879 resultados para genetic research


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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD; OMIM # 603075) is an eye disease of the elderly, signs of which appear after the age of 50. In the Western world it is a leading cause of permanent visual loss with a prevalence of 8.5% in persons under 54 years of age and of 37% in persons over 75 years of age. Early forms of AMD may be asymptomatic, but in the late forms usually a central scotoma in the visual field follows severely complicating daily tasks. Smoking, age, and genetic predisposition are known risk factors for AMD. Until recently no true susceptibility genes had been identified though the composition of drusen deposits, the hallmarks of AMD, has suggested that the complement system might play a role in the pathogenesis of AMD. When four groups reported in March 2005, that, on chromosome 1q32, a Y402H variant in the complement factor H (CFH) gene confers risk for AMD in independent Caucasian samples, a new period in the field of genetic research of AMD started. CFH is a key regulator of the complement system. Thus, it is logical to speculate, that it plays a role in the pathogenesis of AMD. We performed a case-control association study to analyse whether the CFH Y402H variant contain a risk for AMD in the Finnish population. Although the population of Finland represents a genetic isolate, the CFH Y402H polymorphism was associated with AMD also in our patient sample with similar risk allele frequencies as in the other Caucasian populations. We further evaluated the effects of this variant, but no association between lesion subtype (predominantly classic, minimally classic or occult lesion) or lesion size of neovascular AMD and the CFH Y402H variant was detected. Neither did the variant have an effect on the photodynamic therapy (PDT) outcome. The patients that respond to PDT carried the risk genotype as frequently as those who did not respond, and no difference was found in the number of PDT sessions needed in patients with or without the risk genotypes of CFH Y402H. Functional analyses, however, showed that the binding of C-reactive protein (CRP) to CFH was significantly reduced in patients with the risk genotype of Y402H. In the past two years, the LOC387715/ high-temperature requirement factor A1 (HTRA1) locus on 10q26 has also been repeatedly associated with AMD in several populations. The recent discovery of the LOC387715 protein on the mitochondrial outer membrane suggests that the LOC387715 gene, not HTRA1, is the true predisposing gene in this region, although its biological function is still unknown. In our Finnish patient material, patients with AMD carried the A69S risk genotype of LOC387715 more frequently than the controls. Also, for the first time, an interaction between the CFH Y402H and the LOC387715 A69S variants was found. The most recently detected susceptibilty gene of AMD, the complement component 3 (C3) gene, encodes the central component of the complement system, C3. In our Finnish sample, an additive gene effect for the C3 locus was detected, though weaker than the effects for the two main loci, CFH and LOC387715. Instead, the hemicentin-1 or the elongation of very long chain fatty acids-like 4 genes that have also been suggested as candidate genes for AMD did not carry a risk for AMD in the Finnish population. This was the first series of molecular genetic study of AMD in Finland. We showed that two common risk variants, CFH Y402H and LOC387715 A69S, represent a high risk of AMD also in the isolated Finnish population, and furthermore, that they had a statistical interaction. It was demonstrated that the CFH Y402H risk genotype affects the binding of CFH to CRP thus suggesting that complement indeed plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AMD.

