L'interpretazione non professionale nei territori palestinesi occupati: Volontari locali interpretano per i volontari internazionali.

Il presente elaborato si propone come obiettivo di analizzare una situazione specifica di interpretazione volontaria da parte di non-professionisti. L’ong Project HOPE, che si sviluppa e opera nella città di Nablus (Cisgiordania, Territori Palestinesi Occupati), offre a bambini e adolescenti del luogo la possibilità di frequentare corsi di varie discipline, impartiti da volontari internazionali provenienti da tutto il mondo. In questo contesto, i volontari locali che si offrono come interpreti forniscono ai volontari internazionali la possibilità di approfondire la realtà quotidiana di una zona occupata, influenzando in maniera significativa la loro esperienza sul luogo. Nell’estate del 2015, ho insegnato a Nablus in qualità di volontaria per un mese, avendo la possibilità di intervistare 15 interpreti volontari. Abbiamo discusso riguardo alle loro esperienze di interpretazione, le tecniche che usano, la loro (auto)percezione all’interno di questa attività e le strategie che adottano per risolvere malintesi linguistici e culturali. Il capitolo I delinea la situazione socio-politica nei Territori Palestinesi Occupati, specialmente in Cisgiordania, e le attività di Project HOPE. Il capitolo II presenta un’inquadramento teorico che comprende interpretazione non professionale (specialmente in zone di conflitto), la prospettiva occidentale sul mondo arabo-musulmano e la teoria narrativa, applicata sia al campo della traduzione e interpretazione che alle interviste. Il capitolo III si concentra sulle interviste semi-strutturate, presentando il protocollo di intervista e le procedure di raccolta dati. Il capitolo IV analizza le risposte dei partecipanti, suddivise in cinque aree principali: informazioni personali, esperienze di interpretazione, (auto)percezione, episodi positivi e negativi, legame tra l’interpretazione e il futuro degli intervistati. Gli episodi raccontati dagli intervistati sono stati analizzati da un punto di vista narrativo.

La trasparenza nelle organizzazioni sanitarie: comunicare i risultati

La raccolta e l’utilizzo in chiave comparativa di dati di performance sanitaria risponde, tra le altre esigenze, a bisogni di accountability. Si osserva infatti a livello internazionale la diffusione di politiche di pubblicizzazione della qualità dei risultati: uno studio della letteratura di settore consente di confrontare i fattori più rilevanti delle principali esperienze di reporting già realizzate in Paesi dai sistemi sanitari molto diversi. Nel contesto italiano l’attenzione ai diritti dell’utente di concerto con la riforma del sistema informativo sanitario si pongono come premesse alla potenziale diffusione di dati di performance alla cittadinanza. Una interpretazione delle fonti normative e della giurisprudenza tramite il principio di trasparenza pare sostenere la tesi di una doverosità di informazione in capo alle amministrazioni pubbliche; l’analisi dei possibili scenari di impatto delle politiche di comunicazione ne condiziona però l’attuazione ad una programmazione strutturata e consapevole.

I fattori alla base dell'instabilità dei prezzi agricoli sui mercati internazionali

Fra il 2006 e il 2008, molte commodity hanno fatto registrare rapidi e intensi aumenti di prezzo sui mercati internazionali. Fra queste, anche alcuni prodotti agricoli alla base dell’alimentazione umana. Il presente lavoro concentra l’attenzione su alcune commodity - frumento, riso, mais e semi di soia - riportando le loro quotazioni mensili a partire dal 2002, quindi con un largo anticipo rispetto al manifestarsi del fenomeno. L’obiettivo principale del lavoro è offrire una valida interpretazione dell’instabilità de prezzo di questi prodotti, individuando i fattori che sono alla base della volatilità e sottolineandone le implicazioni economiche e politiche a livello globale. La metodologia usata è duplice e composta da un’attenta analisi descrittiva dei fattori che hanno agito sulla domanda e sull’offerta dei prodotti in questione e un’analisi quantitativa, facendo ricorso alle tecniche statistiche proprie delle serie storiche.

La clausola della nazione più favorita dalle convenzioni internazionali all'ordinamento europeo

Il principale obiettivo della tesi è dimostrare come la connessione tra i differenti livelli giuridici che riguardano le relazioni tra Stati membri dell'UE richieda un'interpretazione sistematica delle convenzioni contro le doppie imposizioni intracomunitarie, ed in particolare richieda l'applicazione della clausola della nazione più favorita.

