Indagine sulla presenza di Helicobacter pullorum in allevamenti avicoli italiani

From September 2005 to December 2006, in order to define the prevalence of Helicobacter pullorum in broiler chickens, laying hens and turkey, a total of 365 caecum contents of animals reared in 76 different farms were collected at the slaughterhouse. A caecum content of a ostrich was also sampled. In addition, with the aim of investigating the occurrence of H. pullorum in humans, 151 faeces were collected at the Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital of Bologna from patients suffering of gastroenteritis. A modified Steele–McDermott membrane filter method was used. Gram-negative curved rod bacteria were preliminary identified as H. pullorum by a PCR assay based on 16S rRNA, then subjected to a RFLP-PCR assay to distinguish between H. pullorum and H. canadensis. One isolate from each farm was randomly selected for phenotypic characterization by biochemical methods and 1D SDSPAGE analysis of whole cell proteins profiles. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for seven different antibiotics were also determined by agar dilution method. Moreover, to examine the intraspecific genomic variability, two strains isolated from 17 different farms were submitted to genotyping by Pulse-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). In order to assess the molecular basis of fluorquinolone resistance in H. pullorum, gyrA of H. pullorum CIP 104787T was sequenced and nucleotide sequences of the Quinolone Resistance Determining Region (QRDR) of a total of 18 poultry isolates, with different MIC values for ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid, were compared. According to the PCR and PCR-RFLP results, 306 out of 366 animals examined were positive for H. pullorum (83,6%) and 96,1% of farms resulted infected. All positive samples showed a high number of colonies (>50) phenotipically consistent with H. pullorum on the first isolation media, which suggests that this microrganism, when present, colonizes the poultry caecum at an elevate load. No human sample resulted positive for H. pullorum. The 1D SDS-PAGE whole protein profile analysis showed high similarity among the 74 isolates tested and with the type strain H. pullorum CIP 104787T. Regarding the MIC values, a monomodal distribution was found for ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and nalidixic acid, whereas a bimodal trend was noticed for erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline (indicating an acquired resistance for these antibiotics). Applying the breakpoints indicated by the CSLI, we may assume that all the H. pullorum tested are sensitive only to gentamicin. The intraspecific genomic variability observed in this study confirm that this species don’t have a clonal population structure, as motioned by other autors. The 2490 bp gyrA gene of H. pullorum CIP104787T with an Open Reading Frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 829 amino acids was for the first time sequenced and characterized. All ciprofloxacin resistant poultry isolates showed ACA®ATA (Thr®Ile) substitution at codon 84 of gyrA corresponding to codons of gyrA 86, 87 and 83 of the Campylobacter jejuni, H. pylori and Escherichia coli, respectively. This substitution was functionally confirmed to be associated with the ciprofloxacin resistant phenotype of poultry isolates. This is the first report of isolation of H. pullorum in turkey and in ostrich, indicating that poultry species are the reservoir of this potential zoonotic microorganisms. In order to understand the potential role as food-borne human pathogen of H. pullorum, further studies must be carried on.