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As doenças cardiovasculares possuem a maior taxa de óbitos no mundo, e notavelmente nos últimos anos as pesquisas genéticas sobre as mesmas estão baseadas em estudos de associação, no qual o gene suspeito que esteja em maior frequência entre os pacientes passa a ser considerado um possível fator causal. Os polimorfismos genéticos que ocorrem no receptor beta-adrenérgico podem resultar em mudanças significativas na função do receptor, podendo acarretar fisiopatologias. Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi estimar a diversidade e a frequência do polimorfismo Ser49Gly do gene do receptor beta-adrenérgico 1 a partir de uma amostra de 188 indivíduos da população do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. As frequências também foram analisadas a partir da estratificação da amostra por critério fenotípico em função do padrão de cor da pele em (negros e não negros) ou ancestralidade genética em (afrodescendente e não afrodescendente), definida através da informação dos marcadores de ancestralidade Indels e SNP de cromossomo Y, para avaliar se os padrões de ancestralidade ou cor da pele são fundamentais para a diferenciação e distanciamento genético. Fragmentos de interesse foram amplificados por PCR (reação de cadeia de polimerase) com primers específicos para o marcador Ser49Gly e as reações de genotipagem foram realizadas com enzimas de restrição Eco0109I. Os valores da heterozigosidade variaram entre 0,25-0,50 e 0,20-0,41 nos grupos estratificados por ancestralidade e cor da pele, respectivamente. No que diz respeito à análise do equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg, não houve um desvio significativo na distribuição do marcador nas amostras gerais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, ou mesmo nas amostras estratificadas. A distribuição dos alelos na amostra dos 188 indivíduos da população geral do Rio de Janeiro (AC_RJ) mostrou uma frequência de 80,30% e 19,70% para o alelo selvagem e mutado Ser49Gly, respectivamente. A comparação das análises sobre a distribuição das frequências alélicas para este marcador mostrou a ocorrência de diferenças significativas na distribuição das frequências alélicas entre negros e não negros e afrodescendentes e não afrodescendentes. A diferença significativa observada entre os negros e afrodescendentes, foi em menor grau de distanciamento. A informação obtida em relação à ancestralidade foi crucial para a obtenção dos dados sobre o aumento da variável mutada do polimorfismo Ser49Gly nas populações negras e afrodescendentes do Estado Rio de Janeiro. Tal evidência, em combinação com estudos clínicos podem contribuir para uma análise pormenorizada do padrão de susceptibilidade à doença em questão, em falhas do mecanismo deste receptor.

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Aquaculture in Africa is fairly insignificant by world standards and accounts for a mere 0.4 per cent of global aquaculture production. The application of genetics can play an important role in efforts to increase aquaculture production in Africa through methods such as selective breeding, hybridization, chromosome manipulation and use of YY “supermales”. Other issues that need to be addressed are limited genetic research facilities, funding, human capacity and suitable species for aquaculture.

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Using next-generation sequencing technology alone, we have successfully generated and assembled a draft sequence of the giant panda genome. The assembled contigs (2.25 gigabases (Gb)) cover approximately 94% of the whole genome, and the remaining gaps (0.05 Gb) seem to contain carnivore-specific repeats and tandem repeats. Comparisons with the dog and human showed that the panda genome has a lower divergence rate. The assessment of panda genes potentially underlying some of its unique traits indicated that its bamboo diet might be more dependent on its gut microbiome than its own genetic composition. We also identified more than 2.7 million heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the diploid genome. Our data and analyses provide a foundation for promoting mammalian genetic research, and demonstrate the feasibility for using next-generation sequencing technologies for accurate, cost-effective and rapid de novo assembly of large eukaryotic genomes.

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD051804)

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Male infertility affects approximately 2-7% of couples around the world. Over one in ten men who seek help at infertility clinics are diagnosed as severely oligospermic or azoospermic. Recent extensive molecular studies have revealed that deletions in the azoospermia factor region of the long arm of the Y chromosome are associated with severe spermatogenic impairment (absent or severely reduced germ cell development). Genetic research into male infertility, in the last 7 years, has resulted in the isolation of a great number of genes or gene families on the Y chromosome, some of which are believed to influence spermatogenesis.

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Both advocacy for and critiques of the Human Genome Project assume a self-sustaining relationship between genetics and. medicalization. However, this assumption ignores the ways in which the meanings of genetic research are conditional on its position in sequences of events. Based, on analyses of three conditions for which at least one putative gene or genetic marker has been identified, this article argues that critical junctures in the institutional stabilization of phenotypes and the mechanisms that sustain such classifications over time configure the practices and meanings of genetic research. Path dependence is critical to understanding the lack of consistent fit between genetics and medlcalization.