I contratti internazionali: proposta di traduzione italiano-tedesco di un contratto di concessione di vendita

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Masterarbeit ist die Übersetzung eines Alleinvertriebsvertrages zwischen einem italienischen Hersteller und einem deutschen Vertragshändler aus dem Italienischen ins Deutsche. Die Entscheidung für dieses Thema hat zwei Gründe: die Leidenschaft für das Recht und für die Rechtsübersetzung und die Möglichkeit, ein übliches Szenario in der heutigen Realität der Handelsbeziehungen zwischen Italien und Deutschland aufzuzeigen. Die Arbeit besteht aus sechs Kapiteln, an die sich drei Anhänge anschließen: Der erste enthält ein mit SDL MultiTerm erstelltes Termbase mit den aus übersetzerischer Sicht wichtigsten Termini, die im italienischen Vertrag gefunden wurden. Der zweite beinhaltet den Originaltext auf Italienisch. Der dritte Anhang schließlich besteht aus dem Fragebogen, der zwecks Analyse der Tendenz bezüglich der Abfassung und/oder Übersetzung internationaler Verträge erstellt und internationalen Anwaltskanzleien vorgelegt wurden, sowie die Antworten seitens der kontaktierten Kanzleien. Das erste Kapitel beinhaltet eine kontrastive Analyse betreffend die allgemeine Disziplin der Verträge in Italien und in Deutschland, mit der die Ähnlichkeiten und die Unterschiede zwischen den zwei Rechtsordnungen herausgearbeitet werden. Dieser Teil bietet auch einen Überblick über die Kategorie der Alleinvertriebsverträge, zu der der Originaltext gehört. Das zweite Kapitel behandelt das Thema der internationalen Verträge; insbesondere werden die hauptsächlichen Probleme bei der Abfassung dieser Verträge, sowie die zahlreichen Versuche im Bereich der Harmonisierung des europaischen und internationalen Privatrechts und die Ergebnisse des Fragebogens vorgestellt. Das dritte Kapitel enthält eine Einführung in die Rechtsübersetzung: Nach einer Beschreibung der Kompetenzen eines Rechtsübersetzers und der Merkmale der Rechtssprache werden die besonderen Faktoren, die die Übersetzung von Rechtstexten beeinflussen können, sowie die Unterscheidung zwischen Übersetzungsmethoden und -verfahren erläutert. Das vierte Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit der Analyse des Ausgangstexts im Hinblick auf die Ebenen der Makrostruktur, des Wortschatzes und der Morphosyntax. Nach der Übersetzung des Vertrages ins Deutsche werden im sechsten Kapitel die Übersetzungsschwierigkeiten und die Veränderungen vorgestellt, die bei der Übersetzung vorgenommen wurden.

Environmental and pro-social norms : evidence on littering

The paper investigates the relationship between pro-social norms and its implications for improved environmentsl outcomes. This is an area, which has been neglected in the environmental economic literature. We provide empirical evidence to demonstrate a small but significant positive impact between perceived environmental cooperation (reduced public littering) and increased voluntary environmental morale. For this purpose we use European Value Survey (EVS) data for 30 European countries. We also demonstrate that Western European countries are more sensitive to perceived environmental cooperation than the public in Eastern Europe. Interestingly, the results also demonstrate that environmental morale is strongly correlated with several socio-economic and environmental variables. Several robustness tests are conducted to check the validity of the results.

AIDS and pro-social television : industry, policy and Australian television drama

This thesis examines the intersection of popular cultural representations of HIV and AIDS and the discourses of public health campaigns. Part Two provides a comprehensive record of all HIV related storylines in Australian television drama from the first AIDS episode of The Flying Doctors in 1986 to the ongoing narrative of Pacific Drive, with its core HIV character, in 1996. Textual representations are examined alongside the agency of "cultural technicians" working within the television industry. The framework for this analysis is established in Part One of the thesis, which examines the discursive contexts for speaking about HIV and AIDS established through national health policy and the regulatory and industry framework for broadcasting in Australia. The thesis examines the dominant liberal democratic framework for representation of HIV I AIDS and adopts a Foucauldian understanding of the processes of governmentality to argue that during the period of the 1980s and 1990s a strand of social democratic discourse combined with practices of self management and the management of the Australian population. The actions of committed agents within both domains of popular culture and health education ensured that more challenging expressions of HIV found their way into public culture.

News produsage in a pro-am mediasphere : why citizen journalism matters

The rise to prominence of citizen journalism is usually described as a paradigm shift in the relationship between news organizations and their audiences – ‘citizen’ or ‘amateur’ journalists are positioned as inherently different from, and possibly in competition with, ‘professional’ journalists. Some journalists in the industry have taken up this theme, and are at pains to distinguish their professional, supposedly objective and accountable practices from what they describe as the opinionated and partisan ‘armchair journalism’ of amateurs, while some citizen journalists, in turn, give as good at they get and describe the professionals as lackeys of their corporate masters who (willingly or unwittingly) fall prey to political and commercial spin. In fact, the very terminology we use to describe both sides creates the impression that professionals are not also citizens, and that citizen journalists are incapable of having professional skills and knowledges; in reality, of course, the lines between them are much less clear.

