Intrastriatal injection of an adenoviral vector expressing glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor prevents dopaminergic neuron degeneration and behavioral impairment in a rat model of Parkinson disease

Glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent neurotrophic factor for adult nigral dopamine neurons in vivo. GDNF has both protective and restorative effects on the nigro-striatal dopaminergic (DA) system in animal models of Parkinson disease. Appropriate administration of this factor is essential for the success of its clinical application. Since it cannot cross the blood–brain barrier, a gene transfer method may be appropriate for delivery of the trophic factor to DA cells. We have constructed a recombinant adenovirus (Ad) encoding GDNF and injected it into rat striatum to make use of its ability to infect neurons and to be retrogradely transported by DA neurons. Ad-GDNF was found to drive production of large amounts of GDNF, as quantified by ELISA. The GDNF produced after gene transfer was biologically active: it increased the survival and differentiation of DA neurons in vitro. To test the efficacy of the Ad-mediated GDNF gene transfer in vivo, we used a progressive lesion model of Parkinson disease. Rats received injections unilaterally into their striatum first of Ad and then 6 days later of 6-hydroxydopamine. We found that mesencephalic nigral dopamine neurons of animals treated with the Ad-GDNF were protected, whereas those of animals treated with the Ad-β-galactosidase were not. This protection was associated with a difference in motor function: amphetamine-induced turning was much lower in animals that received the Ad-GDNF than in the animals that received Ad-β-galactosidase. This finding may have implications for the development of a treatment for Parkinson disease based on the use of neurotrophic factors.

Retrograde axonal transport of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the adult nigrostriatal system suggests a trophic role in the adult.

The recently cloned, distant member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), has potent trophic actions on fetal mesencephalic dopamine neurons. GDNF also has protective and restorative activity on adult mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and potently protects motoneurons from axotomy-induced cell death. However, evidence for a role for endogenous GDNF as a target-derived trophic factor in adult midbrain dopaminergic circuits requires documentation of specific transport from the sites of synthesis in the target areas to the nerve cell bodies themselves. Here, we demonstrate that GDNF is retrogradely transported by mesencephalic dopamine neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. The pattern of retrograde transport following intrastriatal injections indicates that there may be subpopulations of neurons that are GDNF responsive. Retrograde axonal transport of biologically active 125I-labeled GDNF was inhibited by an excess of unlabeled GDNF but not by an excess of cytochrome c. Specificity was further documented by demonstrating that another TGF-beta family member, TGF-beta 1, did not appear to affect retrograde transport. Retrograde transport was also demonstrated by immunohistochemistry by using intrastriatal injections of unlabeled GDNF. GDNF immunoreactivity was found specifically in dopamine nerve cell bodies of the substantia nigra pars compacta distributed in granules in the soma and proximal dendrites. Our data implicate a specific receptor-mediated uptake mechanism operating in the adult. Taken together, the present findings suggest that GDNF acts endogenously as a target-derived physiological survival/maintenance factor for dopaminergic neurons.

Event-related potential correlates of impaired visuospatial working memory in schizophrenia

Previous studies have reported that patients with schizophrenia demonstrate impaired performance during working memory (WM) tasks. The current study aimed to determine whether WM impairments in schizophrenia are accompanied by reduced slow wave (SW) activity during on-line maintenance of mnemonic information. Event-related potentials were obtained from patients with schizophrenia and well controls as they performed a visuospatial delayed response task. On 50% of trials, a distractor stimulus was introduced during the delay. Compared with controls, patients with schizophrenia produced less SW memory negativity, particularly over the right hemisphere, together with reduced frontal enhancement of SW memory negativity in response to distraction. The results indicate that patients with schizophrenia generate less maintenance phase neuronal activity during WM performance, especially under conditions of distraction.

