Design and analysis of a 2-DoF split-stator induction motor

A two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) actuator capable of producing linear translation, rotary motion, or helical motion would be a desirable asset to the fields of machine tools, robotics, and various apparatuses. In this paper, a novel 2-DOF split-stator induction motor was proposed and electromagnetic structure pa- rameters of the motor were designed and optimized. The feature of the direct-drive 2-DOF induction motor lies in its solid mover ar- rangement. In order to study the complex distribution of the eddy current field on the ferromagnetic cylinder mover and the motor’s operating characteristics, the mathematical model of the proposed motor was established, and characteristics of the motor were ana- lyzed by adopting the permeation depth method (PDM) and finite element method (FEM). The analytical and numerical results from motor simulation clearly show a correlation between the PDM and FEM models. This may be considered as a fair justification for the proposed machine and design tools.

Digital Media in Landscape Architecture Design Process

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-08

A matlab-based toolbox for the simulation and design of L1 adaptive controllers

This thesis introduces the L1 Adaptive Control Toolbox, a set of tools implemented in Matlab that aid in the design process of an L1 adaptive controller and enable the user to construct simulations of the closed-loop system to verify its performance. Following a brief review of the existing theory on L1 adaptive controllers, the interface of the toolbox is presented, including a description of the functions accessible to the user. Two novel algorithms for determining the required sampling period of a piecewise constant adaptive law are presented and their implementation in the toolbox is discussed. The detailed description of the structure of the toolbox is provided as well as a discussion of the implementation of the creation of simulations. Finally, the graphical user interface is presented and described in detail, including the graphical design tools provided for the development of the filter C(s). The thesis closes with suggestions for further improvement of the toolbox.

Architectural-Physical Co-Design of 3D CPUs with Micro-Fluidic Cooling

The performance, energy efficiency and cost improvements due to traditional technology scaling have begun to slow down and present diminishing returns. Underlying reasons for this trend include fundamental physical limits of transistor scaling, the growing significance of quantum effects as transistors shrink, and a growing mismatch between transistors and interconnects regarding size, speed and power. Continued Moore's Law scaling will not come from technology scaling alone, and must involve improvements to design tools and development of new disruptive technologies such as 3D integration. 3D integration presents potential improvements to interconnect power and delay by translating the routing problem into a third dimension, and facilitates transistor density scaling independent of technology node. Furthermore, 3D IC technology opens up a new architectural design space of heterogeneously-integrated high-bandwidth CPUs. Vertical integration promises to provide the CPU architectures of the future by integrating high performance processors with on-chip high-bandwidth memory systems and highly connected network-on-chip structures. Such techniques can overcome the well-known CPU performance bottlenecks referred to as memory and communication wall. However the promising improvements to performance and energy efficiency offered by 3D CPUs does not come without cost, both in the financial investments to develop the technology, and the increased complexity of design. Two main limitations to 3D IC technology have been heat removal and TSV reliability. Transistor stacking creates increases in power density, current density and thermal resistance in air cooled packages. Furthermore the technology introduces vertical through silicon vias (TSVs) that create new points of failure in the chip and require development of new BEOL technologies. Although these issues can be controlled to some extent using thermal-reliability aware physical and architectural 3D design techniques, high performance embedded cooling schemes, such as micro-fluidic (MF) cooling, are fundamentally necessary to unlock the true potential of 3D ICs. A new paradigm is being put forth which integrates the computational, electrical, physical, thermal and reliability views of a system. The unification of these diverse aspects of integrated circuits is called Co-Design. Independent design and optimization of each aspect leads to sub-optimal designs due to a lack of understanding of cross-domain interactions and their impacts on the feasibility region of the architectural design space. Co-Design enables optimization across layers with a multi-domain view and thus unlocks new high-performance and energy efficient configurations. Although the co-design paradigm is becoming increasingly necessary in all fields of IC design, it is even more critical in 3D ICs where, as we show, the inter-layer coupling and higher degree of connectivity between components exacerbates the interdependence between architectural parameters, physical design parameters and the multitude of metrics of interest to the designer (i.e. power, performance, temperature and reliability). In this dissertation we present a framework for multi-domain co-simulation and co-optimization of 3D CPU architectures with both air and MF cooling solutions. Finally we propose an approach for design space exploration and modeling within the new Co-Design paradigm, and discuss the possible avenues for improvement of this work in the future.