Exploring the Pro‐Am interface between production and produsage

This conference celebrates the passing of 40 years since the establishment of the Internet (dating this, presumably, to the first connection between two nodes on ARPANET in October 1969). For a gathering of media scholars such as this, however, it may be just as important not only to mark the first testing of the core technologies upon which much of our present‐day Net continues to build, but also to reflect on another recent milestone: the 20th anniversary of what is today arguably the chief interface through which billions around the world access and experience the Internet – the World Wide Web, launched by Tim Berners‐Lee in 1989.

Why perform pro-social behaviours? Understanding the key sources of perceived value in preventative health services

In maintaining quality of life, preventative health is an important area in which the performance of pro-social behaviours provides benefits to individuals who perform them as well as society. The establishment of the Preventative Health Taskforce in Australia demonstrates the significance of preventative health and aims to provide governments and health providers with evidence-based advice on preventative health issues (Preventative Health Taskforce, 2009). As preventative health behaviours are voluntary, for consumers to sustain this behaviour there needs to be a value proposition (Dann, 2008; Kotler and Lee, 2008). Customer value has been shown to influence repeat behaviour (McDougall and Levesque, 2000), word-of-mouth (Hartline and Jones, 1999), and attitudes (Dick and Basu, 2008). However to date there is little research that investigates the source of value for preventative health services. This qualitative study explores and identifies three categories of sources that influence four dimensions of value – functional, emotional, social and altruistic (Holbrook 2006). A conceptual model containing five propositions outlining these relationships is presented. This study provides evidence-based research that reveals sources of value that influence individuals’ decisions to perform pro-social behaviours in the long-term through their use of preventative health services. This research uses BreastScreen Queensland (BSQ), a cancer screening service, as the service context.

The development and implementation of the Promoting Resilient Officers (PRO) Program

This article describes the rationale, developmental process, and content of a resilience-building program that has been implemented with new recruits to a police academy. The process of extensive consultation with the police service (consistent with community-based participatory research principles) has helped to provide a sustainable and pragmatic program framework. The Promoting Resilient Officers (PRO) program is a seven-session strength-based program that integrates CBT and interpersonal perspectives within a salutogenic paradigm. PRO also includes two “refresher” sessions delivered online up to 18 months post the initial face-to-face sessions. PRO was delivered with high fidelity as an integral part of police recruit training and made sustainable by using psychologists within the police service to deliver the intervention. Implementation incorporated a Randomized Controlled design by which a rigorous evaluation of program effectiveness is being conducted. Initial data presented indicates a high level of engagement and acceptability of the PRO program.

Combination of MEK-ERK inhibitor and hyaluronic acid has a synergistic effect on anti-hypertrophic and pro-chondrogenic activities in osteoarthritis treatment

We hypothesised that a potentially disease-modifying osteoarthritis (OA) drug such as hyaluronic acid (HA) given in combination with anti-inflammatory signalling agents such as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase–extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK-ERK) signalling inhibitor (U0126) could result in additive or synergistic effects on preventing the degeneration of articular cartilage. Chondrocyte differentiation and hypertrophy were evaluated using human OA primary cells treated with either HA or U0126, or the combination of HA + U0126. Cartilage degeneration in menisectomy (MSX) induced rat OA model was investigated by intra-articular delivery of either HA or U0126, or the combination of HA + U0126. Histology, immunostaining, RT-qPCR, Western blotting and zymography were performed to assess the expression of cartilage matrix proteins and hypertrophic markers. Phosphorylated ERK (pERK)1/2-positive chondrocytes were significantly higher in OA samples compared with those in healthy control suggesting the pathological role of that pathway in OA. It was noted that HA + U0126 significantly reduced the levels of pERK, chondrocyte hypertrophic markers (COL10 and RUNX2) and degenerative markers (ADAMTs5 and MMP-13), however, increased the levels of chondrogenic markers (COL2) compared to untreated or the application of HA or U0126 alone. In agreement with the results in vitro, intra-articular delivery of HA + U0126 showed significant therapeutic improvement of cartilage in rat MSX OA model compared with untreated or the application of HA or U0126 alone. Our study suggests that the combination of HA and MEK-ERK inhibition has a synergistic effect on preventing cartilage degeneration.

“They’re My Two Favourites” versus “The Bigger Scheme of Things” : pro-Am historians remember Australian television

This chapter reports on eleven interviews with Pro-Am archivists of Australian television which aimed to find out how they decide what materials are important enough to archive. Interviewees mostly choose to collect materials in which they have a personal interest. But they are also aware of the relationship between their own favourites and wider accounts of Australian television history, and negotiate between these two positions. Most interviewees acknowledged Australian television’s links with British and American programming, but also felt that Australian television is distinctive. They argued that Australian television history is ignored in a way that isn’t true for the UK or the US. Several also argued that Australian television has had a ‘naïve’ nature that has allowed it to be more experimental.