecimento adquirido por toda esta análise para aplicarmos e adaptarmos as especificações da EIRELI. Nos apoiaremos em doutrina nacional somente em relação as regras de sociedades limitadas, pois a lei determina que estas serão usadas supletivamente para as empresas individuais de responsabilidade limitada. Com base nisso o trabalho será finalizado com uma questão pouco explorada, que é em relação a penhora e liquidação das quotas na EIRELI.

Inglorious revolution : sovereign debt, tropical credibility, and financial underdevelopment in imperial Brazil

In 1824 the creation of institutions that constrained the monarch’s ability to unilaterally tax, spend, and debase the currency put Brazil on a path toward a revolution in public finance, roughly analogous to the financial consequences of England’s Glorious Revolution. This credible commitment to honor sovereign debt resulted in successful long-term funded borrowing at home and abroad from the 1820s through the 1880s that was unrivalled in Latin America. Some domestic bonds, denominated in the home currency and bearing exchange clauses, eventually circulated in European financial markets. The share of total debt accounted for by long-term funded issues grew, and domestic debt came to dominate foreign debt. Sovereign debt yields fell over time in London and Rio de Janeiro, and the cost of new borrowing declined on average. The market’s assessment of the probability of default tended to decrease. Imperial Brazil enjoyed favorable conditions for borrowing, and escaped the strong form of “original sin” stressed by recent work on sovereign debt. The development of vibrant private financial markets did not, however, follow from the enhanced credibility of government debt. Private finance in Imperial Brazil suffered from politicized market interventions that undermined the development of domestic capital markets. Private interest rates remained high, entry into commercial banking was heavily restricted, and limited-liability joint-stock companies were tightly controlled. The Brazilian case provides a powerful counterexample to the general proposition of North and Weingast that institutional changes that credibly commit the government to honor its obligations necessarily promote the development of private finance. The very institutions that enhanced the credibility of sovereign debt permitted the systematic repression of private financial development. In terms of its consequences for domestic capital markets, the liberal Constitution of 1824 represented an “inglorious” revolution.

A (des)necessidade do conceito de capital social no direito societário brasileiro: uma análise à luz do direito norte-americano e europeu

O trabalho analisa o tema do capital social no direito societário brasileiro. Seu objetivo é demonstrar, do ponto de vista jurídico, os malefícios e benefícios que o instituto promove. Apesar de ser tido como um conceito clássico e essencial para as sociedades com limitação de responsabilidade no Brasil, esse instituto vem sendo cada vez mais criticado no sentido de que não desempenha suas funções clássicas (organização, produção, e proteção de credores) de maneira efetiva nos dias atuais. Nesse contexto, direito societário moderno vem passando por uma evolução no sentido de questionar a efetividade de seus institutos. A análise aqui proposta do capital social segue esse raciocínio. Para auxiliar na interpretação do instituto no Brasil, serão utilizadas serão estudadas as lições e legislações dos ordenamentos europeu e norte-americano, onde o tema já foi amplamente debatido. O tratamento dado pelo Revised Model Business Corporation Act, legislação modelo norte americana, e da Segunda Diretiva do Capital da União Europeia aos instituto serão comparados com o tratamento da Lei das S.A. para o capital social. Por fim, são identificadas algumas particularidades do instituto do capital social em relação aos ordenamentos estrangeiros, que demonstram que uma eventual supressão do conceito de capital social no Brasil possuiria características próprias que não estão presentes na Europa e nos Estados Unidos. Nesse contexto, serão identificados os custos legislativos que uma eventual mudança do regime de capital social teria no sistema legislativo brasileiro.