L'epatite E nei suidi: epidemiologia, diagnosi e filogenesi

Hepatitis E is an infectious viral disease with clinical and morphological features of acute hepatitis. The aetiological agent is the Hepatitis E virus (HEV). The disease represents an important Public Health problem in developing countries where is frequently epidemic and primarily transmitted by fecal-oral route. In the last few years, a certain number of sporadic cases have been also described in industrialized countries, Italy included. A swine HEV was first identified in 1997 and is now considered an ubiquitous virus. Human and swine strains from the same geographical region have shown to have a high level of nucleotidic omology and in experimental infections, the possibility of interspecific transmission of swine strains to humans and of human strains to non-human primates has been demonstrated. Furthermore, some seroepidemiological studies have demonstrated that people working in contact with swine have a higher risk to get infected than normal blood donors. Recently, cases of HEV hepatitis have been directly associated to the ingestion of uncooked tissues from pigs, wild boar or deer and today the disease is considered an emerging zoonosis. The aims of this thesis were: evaluate HEV prevalence in Italian swine herds (both in fattening and in breeding animals); investigate the possibility of finding HEV in livers used for human consumption; investigate if there is any correlation between HEV infection and the presence of macroscopical lesions; investigate HEV prevalence in a demographic managed wild boar population; phylogenetically analyse viral strains identified. During an internship period at Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge, UK), furthermore, swine samples at different stages of production and slurry lagoons have been analysed. Six swine herds located in North Italy have been sampled at different stage of production. The overall prevalence resulted 42%, and both breeding and fattening animals were positive for HEV infection. A longitudinal study has been conducted in a herd across all stages of production until the slaughtering age. Livers have been collected from the animals at the abattoir and 11.8% of them were positive for HEV infection. No correlations have been identified between HEV infection and macroscopical lesions in pigs affected by different pathological conditions. Of 86 wild boars tested 22 (25%) were positive for HEV. Of the swine tested in UK 21,5 % and 2 of the 9 slurry lagoons (22,2%) were positive for HEV infection. All the strains identified belonged to genotype 3 and showed high percentages of nucleotidic identity with humans and swine strains identified in Europe. The high prevalence detected in these studies confirms the widespread diffusion of HEV in swine populations in Italy and in UK. Phylogenetical analysis of identified strains, similar to those identified in autochthonous human hepatitis E cases of the same geographical area, confirm the hypothesis that pigs can be a font of zoonotical infection. The finding that a fraction of the livers inserted in the food chain are positive for HEV infection it’s of some concern for Public Health. The finding of a high HEV prevalence in all examined farms, together with the observation that infection may be sub-clinical and affect animals at slaughtering age, raise concern because of the possible risk of transmission of HEV to humans by either direct contact with infected pigs, indirect contact with environment and working instruments contaminated with pig feces, or ingestion of contaminated undercooked meat.

Identificazione dei parametri meccanici del ponte metallico ferroviario a Pontelagoscuro attraverso un algoritmo di ottimizzazione di tipo evolutivo