Advanced voxel-based CAD modelling for FSI simulations for automotive structures design

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is nowadays considered an important alternative to traditional manufacturing processes. AM technology shows several advantages in literature as design flexibility, and its use increases in automotive, aerospace and biomedical applications. As a systematic literature review suggests, AM is sometimes coupled with voxelization, mainly for representation and simulation purposes. Voxelization can be defined as a volumetric representation technique based on the model’s discretization with hexahedral elements, as occurs with pixels in the 2D image. Voxels are used to simplify geometric representation, store intricated details of the interior and speed-up geometric and algebraic manipulation. Compared to boundary representation used in common CAD software, voxel’s inherent advantages are magnified in specific applications such as lattice or topologically structures for visualization or simulation purposes. Those structures can only be manufactured with AM employment due to their complex topology. After an accurate review of the existent literature, this project aims to exploit the potential of the voxelization algorithm to develop optimized Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) tools. The final aim is to manipulate and support mechanical simulations of lightweight and optimized structures that should be ready to be manufactured with AM with particular attention to automotive applications. A voxel-based methodology is developed for efficient structural simulation of lattice structures. Moreover, thanks to an optimized smoothing algorithm specific for voxel-based geometries, a topological optimized and voxelized structure can be transformed into a surface triangulated mesh file ready for the AM process. Moreover, a modified panel code is developed for simple CFD simulations using the voxels as a discretization unit to understand the fluid-dynamics performances of industrial components for preliminary aerodynamic performance evaluation. The developed design tools and methodologies perfectly fit the automotive industry’s needs to accelerate and increase the efficiency of the design workflow from the conceptual idea to the final product.

Estudo do óxido de cálcio como catalisador para a transesterificação de óleos alimentares usados