Modulating the rate and rhythmicity of perceptual rivalry alternations with the mixed 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A agonist psilocybin

Binocular rivalry occurs when different images are presented simultaneously to corresponding points within the left and right eyes. Under these conditions, the observer's perception will alternate between the two perceptual alternatives. Motivated by the reported link between the rate of perceptual alternations, symptoms of psychosis and an incidental observation that the rhythmicity of perceptual alternations during binocular rivalry was greatly increased 10 h after the consumption of LSD, this study aimed to investigate the pharmacology underlying binocular rivalry and to explore the connection between the timing of perceptual switching and psychosis. Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, PY) was chosen for the study because, like LSD, it is known to act as an agonist at serotonin (5-HT)(1A) and 5-HT2A receptors and to produce an altered state sometimes marked by psychosis-like symptoms. A total of 12 healthy human volunteers were tested under placebo, low-dose ( 115 mg/kg) and high-dose ( 250 mg/kg) PY conditions. In line with predictions, under both low- and high-dose conditions, the results show that at 90 min postadministration ( the peak of drug action), rate and rhythmicity of perceptual alternations were significantly reduced from placebo levels. Following the 90 min testing period, the perceptual switch rate successively increased, with some individuals showing increases well beyond pretest levels at the final testing, 360 min postadministration. However, as some subjects had still not returned to pretest levels by this time, the mean phase duration at 360 min was not found to differ significantly from placebo. Reflecting the drug-induced changes in rivalry phase durations, subjects showed clear changes in psychological state as indexed by the 5D-ASC ( altered states of consciousness) rating scales. This study suggests the involvement of serotonergic pathways in binocular rivalry and supports the previously proposed role of a brainstem oscillator in perceptual rivalry alternations and symptoms of psychosis.

Synaptic activation of transient receptor potential channels by metabotropic glutamate receptors in the lateral amygdala

Classical mammalian transient receptor potential channels form non-selective cation channels that open in response to activation of phospholipase C-coupled metabotropic receptors, and are thought to play a key role in calcium homeostasis in non-excitable cells. Within the nervous system transient receptor potential channels are widely distributed but their physiological roles are not well understood. Here we show that in the rat lateral amygdala transient receptor potential channels mediate an excitatory synaptic response to glutamate. Activation of group l etabotropic glutamate receptors on pyramidal neurons in the lateral amygdala with either exogenous or synaptically released glutamate evokes an inward current at negative potentials with a current voltage relationship showing a region of negative slope and steep outward rectification. This current is blocked by inhibiting G protein function with GTP-beta-S, by inhibiting phospholipase C or by infusing transient receptor potential antibodies into lateral amygdala pyramidal neurons. Using RT-PCR and Western blotting we show that transient receptor potential 1, transient receptor potential 4 and transient receptor potential 5 are present in the lateral amygdala. Single cell PCR confirms the presence of transient receptor potential 1 and transient receptor potential 5 in pyramidal neurons and we show by co-immunoprecipitation that transient receptor potential 1 and transient receptor potential 5 co-assemble as a heteromultimers in the amygdala. These results show that in lateral amygdala pyramidal neurons synaptically released glutamate activates transient receptor potential channels, which we propose are likely to be heteromultimeric channels containing transient receptor potential 1 and transient receptor potential 5/transient receptor potential 4. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO.

Activité physique et récompense : impact de la leptine et de la signalisation STAT3 dans les neurones dopaminergiques