Nel periodo storico compreso tra la seconda metà dell’Ottocento ed il primo ventennio del Novecento, un’ondata di innovazioni tecnologiche e scientifiche, unitamente all’espansione dell’industria siderurgica e la conseguente diffusione del ferro come materiale da costruzione, portarono alla realizzazione di strutture metalliche grandiose. Ciò fu reso possibile grazie ad una fervida attività di ricerca che permise la risoluzione di problematiche tecniche di assoluto rilievo, come la progettazione di grandi coperture o di ponti destinati al traffico ferroviario in grado di coprire luci sempre maggiori. In questo contesto si sviluppò il sistema della chiodatura come metodo di unione per il collegamento rigido e permanente dei vari elementi che compongono la struttura portante metallica. Ad oggi il sistema della chiodatura è stato quasi completamente sostituito dalla bullonatura di acciaio ad alta resistenza e dalla saldatura, che garantendo gli stessi standard di affidabilità e sicurezza, offrono vantaggi in termini economici e di rapidità esecutiva. Tuttavia lo studio delle unioni chiodate continua a rivestire notevole importanza in tutti quei casi in cui il progettista debba occuparsi di restauro, manutenzione o adeguamento di strutture esistenti che in molti casi continuano ad assolvere le funzioni per le quali erano state progettate. La valutazione delle strutture esistenti, in particolare i ponti, ha assunto un’importanza sempre crescente. L’incremento della mobilità e del traffico sulle infrastrutture di trasporto ha portato ad un incremento contemporaneo di carichi e velocità sui ponti. In particolare nelle ferrovie, i ponti rappresentano una parte strategica della rete ferroviaria e in molti casi, essi hanno già raggiunto i loro limiti di capacità di traffico, tanto è vero che l’età media del sessanta percento dei ponti metallici ferroviari è di un centinaio di anni. Pertanto i carichi di servizio, i cicli di sforzo accumulati a causa dei carichi da traffico e il conseguente invecchiamento delle strutture esistenti, inducono la necessità della valutazione della loro rimanente vita a fatica. In questo contesto, la valutazione delle condizioni del ponte e le conseguenti operazioni di manutenzione o sostituzione diventano indispensabili. Negli ultimi decenni sono state effettuate numerose iniziative di ricerca riguardo il comportamento a fatica dei ponti ferroviari chiodati, poiché le passate esperienze hanno mostrato che tali connessioni sono suscettibili di rotture per fatica. Da uno studio dell’ASCE Committee on Fatigue and Fracture Reliability è emerso che l’ottanta, novanta percento delle crisi nelle strutture metalliche è da relazionarsi ai fenomeni di fatica e frattura. Il danno per fatica riportato dai ponti chiodati è stato osservato principalmente sulle unioni tra elementi principali ed è causato dagli sforzi secondari, che si possono sviluppare in diverse parti delle connessioni. In realtà riguardo la valutazione della fatica sui ponti metallici chiodati, si è scoperto che giocano un ruolo importante molti fattori, anzitutto i ponti ferroviari sono soggetti a grandi variazioni delle tensioni indotte da carichi permanenti e accidentali, così come imperfezioni geometriche e inclinazioni o deviazioni di elementi strutturali comportano sforzi secondari che solitamente non vengono considerati nella valutazione del fenomeno della fatica. Vibrazioni, forze orizzontali trasversali, vincoli interni, difetti localizzati o diffusi come danni per la corrosione, rappresentano cause che concorrono al danneggiamento per fatica della struttura. Per questo motivo si studiano dei modelli agli elementi finiti (FE) che riguardino i particolari delle connessioni e che devono poi essere inseriti all’interno di un modello globale del ponte. L’identificazione degli elementi critici a fatica viene infatti solitamente svolta empiricamente, quindi è necessario che i modelli numerici di cui si dispone per analizzare la struttura nei particolari delle connessioni, così come nella sua totalità, siano il più corrispondenti possibile alla situazione reale. Ciò che ci si propone di sviluppare in questa tesi è un procedimento che consenta di affinare i modelli numerici in modo da ottenere un comportamento dinamico analogo a quello del sistema fisico reale. Si è presa in esame la seguente struttura, un ponte metallico ferroviario a binario unico sulla linea Bologna – Padova, che attraversa il fiume Po tra le località di Pontelagoscuro ed Occhiobello in provincia di Ferrara. Questo ponte fu realizzato intorno agli anni che vanno dal 1945 al 1949 e tra il 2002 e il 2006 ha subito interventi di innalzamento, ampliamento ed adeguamento nel contesto delle operazioni di potenziamento della linea ferroviaria, che hanno portato tra l’altro all’affiancamento di un nuovo ponte, anch’esso a singolo binario, per i convogli diretti nella direzione opposta. Le travate metalliche del ponte ferroviario sono costituite da travi principali a traliccio a gabbia chiusa, con uno schema statico di travi semplicemente appoggiate; tutte le aste delle travi reticolari sono formate da profilati metallici in composizione chiodata. In particolare si è rivolta l’attenzione verso una delle travate centrali, della quale si intende affrontare un’analisi numerica con caratterizzazione dinamica del modello agli Elementi Finiti (FEM), in modo da conoscerne lo specifico comportamento strutturale. Ad oggi infatti l’analisi strutturale si basa prevalentemente sulla previsione del comportamento delle strutture tramite modelli matematici basati su procedimenti risolutivi generali, primo fra tutti il Metodo agli Elementi Finiti. Tuttavia i risultati derivanti dal modello numerico possono discostarsi dal reale comportamento della struttura, proprio a causa delle ipotesi poste alla base della modellazione. Difficilmente infatti si ha la possibilità di riscontrare se le ipotesi assunte nel calcolo della struttura corrispondano effettivamente alla situazione reale, tanto più se come nella struttura in esame si tratta di una costruzione datata e della quale si hanno poche informazioni circa i dettagli relativi alla costruzione, considerando inoltre che, come già anticipato, sforzi secondari e altri fattori vengono trascurati nella valutazione del fenomeno della fatica. Nel seguito si prenderanno in esame le ipotesi su masse strutturali, rigidezze dei vincoli e momento d’inerzia delle aste di parete, grandezze che caratterizzano in particolare il comportamento dinamico della struttura; per questo sarebbe ancora più difficilmente verificabile se tali ipotesi corrispondano effettivamente alla costruzione reale. Da queste problematiche nasce l’esigenza di affinare il modello numerico agli Elementi Finiti, identificando a posteriori quei parametri meccanici ritenuti significativi per il comportamento dinamico della struttura in esame. In specifico si andrà a porre il problema di identificazione come un problema di ottimizzazione, dove i valori dei parametri meccanici vengono valutati in modo che le caratteristiche dinamiche del modello, siano il più simili possibile ai risultati ottenuti da elaborazioni sperimentali sulla struttura reale. La funzione costo è definita come la distanza tra frequenze proprie e deformate modali ottenute dalla struttura reale e dal modello matematico; questa funzione può presentare più minimi locali, ma la soluzione esatta del problema è rappresentata solo dal minimo globale. Quindi il successo del processo di ottimizzazione dipende proprio dalla definizione della funzione costo e dalla capacità dell’algoritmo di trovare il minimo globale. Per questo motivo è stato preso in considerazione per la risoluzione del problema, l’algoritmo di tipo evolutivo DE (Differential Evolution Algorithm), perché gli algoritmi genetici ed evolutivi vengono segnalati per robustezza ed efficienza, tra i metodi di ricerca globale caratterizzati dall’obiettivo di evitare la convergenza in minimi locali della funzione costo. Obiettivo della tesi infatti è l’utilizzo dell’algoritmo DE modificato con approssimazione quadratica (DE-Q), per affinare il modello numerico e quindi ottenere l’identificazione dei parametri meccanici che influenzano il comportamento dinamico di una struttura reale, il ponte ferroviario metallico a Pontelagoscuro.

