Contingencia y ambigüedad en la filosofía de Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Fenomenología, ontología, arte, política

Este trabajo intenta mostrar cómo la reflexión de Merleau-Ponty se constituye en un ejemplo que corrobora la ambigüedad y la contingencia que el filósofo le atribuye a la realidad y a sus expresiones. Se analizarán cada uno de los planos en que el autor desarrolla su pensamiento y en los que se manifiestan tal ambigüedad y contingencia: el fenomenológico, el ontológico, el artístico y el político. Una consideración común a toda su obra, es la ruptura con los antagonismos originados en la oposición sujeto-objeto moderna: realismo-idealismo; mundo-conciencia; sensibilidad-pensamiento. La percepción abre los horizontes sobre los que se instala el saber; pero el mundo que "hay" se presenta, en la filosofía merleaupontiana, como infinitamente explorable.

O direito na teoria crítica dos sistemas: da justiça autossubversiva à crítica imanente do direito

O recente desenvolvimento de uma teoria crítica dos sistemas, de Gunther Teubner a Andreas Fischer-Lescano, abriu novos horizontes teóricos para aqueles que se propõe a estudar a sociedade e o sistema jurídico. A construção de uma teoria crítica sob condições sistêmicas possibilitou o uso conjunto de temas e conceitos teóricos provenientes da teoria crítica da primeira geração da Escola de Frankfurt (crítica imanente, antagonismos sociais, reificação, dialética do esclarecimento) e da teoria dos sistemas (paradoxo, sistema, sociedade mundial). Partindo disso, o sistema jurídico foi analisado nas dimensões da justiça (como fórmula contingente e transcendente) e de sua crítica imanente como atitude transcendente, especialmente em face de sua tendência em se autorreproduzir como ordem social reificada que gera injustiça pelos excessos de justiça. Para alcançar essas conclusões, este trabalho se propôs a analisar o cenário da sociedade moderna no qual nasce a teoria crítica dos sistemas (Parte 1), lançando bases para os aspectos estruturais e semânticos sobre os quais ela se apoia. Seguidamente, foram estabelecidos os pressupostos teóricos básicos da teoria crítica da Escola de Frankfurt e da teoria dos sistemas de Luhmann (Parte 2) com o fim específico de colher os elementos essenciais à construção de uma teoria crítica dos sistemas voltada para o estudo do sistema jurídico. Logrado esse ponto, focou-se a análise do sistema jurídico e de sua evolução até alcançar sua atual condição na forma de um direito global na sociedade fragmentada (Parte 3). A partir disso a justiça autossubversiva e a crítica imanente do direito foram abordadas em seus aspectos essenciais e possibilitadores de uma autotranscendência sistêmica, capaz de tornar o direito mais responsivo com relação ao seu ambiente, limitando a irracionalidade racional inerente a uma ordem social reificada. A presente dissertação propõe dar mais um passo no sentido do desenvolvimento de uma teoria crítica dos sistemas aplicada ao direito, diagnosticando os dilemas contemporâneos e ao mesmo tempo, apontando os desafios existentes numa sociedade mundial paradoxalmente marcada pela possibilidade de hipertrofia sistêmica das ordens sociais reificadas e pelos processos de constitucionalização que buscam limitar essas ordens.

Deregulation, competition policy and intra-professional contests in medical education

This paper investigates how government policy directions embracing deregulation and market liberalism, together with significant pre-existing tensions within the Australian medical profession, produced ground breaking change in the funding and delivery of medical education for general practitioners. From an initial view between and within the medical profession, and government, about the goal of improving the standards of general practice education and training, segments of the general practice community, particularly those located in rural and remote settings, displayed increasingly vocal concerns about the approach and solutions proffered by the predominantly urban-influenced Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP). The extent of dissatisfaction culminated in the establishment of the Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine (ACRRM) in 1997 and the development of an alternative curriculum for general practice. This paper focuses on two decades of changes in general practice training and how competition policy acted as a justificatory mechanism for putting general practice education out to competitive tender against a background of significant intra-professional conflict. The government's interest in increasing efficiency and deregulating the 'closed shop' practices of professions, as expressed through national competition policy, ultimately exposed the existing antagonisms within the profession to public view and allowed the government some influence on the sacred cow of professional training. Government policy has acted as a mechanism of resolution for long standing grievances of the rural GPs and propelled professional training towards an open competition model. The findings have implications for future research looking at the unanticipated outcomes of competition and internal markets.