O instável mas tendencialmente crescente preço dos combustíveis associado a preocupações ambientais cada vez mais enraizadas nas sociedades, têm vindo a despoletar uma maior atenção à procura de combustíveis alternativos. Por outro lado, várias projecções indicam um aumento muito acentuado do consumo energético global no curto prazo, fruto do aumento da população e do nível de industrialização das sociedades. Neste contexto, o biodiesel (ésteres de ácidos gordos) obtido através da transesterificação de triglicerídeos de origem vegetal ou animal, surge como a alternativa “verde” mais viável para utilização em equipamentos de combustão. A reacção de transesterificação é catalisada, por norma com recurso a catalisadores homogéneos alcalinos (NaOH ou KOH). Este tipo de processo, o único actualmente com expressão a nível industrial, apresenta algumas desvantagens que, para além de aumentarem o custo do produto final, contribuem para reduzir a benignidade do mesmo: a impossibilidade de reutilização do catalisador, o aumento do número e complexidade das etapas de separação e a produção de efluentes resultantes das referidas etapas. Com o intuito de minimizar ou eliminar estes problemas, vários catalisadores heterogéneos têm vindo a ser estudados para esta reacção. Apesar de muitos apresentarem resultados promissores, a grande maioria não tem viabilidade para aplicação industrial seja devido ao seu próprio custo, seja devido aos pré-tratamentos necessários à sua utilização. Entre estes catalisadores, o óxido de cálcio é talvez o que apresenta resultados mais promissores. O crescente número de estudos envolvendo este catalisador em detrimento de outros, é por si mesmo prova do potencial do CaO. A realização deste trabalho pretendia atingir os seguintes objectivos principais: • Avaliar a elegibilidade do óxido de cálcio enquanto catalisador da reacção de transesterificação de óleos alimentares usados com metanol; • Avaliar qual a sua influência nas características dos produtos finais; • Avaliar as diferenças de performance entre o óxido de cálcio activado em atmosfera inerte (N2) e em ar, enquanto catalisadores da reacção de transesterificação de óleos alimentares usados com metanol; • Optimizar as condições da reacção com recurso às ferramentas matemáticas disponibilizadas pelo planeamento factorial, através da variação de quatro factores chave de influência: temperatura, tempo, relação metanol / óleo e massa de catalisador utilizado. O CaO utlizado foi obtido a partir de carbonato de cálcio calcinado numa mufla a 750 °C durante 3 h. Foi posteriormente activado a 900 °C durante 2h, em atmosferas diferentes: azoto (CaO-N2) e ar (CaO-Ar). Avaliaram-se algumas propriedades dos catalisadores assim preparados, força básica, concentração de centros activos e áreas específicas, tendo-se obtido uma força básica situada entre 12 e 14 para ambos os catalisadores, uma concentração de centros activos de 0,0698 mmol/g e 0,0629 mmol/g e áreas específicas de 10 m2/g e 11 m2/g respectivamente para o CaO-N2 e CaO-Ar. Efectuou-se a transesterificação, com catálise homogénea, da mistura de óleos usados utilizada neste trabalho com o objectivo de determinar os limites para o teor de FAME’s (abreviatura do Inglês de Fatty Acid Methyl Esters’) que se poderiam obter. Foi este o parâmetro avaliado em cada uma das amostras obtidas por catálise heterogénea. Os planos factoriais realizados tiveram como objectivo maximizar a sua quantidade recorrendo à relação ideal entre tempo de reacção, temperatura, massa de catalisador e quantidade de metanol. Verificou-se que o valor máximo de FAME’s obtidos a partir deste óleo estava situado ligeiramente acima dos 95 % (m/m). Realizaram-se três planos factoriais com cada um dos catalisadores de CaO até à obtenção das condições óptimas para a reacção. Não se verificou influência significativa da relação entre a quantidade de metanol e a massa de óleo na gama de valores estudada, pelo que se fixou o valor deste factor em 35 ml de metanol / 85g de óleo (relação molar aproximada de 8:1). Verificou-se a elegibilidade do CaO enquanto catalisador para a reacção estudada, não se tendo observado diferenças significativas entre a performance do CaO-N2 e do CaO-Ar. Identificaram-se as condições óptimas para a reacção como sendo os valores de 59 °C para a temperatura, 3h para o tempo e 1,4 % de massa de catalisador relativamente à massa de óleo. Nas referidas condições, obtiveram-se produtos com um teor de FAME’s de 95,7 % na catálise com CaO-N2 e 95,3 % na catálise com CaO-Ar. Alguns autores de estudos consultados no desenvolvimento do presente trabalho, referiam como principal problema da utilização do CaO, a lixiviação de cálcio para os produtos obtidos. Este facto foi confirmado no presente trabalho e na tentativa de o contornar, tentou-se promover a carbonatação do cálcio com a passagem de ar comprimido através dos produtos e subsequente filtração. Após a realização deste tratamento, não mais se observaram alterações nas suas propriedades (aparecimento de turvação ou precipitados), no entanto, nos produtos obtidos nas condições óptimas, a concentração de cálcio determinada foi de 527 mg/kg no produto da reacção catalisada com CaO-N2 e 475 mg/kg com CaO-A. O óxido de cálcio apresentou-se como um excelente catalisador na transesterificação da mistura de óleos alimentares usados utilizada no presente trabalho, apresentando uma performance ao nível da obtida por catálise homogénea básica. Não se observaram diferenças significativas de performance entre o CaO-N2 e o CaO-Ar, sendo possível obter nas mesmas condições reaccionais produtos com teores de FAME’s superiores a 95 % utilizando qualquer um deles como catalisador. O elevado teor de cálcio lixiviado observado nos produtos, apresenta-se como o principal obstáculo à aplicação a nível industrial do óxido de cálcio como catalisador para a transesterificação de óleos.