La course d’endurance active le système de récompense (SR) et est reliée aux comportements de recherche alimentaire. L’influence de la leptine sur l’activité physique (AP) volontaire est bien documentée d’un point de vue physiologique, mais très peu en termes d’impact hédonique. La leptine inhibe l’effet récompensant lié à la consommation de nourriture et joue un rôle semblable pour d’autres types de stimuli. La leptine s’arrime à la forme longue du récepteur à la leptine (Leprb) situé sur les neurones à dopamine (DA) et GABA de l’aire tegmentale ventrale (ATV) dans le mésencéphale. Signal transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) est un facteur de transcription important de la cascade de signalisation de la leptine. La phosphorylation de STAT3 n’est détectée que dans une parcelle des neurones DA positifs pour le Leprb, conférant aux neurones DA STAT3-spécifiques des caractéristiques uniques. Nous avons généré un modèle murin invalidé pour STAT3 sélectivement dans les neurones DA (STAT3DAT-KO). La première expérience consistait à évaluer les paramètres métaboliques de base de notre modèle en utilisant les chambres métaboliques Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System (CLAMS), incluant l’activité ambulatoire, le ratio d’échanges respiratoires (RER) et la production de chaleur. Les STAT3DAT-KO sont hyperactives, démontré par une activité locomotrice augmentée, mais aucune variation entre les deux groupes n’est observée pour le RER et la production de chaleur, en plus d’un gain de poids identique. Une stratégie de récupération ciblant la réinsertion de STAT3 dans les neurones DA du système mésolimbique normalise l’AP anciennement plus élevée des STAT3DAT-KO à celle des contrôles, suivant l’accès libre à une roue d’exercice (RE) pour une durée de 4 semaines, suivant l’accès libre à une roue d’exercice (RE) pour une durée de 4 semaines. L’injection d’un psychostimulant (agoniste du récepteur DA de type 1 (D1R), le Chloro-APB-Hydrobromide (SKF 82958)) reflète une fonction dopaminergique réduite chez les STAT3DAT-KO. Un test de recherche compulsive de nourriture révèle une suppression de la prise alimentaire chez les deux groupes expérimentaux. Nous démontrons pour la première fois que la motivation alliée à la course d’endurance, indépendamment de la régulation de la prise alimentaire par la leptine, est dépendant d’une signalisation leptine-STAT3 amoindrie dans les neurones DA du système mésolimbique, révélant STAT3 comme élément clé dans la régulation du tonus dopaminergique et des propriétés récompensantes de l’AP.

Activité physique et récompense : impact de la leptine et de la signalisation STAT3 dans les neurones dopaminergiques

La course d’endurance active le système de récompense (SR) et est reliée aux comportements de recherche alimentaire. L’influence de la leptine sur l’activité physique (AP) volontaire est bien documentée d’un point de vue physiologique, mais très peu en termes d’impact hédonique. La leptine inhibe l’effet récompensant lié à la consommation de nourriture et joue un rôle semblable pour d’autres types de stimuli. La leptine s’arrime à la forme longue du récepteur à la leptine (Leprb) situé sur les neurones à dopamine (DA) et GABA de l’aire tegmentale ventrale (ATV) dans le mésencéphale. Signal transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) est un facteur de transcription important de la cascade de signalisation de la leptine. La phosphorylation de STAT3 n’est détectée que dans une parcelle des neurones DA positifs pour le Leprb, conférant aux neurones DA STAT3-spécifiques des caractéristiques uniques. Nous avons généré un modèle murin invalidé pour STAT3 sélectivement dans les neurones DA (STAT3DAT-KO). La première expérience consistait à évaluer les paramètres métaboliques de base de notre modèle en utilisant les chambres métaboliques Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System (CLAMS), incluant l’activité ambulatoire, le ratio d’échanges respiratoires (RER) et la production de chaleur. Les STAT3DAT-KO sont hyperactives, démontré par une activité locomotrice augmentée, mais aucune variation entre les deux groupes n’est observée pour le RER et la production de chaleur, en plus d’un gain de poids identique. Une stratégie de récupération ciblant la réinsertion de STAT3 dans les neurones DA du système mésolimbique normalise l’AP anciennement plus élevée des STAT3DAT-KO à celle des contrôles, suivant l’accès libre à une roue d’exercice (RE) pour une durée de 4 semaines, suivant l’accès libre à une roue d’exercice (RE) pour une durée de 4 semaines. L’injection d’un psychostimulant (agoniste du récepteur DA de type 1 (D1R), le Chloro-APB-Hydrobromide (SKF 82958)) reflète une fonction dopaminergique réduite chez les STAT3DAT-KO. Un test de recherche compulsive de nourriture révèle une suppression de la prise alimentaire chez les deux groupes expérimentaux. Nous démontrons pour la première fois que la motivation alliée à la course d’endurance, indépendamment de la régulation de la prise alimentaire par la leptine, est dépendant d’une signalisation leptine-STAT3 amoindrie dans les neurones DA du système mésolimbique, révélant STAT3 comme élément clé dans la régulation du tonus dopaminergique et des propriétés récompensantes de l’AP.