Ethnicities and values in a changing world

Recent debates about national identity, belonging and community cohesion can appear to suggest that ethnicity is a static entity and that ethnic difference is a source of conflict in itself. "Ethnicities and Values in a Changing World" presents an alternative account of ethnicity and calls into question models of community cohesion that present ethnicity as the source of antagonisms and differences that must be overcome. It suggests instead that ethnicity is itself multiple and changing and is unlikely to be a basis for articulating shared values. This volume brings together an international team of leading scholars in the field of ethnic studies in order to examine innovative articulations of ethnicity and challenge the contention that ethnicity is static or that it necessarily represents traditional values and cultures. Asserting that ethnicity is deployed in part as an expression of values and a model of ethical practice, this book examines displays of ethnicity as assertions of identity and statements about way of life, sense of entitlement and manner of connection to others. "Ethnicities and Values in a Changing World" draws together debates about the articulation of ethnic identity, the nature of our relation to each other and discussions of everyday ethics, thus engaging with discussions of racism, multiculturalism and community cohesion. As such, it will appeal not only to sociologists, but to anyone working in the fields of cultural studies, race and ethnicity, globalization, migration and anthropology. Table of Contents: Introduction: ethnicities, values and old-fashioned racism, Gargi Bhattacharyya; Teaching race and racism in the 21st century: thematic considerations, Howard Winant; Diaspora conversations: ethics, ethicality, work and life; Migrant women's networking: new articulations of transnational ethnicity, Ronit Lentin; 'The people do what the political class isn't able to do': antigypsyism, ethnicity denial and the politics of racism without racism, Robbie McVeigh; Violent urban protest - identities, ethics and Islamism, Max Farrar; Beliefs, boundaries and belonging: African Pentecostals in Ireland, Abel Ugba; On being a 'good' refugee, John Gabriel and Jenny Harding; Narrating lived experience in a binational community in Costa Rica, Carlos Sandoval Garcia; Conclusion: ethnicity and ethicality in an unequal world, Gargi Bhattacharyya; Index.

El género epistolar en la prensa como visión ciudadana de la esfera pública en Colombia

A partir de un análisis temático inductivo, este artículo explora la visión ciudadana sobre la esfera pública expresada en las cartas de los lectores de los diarios El Tiempo y El Heraldo de Colombia. Los resultados muestran cómo la identidad colectiva de los lectores apareció en forma transversal en las cartas, para dar cuenta de una comunidad de adultos que se autodefine como “colombianos de bien”. El análisis reveló dos unidades de significado: posturas sobre la administración de lo público y antagonismos en la esfera pública, centrada en el conflicto político con las guerrillas. A través de estas se pudieron hacer visibles los llamamientos vívidos de los lectores al gobierno, funcionarios públicos, actores al margen de la ley y a sus compatriotas, para movilizarse para exigir cambios sociales largamente esperados.

Poetyckie dialogi Czesława Miłosza i Tadeusza Różewicza

Wydział Filologii Polskiej i Klasycznej

Is Australia ready for triple gene herbicide stack technology?

Integration of multiple herbicide-resistant genes (trait stacking) into crop plants would allow over the top application of herbicides that are otherwise fatal to crops. The US has just approved Bollgard II® XtendFlex™ cotton which has dicamba, glyphosate and glufosinate resistance traits stacked. The pace of glyphosate resistance evolution is expected to be slowed by this technology. In addition, over the top application of two more herbicides may help to manage hard to kill weeds in cotton such as flax leaf fleabane and milk thistle. However, there are some issues that need to be considered prior to the adoption of this technology. Wherever herbicide tolerant technology is adopted, volunteer crops can emerge as a weed problem, as can herbicide resistant weeds. For cotton, seed movement is the most likely way for resistant traits to move around. Management of multiple stack volunteers may add additional complexity to volunteer management in cotton fields and along roadsides. This paper attempts to evaluate the pros and cons of trait stacking technology by analysing the available literature in other crop growing regions across the world. The efficacy of dicamba and glufosinate on common weeds of the Australian cotton system, herbicide resistance evolution, synergy and antagonisms due to herbicide mixtures, drift hazards and the evolution of herbicide resistance to glyphosate, glufosinate and dicamba were analysed based on the available literature.

Quantificação do ião cálcio nas uvas e vinhos brancos por espectroscopia de infravermelho

Com o objetivo de diminuir a incidência das leveduras encapsulas em alginato se aglomerarem na segunda fermentação em garrafa e reduzir custos associados à sua eliminação, pretendeu-se utilizar a metodologia NIR para determinar a quantidade de cálcio no vinho. Foram quantificados outros minerais para avaliar hipotéticos antagonismos iónicos. Observou-se também que este controlo de qualidade poderá ser efetuado no mosto. Atualmente este controlo é realizado por metodologias de análise de referência bastante morosas como EAA. Contudo a metodologia NIR demonstrou ser uma boa alternativa no controlo dos parâ-metros de qualidade na produção de vinho espumante, permitindo a diminuição do tempo de análise e de resíduos. No desenvolvimento dos modelos matemáticos para a calibração do NIR utilizaram-se 79 vinhos brancos e 60 amostras de mosto. Foram desenvolvidos 11 modelos de calibração onde o coeficiente de correlação foi, em aproximadamente 58% dos casos, maior que 0,99; ABSTRACT: In order to reduce the incidence of alginate beads aggregation during the second fermentation in the bottle and to reduce costs associated with their disposal, it was used the NIR technology to quantify calcium content in the wine. Other minerals were also quantified in order to evaluate possible ionic antagonisms. Quality control is usually done in the base wine but it can also be evaluated in the must. Currently this control was carried out by reference analysis methodologies generally rather slow as AAS. However NIR proved to be a good alternative technique in the control of quality parameters of wine production, allowing the reduction of the analysis time and waste. In order to develop mathematical models for the calibration of NIR it was used 79 white wine samples and 60 must samples. Eleven calibration models have been developed, where the correlation coeffi-cient was, in approximately 58% of cases, greater than 0,99.