The Future of services: Uncovering latent needs through trend analysis

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Dos ciclos e sistemas aos interstícios de Creixomil: entre o seu conhecimento e transformação potencial

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Arquitectura (área de especialização em Território)

Putkilinjan suunnittelu integroidussa simulointiympäristössä

Työn tavoitteena oli määritellä kirjallisuustutkimuksen ja suunnitteluesimerkin avulla vaatimuksia integroidulle simulointiympäristölle, joka sisältää simulointiohjelmien lisäksi prosessilaitteiden mitoitusohjelmia ja prosessilaite- ja mallitietokannan. Lisäksi pohdittiin simulointiympäristön tuomia etuja prosessissuunnitteluun. Esimerkkinä käytettiin yksinkertaista putkilinjaa. Ensin selvitettiin prosessisuunnittelun kulkua, menetelmiä, apuvälineitä ja ajankohtaisia teemoja kirjallisuuden perusteella. Prosessisuunnittelun menetelmistä keskityttiin yksityiskohtaisemmin prosessisimulointiin. Lisäksi etsittiin kirjallisuudesta esimerkkejä integroiduista suunnitteluympäristöistä. Kirjallisuusselvityksen perusteella määriteltiin yleisiä vaatimuksia integroidulle simulointiympäristölle. Seuraavaksi suunniteltiin esimerkkinä käytetty putkilinja ja kuvattiin suunnittelun eteneminen. Suunnitteluesimerkin avulla pyrittiin tunnistamaan suunnitteluprosessista ne kohdat, joissa integroitu simulointiympäristö helpottaisi työskentelyä sekä pohtimaan yksityiskohtaisemmin integroidun simulointiympäristön toimintoja. Lopuksi kuvattiin putkilinjan suunnittelun eteneminen integroidussa simulointiympäristössä ja pohdittiin sen etuja verrattuna perinteiseen putkilinjan suunnitteluun. Tutkimuksen perusteella integroitu simulointiympäristö tehostaa prosessisuunnittelua siten, että simulointimallien määrittelyissä tarvittavat laitetiedot ovat saatavissa helposti ja nopeasti ohjelmien ymmärtämässä muodossa. Simulointiympäristössä tieto eri sovellusten välillä siirtyy osittain automaattisesti, minkä takia ohjelmiin ei erikseen tarvitse syöttää samoja tietoja. Lisäksi integroitu simulointiympäristö tukee rinnakkaista suunnittelua ja automaatio- ja prosessisuunnittelun integrointia.Jatkotutkimusehdotuksena on lisäselvitykset siitä, miten simulointiympäristö sijoittuisi yrityksissä jo olemassa oleviin suunnittelujärjestelmiin, etenkin tiedonhallintajärjestelmiin nähden. Muina jatkotutkimusehdotuksina on integroidun simulointiympäristön tarkasteleminen automaatiosuunnittelijan kannalta sekä vaatimusmäärittelyjen tarkentaminen. Työssä ei juuri ole kiinnitetty huomiota siihen, kuinka helposti ehdotetut simulointiympäristön toiminnot ja vaatimukset ovat toteutettavissa teknisesti tai ylipäätään ovatko toteutettavissa, joten tämäkin vaatinee jatkotutkimuksia.