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The aim of this research was to explore consumer perceptions of personalised nutrition and to compare these across three different levels of "medicalization": lifestyle assessment (no blood sampling); phenotypic assessment (blood sampling); genomic assessment (blood and buccal sampling). The protocol was developed from two pilot focus groups conducted in the UK. Two focus groups (one comprising only "older" individuals between 30 and 60 years old, the other of adults 18-65 yrs of age) were run in the UK, Spain, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Ireland, Greece and Germany (N = 16). The analysis (guided using grounded theory) suggested that personalised nutrition was perceived in terms of benefit to health and fitness and that convenience was an important driver of uptake. Negative attitudes were associated with internet delivery but not with personalised nutrition per se. Barriers to uptake were linked to broader technological issues associated with data protection, trust in regulator and service providers. Services that required a fee were expected to be of better quality and more secure. An efficacious, transparent and trustworthy regulatory framework for personalised nutrition is required to alleviate consumer concern. In addition, developing trust in service providers is important if such services to be successful. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The European Mouse Mutagenesis Consortium is the European initiative contributing to the international effort on functional annotation of the mouse genome. Its objectives are to establish and integrate mutagenesis platforms, gene expression resources, phenotyping units, storage and distribution centers and bioinformatics resources. The combined efforts will accelerate our understanding of gene function and of human health and disease.

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Les professionnels de la santé et les familles pour qui des enfants qui participent à la recherche en génétique ou qui nécessitent des services génétiques spécialisés, y compris, le dépistage génétique, seront confrontés à des interrogations non seulement médicales, mais sociales, éthiques et juridiques liées à la génétique en neurologie pédiatrique. Les enfants se retrouvent souvent au centre d’innovations dans le cadre de recherches en génétique et leurs besoins uniques soulèvent des inquiétudes quant aux risques et aux bénéfices associés à cette recherche. Plus précisément, le consentement, l’utilisation de base de données génétique et la thérapie génique soulèvent des enjeux particuliers. En plus de ces enjeux, des risques psychologiques peuvent aussi leur être associés. À la lumière de l’analyse de lignes directrices nationales et internationales, il sera question, dans cet article, des bénéfices et de l’impact des technologies génétiques chez l’enfant. Les médecins, les législateurs et les familles doivent être informés de ces lignes directrices et doivent comprendre les enjeux éthiques et psychologiques liés à la génétique en neurologie pédiatrique. // Health care providers and families with children who participate in genetic research or who need specialized genetic services, including genetic testing, will encounter not only medical but difficult social, ethical, and legal questions surrounding pediatric genetic neurology. Children are often at the center of much of the genetic revolution and their unique needs raise special concerns about the risks and the benefits associated with genetic research, particularly the issues of consent, the use of genetic databases, and gene therapy. Moreover, genetic research and testing raise important psychosocial risks. In this article we discuss some of the benefits and consequences of genetic technologies for children in relation to national and international guidelines. In particular, physicians, policy-makers, and families should be knowledgeable about the guidelines and have good understanding of the psychosocial and ethical issues associated with genetics in pediatric neurology.

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"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures En vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit"

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Le désir d’avoir un enfant est universel. Les récentes avancées en génétique ont donné naissance au test génétique prénatal. Le diagnostic prénatal classique ou préimplantatoire permet de déceler des anomalies au stade foetal ou préembryonnaire. Ce type de test génétique est offert aux parents « à risque » de donner naissance à un enfant atteint d’une maladie génétique grave cependant la demande est grandissante auprès des autres couples. Il y a diverses pressions (directes ou indirectes) qui poussent les parents à recourir à ce type d’examen. La pression de la société et même l’État pousse les parents à se soumettre au test qui est une source importante de stress. La pression établit une normativité et renforce les préjugés envers les handicapés et influence la prise de décision des parents face au résultat. L’équipe médicale exerce une influence et le sentiment de culpabilité de mettre un enfant malade au monde hante les parents. Bien que les progrès de la génétique ont plusieurs avantages comme de permettre à des couples qui sans le dépistage prénatal n’auraient pas eu d’enfant la liberté de procréer doit rester au premier plan.