Modulation of dopamine uptake by nitric oxide in cultured mesencephalic neurons

Strong evidence obtained from in vivo and ex-vivo studies suggests the existence of interaction between dopaminergic and nitrergic systems. Some of the observations suggest a possible implication of nitric oxide (NO) in dopamine (DA) uptake mechanism. The present work investigated the interaction between both systems by examining the effect of an NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), associated with the indirect DA agonist, amphetamine (AMPH) on tritiated DA uptake in cultures of embryonic mesencephalic neurons. Consistent with the literature, both AMPH (1, 3 and 10 mu M) and SNP (300 mu M and 1 mM) inhibited DA uptake in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the inhibition of DA uptake by AMPH (1 and 3 mu M) was significantly increased by the previous addition of SNP (300 mu M). The implication of NO in this interaction was supported by the fact that the free radical scavenger N-acetyl-L-Cysteine (500 mu M) significantly increased DA uptake and completely abolished the effect of SNP, leaving unaffected that from AMPH on DA uptake. Further, double-labeling immunohistochemistry showed the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase-(TH, marker for dopaminergic neurons) and neuronal NO synthase- (nNOS, marker for NO containing neurons) expressing neurons in mesencephalic cultures. Some dopaminergic neurons also express nNOS giving further support for a pre-synaptic interaction between both systems. This is the first work demonstrating in mesencephalic cultured neurons a combined effect of an NO donor and an indirect DA agonist on specific DA uptake. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sulforaphane protects cortical neurons against 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine-induced toxicity through the activation of ERK1/2, Nrf-2 and the upregulation of detoxification enzymes

The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra has been linked to the formation of the endogenous neurotoxin 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from the corresponding precursor glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables has been observed to exert a range of biological activities in various cell populations. In this study, we show that SFN protects primary cortical neurons against 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine induced neuronal injury. Pre-treatment of cortical neurons with SFN (0.01-1 microM) resulted in protection against 5-S-cysteinyl-dopamine-induced neurotoxicity, which peaked at 100 nM. This protection was observed to be mediated by the ability of SFN to modulate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 and the activation of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/NF-E2-related factor-2 leading to the increased expression and activity of glutathione-S-transferase (M1, M3 and M5), glutathione reductase, thioredoxin reductase and NAD(P)H oxidoreductase 1. These data suggest that SFN stimulates the NF-E2-related factor-2 pathway of antioxidant gene expression in neurons and may protect against neuronal injury relevant to the aetiology of Parkinson's disease.

Dopamine tone regulates D1 receptor trafficking and delivery in striatal neurons in dopamine transporter-deficient mice

In vivo, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) for neurotransmitters undergo complex intracellular trafficking that contribute to regulate their abundance at the cell surface. Here, we report a previously undescribed alteration in the subcellular localization of D1 dopamine receptor (D1R) that occurs in vivo in striatal dopaminoceptive neurons in response to chronic and constitutive hyperdopaminergia. Indeed, in mice lacking the dopamine transporter, D1R is in abnormally low abundance at the plasma membrane of cell bodies and dendrites and is largely accumulated in rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Decrease of striatal extracellular dopamine concentration with 6-hydroxydopamine (6- OHDA) in heterozygous mice restores delivery of the receptor from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane in cell bodies. These results demonstrate that, in vivo, in the central nervous system, the storage in cytoplasmic compartments involved in synthesis and the membrane delivery contribute to regulate GPCR availability and abundance at the surface of the neurons under control of the neurotransmitter tone. Such regulation may contribute to modulate receptivity of neurons to their endogenous ligands and related exogenous drugs.