Meccanismi evolutivi dei parapoxvirus: caratterizzazione genomica di pseudocowpoxvirus e messa a punto di sistemi per lo studio delle ricombinazioni

The Poxviruses are a family of double stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses that cause disease in many species, both vertebrate and invertebrate. Their genomes range in size from 135 to 365 kbp and show conservation in both organization and content. In particular, the central genomic regions of the chordopoxvirus subfamily (those capable of infecting vertebrates) contain 88 genes which are present in all the virus species characterised to date and which mostly occur in the same order and orientation. In contrast, however, the terminal regions of the genomes frequently contain genes that are species or genera-specific and that are not essential for the growth of the virus in vitro but instead often encode factors with important roles in vivo including modulation of the host immune response to infection and determination of the host range of the virus. The Parapoxviruses (PPV), of which Orf virus is the prototypic species, represent a genus within the chordopoxvirus subfamily of Poxviridae and are characterised by their ability to infect ruminants and humans. The genus currently contains four recognised species of virus, bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) both of which infect cattle, orf virus (OV) that infects sheep and goats, and parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand (PVNZ). The ORFV genome has been fully sequenced, as has that of BPSV, and is ~138 kb in length encoding ~132 genes. The vast majority of these genes allow the virus to replicate in the cytoplasm of the infected host cell and therefore encode proteins involved in replication, transcription and metabolism of nucleic acids. These genes are well conserved between all known genera of poxviruses. There is however another class of genes, located at either end of the linear dsDNA genome, that encode proteins which are non-essential for replication and generally dictate host range and virulence of the virus. The non-essential genes are often the most variable within and between species of virus and therefore are potentially useful for diagnostic purposes. Given their role in subverting the host-immune response to infection they are also targets for novel therapeutics. The function of only a relatively small number of these proteins has been elucidated and there are several genes whose function still remains obscure principally because there is little similarity between them and proteins of known function in current sequence databases. It is thought that by selectively removing some of the virulence genes, or at least neutralising the proteins in some way, current vaccines could be improved. The evolution of poxviruses has been proposed to be an adaptive process involving frequent events of gene gain and loss, such that the virus co-evolves with its specific host. Gene capture or horizontal gene transfer from the host to the virus is considered an important source of new viral genes including those likely to be involved in host range and those enabling the virus to interfere with the host immune response to infection. Given the low rate of nucleotide substitution, recombination can be seen as an essential evolutionary driving force although it is likely underestimated. Recombination in poxviruses is intimately linked to DNA replication with both viral and cellular proteins participate in this recombination-dependent replication. It has been shown, in other poxvirus genera, that recombination between isolates and perhaps even between species does occur, thereby providing another mechanism for the acquisition of new genes and for the rapid evolution of viruses. Such events may result in viruses that have a selective advantage over others, for example in re-infections (a characteristic of the PPV), or in viruses that are able to jump the species barrier and infect new hosts. Sequence data related to viral strains isolated from goats suggest that possible recombination events may have occurred between OV and PCPV (Ueda et al. 2003). The recombination events are frequent during poxvirus replication and comparative genomic analysis of several poxvirus species has revealed that recombinations occur frequently on the right terminal region. Intraspecific recombination can occur between strains of the same PPV species, but also interspecific recombination can happen depending on enough sequence similarity to enable recombination between distinct PPV species. The most important pre-requisite for a successful recombination is the coinfection of the individual host by different virus strains or species. Consequently, the following factors affecting the distribution of different viruses to shared target cells need to be considered: dose of inoculated virus, time interval between inoculation of the first and the second virus, distance between the marker mutations, genetic homology. At present there are no available data on the replication dynamics of PPV in permissive and non permissive hosts and reguarding co-infetions there are no information on the interference mechanisms occurring during the simultaneous replication of viruses of different species. This work has been carried out to set up permissive substrates allowing the replication of different PPV species, in particular keratinocytes monolayers and organotypic skin cultures. Furthermore a method to isolate and expand ovine skin stem cells was has been set up to indeep further aspects of viral cellular tropism during natural infection. The study produced important data to elucidate the replication dynamics of OV and PCPV virus in vitro as well as the mechanisms of interference that can arise during co-infection with different viral species. Moreover, the analysis carried on the genomic right terminal region of PCPV 1303/05 contributed to a better knowledge of the viral genes involved in host interaction and pathogenesis as well as to locate recombination breakpoints and genetic homologies between PPV species. Taken together these data filled several crucial gaps for the study of interspecific recombinations of PPVs which are thought to be important for a better understanding of the viral evolution and to improve the biosafety of antiviral therapy and PPV-based vectors.