Responsabilidade tributária de grupos econômicos

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar a responsabilidade tributária de grupos econômicos. Para tanto, analisa inicialmente o que é grupo econômico a partir da evolução da organização da empresa, verificando as formas de regulação no direito societário, bem como nos demais ramos do direito, especialmente o tributário. Em seguida, se debruça sobre a limitação da responsabilidade, a desconsideração da personalidade jurídica e a responsabilidade tributária. Verifica, então, em quais hipóteses poderia haver a responsabilidade tributária de grupos econômicos, sendo analisadas as possibilidades com fundamento legal no art. 30, IX, da Lei nº 8.212/91; art. 124 da Lei nº 5.172/66; art. 50 da Lei nº 10.406/2002; art. 990 da Lei nº 10.406/02 combinado com o art. 126, III, da Lei nº 5.172/66; e art. 116, §1º, da Lei nº 5.172/66. Por fim, aborda aspectos processuais da responsabilidade de grupos econômicos, com enfoque no incidente de desconsideração da personalidade jurídica previsto no Código de Processo Civil de 2015.

Análise das condicionantes para a escolha do tipo societário: sociedades por ações de capital fechado e sociedades limitadas

O presente trabalho dedica-se a analisar as peculiaridades dos tipos societários das sociedades anônimas de capital fechado e das sociedades limitadas, verificando as distinções relevantes entre cada tipo. Com isso, espera-se contribuir para o entendimento de cada tipo em uma análise comparativa, fornecendo subsídios para uma escolha do tipo societário mais apropriado para cada caso. A análise realizada passa por diversas peculiaridades inerentes a cada tipo, bem como por casos em que institutos típicos de um dos tipos possam ser importados ao outro tipo societário. Não há uma análise qualitativa a respeito de cada tipo, tampouco qualquer recomendação a respeito. Em linhas gerais, verifica-se que as sociedades limitadas possuem uma estrutura mais simples do que a das sociedades por ações, embora haja hipóteses em que os mecanismos típicos das sociedades anônimas tenham maior agilidade em relação à sociedade limitada. Com isso, para cada situação específica, um ou outro tipo pode se configurar como o mais adequado. Este trabalho pretende fornecer elementos que permitam identificar com clareza a adequação do tipo mais indicado ao caso concreto.

Intervenção judicial nas sociedades limitadas em face da liberdade de iniciativa

The judicial intervention in limited liability company goes through several issues of legislative and hermeneutics origin, based considerably on the small importance given to freedom of economic initiative by the participants in the process of formation and application of the law. In addition, Brazilian law, due to incompleteness, inconsistency or lack of valid grounds, put the judge in a procedural delicate situation. Being forced to judge, the judiciary faces severe uncomfortable interpretive situations, of which derive solutions of dubious constitutionality and affecting, significantly, the dynamics of business activity. In this context, and considering the limited liability company as an expression of free enterprise, corresponding to a lawful association of people in order to undertake economically, in exercise of his freedom of contracting and professional action, intended to be offered safe parameters of constitutionality for judicial intervention in limited liability company in the hypothesis of (i) transfer of corporate shares, (ii) attachment of corporate shares, (iii) dismissal of directors, (iv) appointment of judicial stakeholders, (v) exclusion of shareholders and (vi ) trespass. The hypothetical-deductive approach was adopted, building hypotheses to overcome the gaps and unconstitutionality of the law and subjecting them to tests, reviews, and comparisons with hypothetical facts and case law in order to determine the constitutional validity of the proposed solutions. The procedure aimed to reconcile the historical, comparative, dialectical and scientific methods. The roots of temporal institutes were researched as well as current solutions provided by national and compared law. From problematizations point, addressed by the constitutional interpretation of the law and jurisprudence, responses that bring out the unconstitutionality of certain conceptions were headed

Análise e reflexões sobre a criação da empresa individual de responsabilidade limitada no cenário jurídico empresarial brasileiro

Pós-graduação em Direito - FCHS

RP96-11 The Farm Corporation: What It Is, How It Works, How It Is Taxed

A corporation is an artificial person that is created and operated according to state corporation statutes. It is a separate taxpayer subject to specific and detailed federal, state, and local tax laws. The advice and service of your lawyer are indispensable in organizing and operating a farm corporation. There are three basic forms of farm business organization, the sole proprietorship, the partnership, and the corporation. Variations of these forms have resulted in the limited partnership and the "tax option" corporation. These three basic forms are discussed in this research publication.