Mutation of SLC35D3 causes metabolic syndrome by impairing dopamine signaling in striatal D1 neurons

Funding: This work was partially supported by grants from National Basic Research Program of China (2013CB530605; 2014CB942803), from National Natural Science Foundation of China 1230046; 31071252; 81101182) and from Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-EW-R-05, KJZD-EW-L08). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Lesion of the subthalamic nucleus reverses motor deficits but not death of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in a rat 6-hydroxydopamine-lesion model of Parkinson's disease

The objective of the present study was to determine whether lesion of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) promoted by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) would rescue nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons after unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injection into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). Initially, 16 mg 6-OHDA (6-OHDA group) or vehicle (artificial cerebrospinal fluid - aCSF; Sham group) was infused into the right MFB of adult male Wistar rats. Fifteen days after surgery, the 6-OHDA and SHAM groups were randomly subdivided and received ipsilateral injection of either 60 mM NMDA or aCSF in the right STN. Additionally, a control group was not submitted to stereotaxic surgery. Five groups of rats were studied: 6-OHDA/NMDA, 6-OHDA/Sham, Sham/NMDA, Sham/Sham, and Control. Fourteen days after injection of 6-OHDA, rats were submitted to the rotational test induced by apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg, ip) and to the open-field test. The same tests were performed again 14 days after NMDA-induced lesion of the STN. The STN lesion reduced the contralateral turns induced by apomorphine and blocked the progression of motor impairment in the open-field test in 6-OHDA-treated rats. However, lesion of the STN did not prevent the reduction of striatal concentrations of dopamine and metabolites or the number of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons after 6-OHDA lesion. Therefore, STN lesion is able to reverse motor deficits after severe 6-OHDA-induced lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway, but does not protect or rescue dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta.

PACAP stimulates dopamine neuronal activity in the medial basal hypothalamus and inhibits prolactin

In sheep intracerebroventricular injection of PACAP (10 nmol) significantly (P < 0.01) stimulated the levels of the dopamine metabolite DOPAC within the medial basal hypothalamus las measured by in vivo microdialysis) and this effect was temporally correlated with a significant (P < 0.05) suppression in peripheral prolactin concentrations. This result is in accord with the hypothesis that PACAP suppresses prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary gland by stimulating dopamine release from tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.

Microdialysis study of striatal dopamine in MPTP-hemilesioned rats challenged with apomorphine and amphetamine

Motor impairments of Parkinson`s disease (PD) appear only after the loss of more than 70% of the DAergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). An earlier phase of this disease can be modeled in rats that received a unilateral infusion of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrindine (MPTP) into the SNc. Though these animals do not present gross motor impairments, they rotate towards the lesioned side when challenged with DAergic drugs, like amphetamine and apomorphine. The present study aimed to test whether these effects occur because the drugs disrupt compensatory mechanisms that keep extracellular levels of dopamine in the striatum (DA(E)) unchanged. This hypothesis was tested by an in vivo microdialysis study in awake rats with two probes implanted in the right and left striatum. Undrugged rats did not present turning behaviour and their basal DA(E) did not differ between the lesioned and sham-lesioned sides. However, after apomorphine treatment, DA(E) decreased in both sides, but to a larger extent in the lesioned side at the time the animals started ipsiversive turning behaviour. After amphetamine challenge, DA(E) increased in both sides, becoming significantly higher in the non-lesioned side at the time the animals started ipsiversive turning behaviour. These results are in agreement with the hypothesis that absence of gross motor impairments in this rat model of early phase PD depends on maintenance of extracellular DA by mechanisms that may be disrupted by events demanding its alteration to higher or lower levels. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.