Infezione da virus dell'epatite E nel suino e nell'uomo: aggiornamento sulle metodiche diagnostiche di laboratorio

The first part of the thesis is a brief review on the most important aspects of HEV infection in human and swine, followed by an update on the laboratory techniques currently in use for the diagnosis of HEV infections in humans and animals. The second part refers on the results of two investigations carried out on the presence of HEV infection in swine farms in Toscana and Piemonte and on the presence of HEV infection in pigs and humans in some rural communities in Bolivia. HEV strains isolated from swine herds in Toscana and Piemonte were all included in the genotype 3, showing particular homology with Dutch porcine isolates, Spanish porcine and human isolates and British human isolates. The investigation carried out, with a random sampling, in the province of Cuneo, detected HEV infection with a prevalence of 46% on farms with a number of pigs greater than 500. HEV was detected in pigs and humans in rural communities in Bolivia and all the viral isolate were included in the genotype 3. Aminoacidic homology of human and swine isolates was estimated to be 92%. Results on the development of a Real Time RT-PCR to detect HEV are also reported. The used Real Time RT-PCR protocols, one step and two steps, exhibited good sensitivity to detect several Italian swine HEV strains with high rate of genetic variability.

Progettazione ed implementazione di strumenti per la valutazione di reti complesse con proprietà scale-free

Il cervello è una rete di cellule nervose connesse da assoni e le cellule stesse sono reti di molecole connesse da reazioni biochimiche. Anche le società sono reti di persone collegate da rapporti di amicizia, parentela e legami professionali. Su più larga scala, catene alimentari ed ecosistemi possono essere rappresentati come reti di specie viventi. E le reti pervadono la tecnologia: Internet, reti elettriche e sistemi di trasporto non sono che pochi degli esempi possibili. Anche il linguaggio che si sta usando in questo momento per veicolare questi ragionamenti a chi legge è una rete, fatta di parole connesse da relazioni sintattiche. A dispetto dell'importanza e della pervasività delle reti, gli scienziati hanno sempre avuto poca comprensione delle loro strutture e proprietà. In che modo le interazioni di alcuni nodi non funzionanti in una complessa rete genetica possono generare il cancro? Come può avvenire così rapidamente la diffusione in taluni sistemi sociali e di comunicazioni, portando ad epidemie di malattie e a virus informatici? Come possono alcune reti continuare a funzionare anche dopo che la maggioranza dei loro nodi ha, invece, smesso di farlo? [...] Le reti reali sono realmente casuali?

Sorveglianza dell'influenza aviare: studio di un sistema di rilevazione precoce della circolazione virale in popolazioni di volatili selvatici

The emergency of infection by highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) subtype H5N1 has focused the attention of the world scientific community, requiring the prompt provision of effective control systems for early detection of the circulation of low pathogenic influenza H5 viruses (LPAI) in populations of wild birds to prevent outbreaks of highly pathogenic (HPAI) in populations of domestic birds with possible transmission to humans. The project stems from the aim to provide, through a preliminary analysis of data obtained from surveillance in Italy and Europe, a preliminary study about the virus detection rates and the development of mathematical models, an objective assessment of the effectiveness of avian influenza surveillance systems in wild bird populations, and to point out guidelines to support the planning process of the sampling activities. The results obtained from the statistical processing quantify the sampling effort in terms of time and sample size required, and simulating different epidemiological scenarios identify active surveillance as the most suitable for endemic LPAI infection monitoring in wild waterfowl, and passive surveillance as the only really effective tool in early detecting HPAI H5N1 circulation in wild populations. Given the lack of relevant information on H5N1 epidemiology, and the actual finantial and logistic constraints, an approach that makes use of statistical tools to evaluate and predict monitoring activities effectiveness proves to be of primary importance to direct decision-making and make the best use of available resources.