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La recherche en génétique est en pleine effervescence, créant ainsi plus d’information sur la susceptibilité génétique à certaines maladies et sur la préventions et les traitements potentiels. Nombre de ces informations sont considérées exploratoires et donc sans utilité clinique. Les directives officielles, qui prônent une divulgation des résultats globaux, tendent également de plus en plus vers la communication des résultats individuels quand ils sont disponibles et applicables. On parle même « d’impératif éthique » de la part du chercheur à retourner les résultats de recherche aux participants. La tâche, cependant, ne s’avère pas si simple et ce devoir moral émergent suscite de nombreuses questions, dont la responsabilité de retourner l'information, le moment, le contenu de l’information, le respect du droit du participant de ne pas savoir. Par cette étude, l’opinion et les attentes des participants à la recherche sont investiguées. Il s’agit plus précisément de documenter de façon empirique les attentes des parents d’enfants autistes qui ont fait participer leur enfant à une étude génétique sur l’autisme. Il est essentiel et important d’explorer leurs besoins et leurs attentes concernant la façon dont ils aimeraient qu’on les informe sur les résultats de l'étude et plus spécifiquement sur les résultats qui les concernent. Le but de cette étude est de proposer une réflexion éthique sur le retour d’information aux participants à la recherche. Est-ce une responsabilité éthique? Un droit? La divulgation des résultats généraux ou individuels de recherche aux participants constitue un véritable défi résultant des grandes attentes entourant la recherche en génétique et de la situation de vulnérabilité dans laquelle se retrouvent les participants à la recherche.

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L’objectif général de cette thèse de doctorat est de mieux comprendre comment le public interprète les nouvelles scientifiques portant sur la génétique humaine, plus précisément les nouvelles portant sur la génétique des comportements et celles portant sur la génétique des groupes raciaux. L’ouvrage prend la forme d’une thèse par article. Le Chapitre 1 introduit le lecteur aux buts et aux pratiques de la vulgarisation scientifique, présente un sommaire de la recherche sur les effets des médias, résume les principaux travaux produits par le champ de la génopolitique, et définit la structure des croyances du public à l’égard de l’influence de la génétique sur les traits humains. Le Chapitre 2 présente les fondements de la méthode expérimentale, il en explique les atouts et il offre des exemples de différents types de devis expérimentaux utilisés en science politique. Toutes les recherches produites dans cette thèse reposent au moins en partie sur cette méthode. Le Chapitre 3 présente les résultats d’une expérience de sondage qui vise à mesurer l’effet de la lecture d’une nouvelle à propos de la recherche en génétique des comportements sur des participants. L’étude démontre que le public interprète la nouvelle avec maladresse et tend à généraliser l’influence de la génétique à d’autres traits humains qui n’y sont pas mentionnés. J’avance l’hypothèse qu’un raccourci psychologique amplement documenté puisse expliquer cette réaction : l’heuristique de l’ancrage et de l’ajustement. Le Chapitre 4 présente lui aussi les résultats d’une expérience de sondage. L’étude consiste à manipuler certaines informations du contenu d’une nouvelle sur la génopolitique de manière à vérifier si certains éléments sont particulièrement susceptibles de mener à la généralisation hâtive mise en évidence dans le Chapitre 3. Les analyses suggèrent que cette généralisation est amplifiée lorsque la nouvelle présente de hauts niveaux d’héritabilité tirés d’études de jumeaux, ainsi que lorsqu’elle présente des travaux de génétique des populations visant à étudier l’origine des différences géographiques. Ce chapitre présente des recommandations à l’égard des journalistes scientifiques. Le Chapitre 5 s’intéresse à un aspect différent de la génétique humaine : celui de la génétique des races. L’objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre comment le public réagit aux travaux qui invalident l’idée selon laquelle les humains sont divisés en différentes races génétiquement distinctes. Les analyses de données transversales ainsi que les résultats d’une expérience de sondage convergent et indiquent que les conservateurs et les libéraux réagissent de manière diamétralement opposée à cette information. D’un côté, les libéraux acceptent le constat scientifique et réduisent leur impression que la génétique explique en partie les inégalités sociales; de l’autre, les conservateurs rejettent l’argument avec une intensité si forte que le rôle qu’ils attribuent aux différences génétiques s’en voit bonifié. Ces résultats sont interprétés à partir de la théorie du raisonnement motivé. Enfin, le Chapitre 6 résume les principaux constats, met en évidence les contributions que ma thèse apporte à la science politique et à la communication scientifique, et présente quelques pistes pour la recherche future.