Robots and robotic systems for the electronics and telecommunication industry

Tämä diplomityö tutkii elektroniikka- ja telekommunikaatioteollisuutta sekä siihen läheisesti liittyviä robotteja ja robottijärjestelmiä. Tavoitteena on määrittää E&T-teollisuuden prosesseihin soveltuvien robottien testausmenetelmä. Tavoitteena on myös selvittää kahden ABB:n robotin soveltuvuutta E&T-teollisuuden tarpeisiin. Muutamia systemaattisia valmistusjärjestelmien suunnitteluun soveltuvia menetelmiä ja apuvälineitä on myös käsitelty. Alussa työ keskittyy elektroniikka- ja telekommunikaatioteollisuuden nykytilan tutkimiseen sekä siellä vallitsevien ja ennustettujen trendien kartoitukseen. Kohdat “Collaborative manufacturing” ja E&T-teollisuuden valmistusjärjestelmille asettamat vaatimukset käydään yksityiskohtaisesti läpi. Tutkimuksen pääkohteina ovat robotit, erityisesti ABB:n IRB 140 ja IRB 340 sekä robottien testausmenetelmän määrittäminen. Työssä käydään läpi IRB 340:llä suoritetut testit, jotka tehtiin sekä konenäköjärjestelmää apuna käyttäen että ilman. Myös TTKK:lla suoritetut robottitestit on käyty läpi. Robottien testituloksia on analysoitu ja vertailtu muihin robotteihin. Testausmenetelmät perustuvat ISO 9283 standardiin. Viimeinen osa työstä esittelee robottijärjestelmien systemaattiseen suunnitteluun soveltuvia menetelmiä ja apuvälineitä. Esillä ovat mm. Modular function deployment (MFD) ja The system design method (SDM).

Suurnopeuskompressorin modulaarisen runkosarjan suunnittelu

Tässä diplomityössä suunniteltiin parametrisesti modulaarinen koneen runko. Pyrkimyksenä oli suunnitella kokonaiskustannuksiltaan alhaisempi runkosarja jo olemassa oleviin suurnopeuskompressoreihin. Raportissa kerrotaan ensin modulaaristen tuoterakenteiden suunnittelusta ja käytettävästä suunnitteluohjelmistosta (SolidWorks). Sen jälkeen keskitytään suurnopeuskompressorin runkosarjan suunnitteluun esimerkkitapauksena. Aluksi keskitytään selvittämään rungolle asetettuja vaatimuksia ja ideoimaan erilaisia runkokonsepteja. Työ etenee ideoiden vertailun kautta modulaaristen konseptien luomiseen ja kahden moduulin moduulikohtaiseen suunnitteluun. Suunnitteluprosessissa käytetään rakenteen käyttäytymisen arviointiin äärellisten elementtien menetelmää (FEM). Työssä kehitettiin alkuperäisiin runkorakenteisiin verrattuna 10 % kustannuksiltaan edullisempi runkorakenneratkaisu, jonka purettavuus lisäksi alentaa rakenteen kuljetus- ja varastointikustannuksia.

Modal testing and numerical modeling of the dynamic properties of layered sheet-steel structure

Recently, due to the increasing total construction and transportation cost and difficulties associated with handling massive structural components or assemblies, there has been increasing financial pressure to reduce structural weight. Furthermore, advances in material technology coupled with continuing advances in design tools and techniques have encouraged engineers to vary and combine materials, offering new opportunities to reduce the weight of mechanical structures. These new lower mass systems, however, are more susceptible to inherent imbalances, a weakness that can result in higher shock and harmonic resonances which leads to poor structural dynamic performances. The objective of this thesis is the modeling of layered sheet steel elements, to accurately predict dynamic performance. During the development of the layered sheet steel model, the numerical modeling approach, the Finite Element Analysis and the Experimental Modal Analysis are applied in building a modal model of the layered sheet steel elements. Furthermore, in view of getting a better understanding of the dynamic behavior of layered sheet steel, several binding methods have been studied to understand and demonstrate how a binding method affects the dynamic behavior of layered sheet steel elements when compared to single homogeneous steel plate. Based on the developed layered sheet steel model, the dynamic behavior of a lightweight wheel structure to be used as the structure for the stator of an outer rotor Direct-Drive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator designed for high-power wind turbines is studied.