Outcome of HIV-infected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparison with HIV negative controls

Background and rationale for the study. This study investigated whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection adversely affects the prognosis of patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Thirty-four HIV-positive patients with chronic liver disease, consecutively diagnosed with HCC from 1998 to 2007 were one-to-one matched with 34 HIV negative controls for: sex, liver function (Child-Turcotte-Pugh class [CTP]), cancer stage (BCLC model) and, whenever possible, age, etiology of liver disease and modality of cancer diagnosis. Survival in the two groups and independent prognostic predictors were assessed. Results. Among HIV patients 88% were receiving HAART. HIV-RNA was undetectable in 65% of cases; median lymphocyte CD4+ count was 368.5/mmc. Etiology of liver disease was mostly related to HCV infection. CTP class was: A in 38%, B in 41%, C in 21% of cases. BCLC cancer stage was: early in 50%, intermediate in 23.5%, advanced in 5.9%, end-stage in 20.6% of cases. HCC treatments and death causes did not differ between the two groups. Median survival did not differ, being 16 months (95% CI: 6-26) in HIV positive and 23 months (95% CI: 5-41) in HIV negative patients (P=0.391). BCLC cancer stage and HCC treatment proved to be independent predictors of survival both in the whole population and in HIV patients. Conclusions. Survival of HIV infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy and diagnosed with HCC is similar to that of HIV negative patients bearing this tumor. Prognosis is determined by the cancer bulk and its treatment.

Ricerca clinico-epidemiologica sullo stato di salute del cavo orale nei pazienti tossicodipendenti

Obiettivo: Lo scopo della ricerca è stato quello di mettere in evidenza la presenza di patologie del cavo orale in soggetti tossicodipendenti Materiali e Metodi: Sono stati reclutati 71 pazienti in terapia di recupero presso la Comunità Incontro di Amelia. I soggetti sono stati sottoposti a visite clinico-anamnestiche adottando una cartella clinica da noi stessi costruita. Risultati: Dei 71 soggetti tossicodipendenti, 42 facevano uso di eroina e 39 assumevano droghe per via parenterale, ma solo 25 risultavano avere malattie infettive. Per quanto riguarda la patologia cariosa, abbiamo riscontrato una media di carie complessive di 4,40 di cui solo lo 0,52 era al colletto (non è stata evidenziata significativa differenza tra soggetti con o senza patologie infettive). Dal punto di vista parodontale solo 13 presentavano parodontite e 25 lesioni del cavo orale non di carattere maligno. Conclusioni: I dati ottenuti nella nostra ricerca preliminare ci hanno portato a dire che non esiste una netta correlazione tra tipologia di droga e patologia orale ma sembrerebbe piuttosto che le lesioni cariose e parodontali riscontrate siano da associarsi allo stile di vita di questi soggetti.

Survey on the spirilar flora of Lagomorphs

Members of the genera Campylobacter and Helicobacter have been in the spotlight in recent decades because of their status as animals and/or humans pathogens, both confirmed and emerging, and because of their association with food-borne and zoonotic diseases. First observations of spiral shaped bacteria or Campylobacter-like organisms (CLO) date back to the end of the 19th century, however the lack of adequate isolation methods hampered further research. With the introduction of methods such as selective media and a filtration procedure during the 1970s led to a renewed interest in Campylobacter, especially as this enabled elucidation of their role in human hosts. On the other hand the classification and identification of these bacteria was troublesome, mainly because of the biochemical inertness and fastidious growth requirements. In 1991, the taxonomy of Campylobacter and related organisms was thoroughly revised, since this revision several new Campylobacter and Helicobacter species have been described. Moreover, thanks to the introduction of a polyphasic taxonomic practice, the classification of these novel species is well-founded. Indeed, a polyphasic approach was here followed for characterizing eight isolates obtained from rabbits epidemiologically not correlated and as a result a new Campylobacter species was proposed: Campylobacter cuniculorum (Chapter 1). Furthermore, there is a paucity of data regarding the occurrence of spiral shaped enteric flora in leporids. In order to define the prevalence both of this new species and other CLO in leporids (chapter 2), a total of 85 whole intestinal tracts of rabbits reared in 32 farms and 29 capture hares, epidemiologically not correlated, were collected just after evisceration at the slaughterhouse or during necroscopy. Examination and isolation methods were varied in order to increase the sensibility level of detection, and 100% of rabbit farms resulted positive for C. cuniculorum in high concentrations. Moreover, in 3.53% of the total rabbits examined, a Helicobacter species was detected. Nevertheless, all hares resulted negative both for Campylobacter or Helicobacter species. High prevalence of C. cuniculorum were found in rabbits, and in order to understand if this new species could play a pathological role, a study on some virulence determinants of C. cuniculorum was conducted (Chapter 3). Although this new species were able to adhere and invade, exert cytolethal distending toxin-like effects although at a low titre, a cdtB was not detected. There was no clear relationship between source of isolation or disease manifestation and possession of statistically significantly levels of particular virulence-associated factors although, cell adhesion and invasion occurred. Furthermore, antibiotic susceptibility was studied (chapter 4) in Campylobacter and in Escherichia coli strains, isolated from rabbits. It was possible to find acquired resistance of C. cuniculorum to enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and erytromycin. C. coli isolate was susceptible to all antimicrobial tested and moreover it is considered as a wild-type strain. Moreover, E. coli was found at low caecal concentration in rabbits and 30 phenotypes of antibiotic resistance were founded as well as the high rate of resistances to at least one antibiotic (98.1%). The majority of resistances were found from strains belonging to intensive farming system. In conclusion, in the course of the present study a new species isolated from rabbits was described, C. cuniculorum, and its high prevalence was established. Nevertheless, in hare samples no Campylobacter and Helicobacter species were detected. Some virulence determinants were further analyzed, however further studied are needed to understand the potential pathogenicity of this new species. On the other hand, antimicrobial susceptibility was monitored both in C. cuniculorum and indicator bacteria and acquired resistance was observed towards some antibiotics, indicating a possible role of rabbitries in the diffusion of antibiotic resistance. Further studies are necessary to describe and evaluate the eventual zoonotic role of Campylobacter cuniculorum.

Studio e sviluppo di algoritmi di elaborazione di immagini da TC per analisi perfusionali

La Tomografia Computerizzata (TC) perfusionale rappresenta attualmente una importante tecnica di imaging radiologico in grado di fornire indicatori funzionali di natura emodinamica relativi alla vascolarizzazione dei tessuti investigati. Le moderne macchine TC consentono di effettuare analisi funzionali ad una elevata risoluzione spaziale e temporale, provvedendo ad una caratterizzazione più accurata di zone di interesse clinico attraverso l’analisi dinamica della concentrazione di un mezzo di contrasto, con dosi contenute per il paziente. Tale tecnica permette potenzialmente di effettuare una valutazione precoce dell’efficacia di trattamenti antitumorali, prima ancora che vengano osservate variazioni morfologiche delle masse tumorali, con evidenti benefici prognostici. I principali problemi aperti in questo campo riguardano la standardizzazione dei protocolli di acquisizione e di elaborazione delle sequenze perfusionali, al fine di una validazione accurata e consistente degli indicatori funzionali nella pratica clinica. Differenti modelli matematici sono proposti in letteratura al fine di determinare parametri di interesse funzionale a partire dall’analisi del profilo dinamico del mezzo di contrasto in differenti tessuti. Questa tesi si propone di studiare, attraverso l’analisi e l’elaborazione di sequenze di immagini derivanti da TC assiale perfusionale, due importanti modelli matematici di stima della perfusione. In particolare, vengono presentati ed analizzati il modello del massimo gradiente ed il modello deconvoluzionale, evidenziandone tramite opportune simulazioni le particolarità e le criticità con riferimento agli artefatti più importanti che influenzano il protocollo perfusionale. Inoltre, i risultati ottenuti dall’analisi di casi reali riguardanti esami perfusionali epatici e polmonari sono discussi al fine di valutare la consistenza delle misure quantitative ottenute tramite i due metodi con le considerazioni di natura clinica proposte dal radiologo.