Approche efficace pour la conception des architectures multiprocesseurs sur puce électronique

Les systèmes multiprocesseurs sur puce électronique (On-Chip Multiprocessor [OCM]) sont considérés comme les meilleures structures pour occuper l'espace disponible sur les circuits intégrés actuels. Dans nos travaux, nous nous intéressons à un modèle architectural, appelé architecture isométrique de systèmes multiprocesseurs sur puce, qui permet d'évaluer, de prédire et d'optimiser les systèmes OCM en misant sur une organisation efficace des nœuds (processeurs et mémoires), et à des méthodologies qui permettent d'utiliser efficacement ces architectures. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous nous intéressons à la topologie du modèle et nous proposons une architecture qui permet d'utiliser efficacement et massivement les mémoires sur la puce. Les processeurs et les mémoires sont organisés selon une approche isométrique qui consiste à rapprocher les données des processus plutôt que d'optimiser les transferts entre les processeurs et les mémoires disposés de manière conventionnelle. L'architecture est un modèle maillé en trois dimensions. La disposition des unités sur ce modèle est inspirée de la structure cristalline du chlorure de sodium (NaCl), où chaque processeur peut accéder à six mémoires à la fois et où chaque mémoire peut communiquer avec autant de processeurs à la fois. Dans la deuxième partie de notre travail, nous nous intéressons à une méthodologie de décomposition où le nombre de nœuds du modèle est idéal et peut être déterminé à partir d'une spécification matricielle de l'application qui est traitée par le modèle proposé. Sachant que la performance d'un modèle dépend de la quantité de flot de données échangées entre ses unités, en l'occurrence leur nombre, et notre but étant de garantir une bonne performance de calcul en fonction de l'application traitée, nous proposons de trouver le nombre idéal de processeurs et de mémoires du système à construire. Aussi, considérons-nous la décomposition de la spécification du modèle à construire ou de l'application à traiter en fonction de l'équilibre de charge des unités. Nous proposons ainsi une approche de décomposition sur trois points : la transformation de la spécification ou de l'application en une matrice d'incidence dont les éléments sont les flots de données entre les processus et les données, une nouvelle méthodologie basée sur le problème de la formation des cellules (Cell Formation Problem [CFP]), et un équilibre de charge de processus dans les processeurs et de données dans les mémoires. Dans la troisième partie, toujours dans le souci de concevoir un système efficace et performant, nous nous intéressons à l'affectation des processeurs et des mémoires par une méthodologie en deux étapes. Dans un premier temps, nous affectons des unités aux nœuds du système, considéré ici comme un graphe non orienté, et dans un deuxième temps, nous affectons des valeurs aux arcs de ce graphe. Pour l'affectation, nous proposons une modélisation des applications décomposées en utilisant une approche matricielle et l'utilisation du problème d'affectation quadratique (Quadratic Assignment Problem [QAP]). Pour l'affectation de valeurs aux arcs, nous proposons une approche de perturbation graduelle, afin de chercher la meilleure combinaison du coût de l'affectation, ceci en respectant certains paramètres comme la température, la dissipation de chaleur, la consommation d'énergie et la surface occupée par la puce. Le but ultime de ce travail est de proposer aux architectes de systèmes multiprocesseurs sur puce une méthodologie non traditionnelle et un outil systématique et efficace d'aide à la conception dès la phase de la spécification fonctionnelle du système.

Cloudworks

Cloudworks allows you to find other people's learning and teaching ideas, designs and experiences as well as sharing your own. You can also get access to many learning design tools and resources to help you create learning designs.

Climate and more sustainable cities: climate information for improved planning and management of cities (producers/capabilities perspective)

In the last two decades substantial advances have been made in the understanding of the scientific basis of urban climates. These are reviewed here with attention to sustainability of cities, applications that use climate information, and scientific understanding in relation to measurements and modelling. Consideration is given from street (micro) scale to neighbourhood (local) to city and region (meso) scale. Those areas where improvements are needed in the next decade to ensure more sustainable cities are identified. High-priority recommendations are made in the following six strategic areas: observations, data, understanding, modelling, tools and education. These include the need for more operational urban measurement stations and networks; for an international data archive to aid translation of research findings into design tools, along with guidelines for different climate zones and land uses; to develop methods to analyse atmospheric data measured above complex urban surfaces; to improve short-range, high-resolution numerical prediction of weather, air quality and chemical dispersion through improved modelling of the biogeophysical features of the urban land surface; to improve education about urban meteorology; and to encourage communication across scientific disciplines at a range of spatial and temporal scales.