Assédio moral no local de trabalho

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Segurança e Higiene do Trabalho

Moral Mazes: the world of corporate managers (20th anniversary edition) [Robert Jackall]

Recensão do livro Moral Mazes: the world of corporate managers (20th anniversary edition) [Robert Jackall], 2010, Oxford University Press, Nova Iorque

Mulheres entre muros: do moral ao social

coord. Lima, Joana; Pereira, Maria Joana Alves, Silva, Maria Manuela Antunes da

A multiculturalidade na disciplina de educação moral e religiosa católica

Desde sempre que a convivência entre pessoas e grupos de culturas e etnias diferentes se tem revelado difícil, e as grandes e profundas alterações na sociedade europeia têm vindo a alterar um pouco os paradigmas a que estávamos habituados em termos de convivência entre as pessoas, revelando uma sociedade com um tecido cada vez mais multicultural. Assim, torna-se pertinente uma educação que seja marcadamente multicultural. Entendemos que o conceito de multiculturalidade deve estar mais presente, aliás, na forma como se faz e pensa a educação hoje, por isso, é nosso entendimento, que é necessário rever mesmo a génese profunda do ato educativo e tudo o que isso implica na atualidade, pois não é possível pensar a educação e a escola hoje desligando-a da sua realidade multifacetada e multicultural. A disciplina de EMRC (Educação Moral e Religiosa Católica) é uma disciplina que tem já uma longa história de implementação no sistema de ensino português, existindo em quase todas as escolas do Ensino Básico e Secundário, por direito próprio ao abrigo da Concordata celebrada entre o Estado Português e a Santa Sé em 7 Maio de 1940 e ratificada em 18 Maio de 2004. A Disciplina de EMRC encontra-se assim incluída na matriz curricular do nosso sistema de ensino. Uma vez que a implementação da Disciplina de EMRC é da responsabilidade da Igreja Católica e tendo em linha de conta os valores e princípios naturalmente inerentes ao cristianismo, é legítimo supor a pertinência desta disciplina para uma educação e convivência multiculturais. O presente estudo pretendeu investigar o modo como a disciplina de EMRC contribui para uma educação multicultural. Propusemo-nos para isso encontrar, através de uma revisão da literatura, os principais elementos que constituem uma verdadeira educação, e neste sentido, definir a relação entre a escola e a multiculturalidade, e assim, contextualizar a educação multicultural. A tarefa seguinte foi a de comparar o conceito e a realidade da educação multicultural com o programa de EMRC. Procurámos complementar este estudo com a aplicação de um questionário a uma amostra significativa de professores de EMRC da Diocese de Lisboa, instrumento este que foi construído a partir da análise da literatura efetuada e tendo por base, sobretudo, o programa curricular, os manuais da disciplina e outros documentos relevantes para o tema em estudo. Pretendemos aferir o grau de importância dada pelos docentes à educação multicultural através da disciplina de EMRC, pelo menos nas escolas onde se verifique uma grande diversidade étnica. Para consolidar o estudo, foi também realizada uma entrevista a alguns professores e informantes – chave com destaque para a Disciplina. Pretendeu-se ainda investigar o grau de sensibilidade dos professores para uma verdadeira educação multicultural e as limitações encontradas por eles no programa e respetiva prática pedagógica, nomeadamente na sua ação como professores de EMRC e, eventualmente, a formulação de possíveis sugestões.

A exaltação da virtude moral no púlpito da igreja de Santa Cruz de Coimbra

Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Fundação Millennium bcp, Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda

Hume e o problema moral

Tese de Doutoramento em Filosofia (área de especialização em Filosofia Moderna e Contemporânea).

Business-science research collaboration under moral hazard

I analyze, in the context of business and science research collaboration, how the characteristics of partnership agreements are the result of an optimal contract between partners. The final outcome depends on the structure governing the partnership, and on the informational problems towards the efforts involved. The positive effect that the effort of each party has on the success of the other party, makes collaboration a preferred solution. Divergence in research goals may, however, create conflicts between partners. This paper shows how two different structures of partnership governance (a centralized, and a decentralized ones) may optimally use the type of project to motivate the supply of non-contractible efforts. Decentralized structure, however, always choose a project closer to its own preferences. Incentives may also come from monetary transfers, either from partners sharing each other benefits, or from public funds. I derive conditions under which public interventio

Raising the Level of Moral Thinking among Managers Will Not Help. Kohlberg's Conventionality and Systemic Ethical Flaws in Business

Business ethicists often assume that unethical behavior arises when individuals deviate from the norms and responsibilities that are institutionalized to frame economic activities. People's greed motivates them to violate the rules of the game. In Kohlberg's terms, it is assumed that such actors make decisions in a preconventional way and act opportunistically. In this article, we propose an alternative interpretation of deviant behavior, arguing that such behavior does not result from a lack of conventional moral guidance but rather from the fact that characteristics attributed to preconventional morality by Kohlberg - the purely incentive and punishment driven opportunistic morality - have become the conventionalized morality. The prevailing norms that economic actors have internalized as their yardstick are those of the preconventional Homo economicus. Not the deviation from, but the compliance with the rules of the game explains many forms of harmful and illegal decisions made in corporations.

Moral Hazard with Counterfeit Signals

In many moral hazard problems, the principal evaluates the agent's performance based on signals which the agent may suppress and replace with counterfeits. This form of fraud may affect the design of optimal contracts drastically, leading to complete market failure in extreme cases. I show that in optimal contracts, the principal deters all fraud, and does so by two complementary mechanisms. First, the principal punishes signals that are suspicious, i.e. appear counterfeit. Second, the principal is lenient on bad signals that the agent could suppress, but does not.

Liquidity, moral hazard and bank crises

Bank crises, by interrupting liquidity provision, have been viewed as resulting in welfare losses. In a model of banking with moral hazard, we show that second best bank contracts that improve on autarky ex ante require costly crises to occur with positive probability at the interim stage. When bank payoffs are partially appropriable, either directly via imposition of fines or indirectly by the use of bank equity as a collateral, we argue that an appropriately designed ex-ante regime of policy intervention involving conditional monitoring can prevent bank crises.

An affective approach to moral motivation

Over the last few years, there has been a surge of work in a new field called "moral psychology", which uses experimental methods to test the psychological processes underlying human moral activity. In this paper, I shall follow this line of approach with the aim of working out a model of how people form value judgements and how they are motivated to act morally. I call this model an "affective picture": 'picture' because it remains strictly at the descriptive level and 'affective' because it has an important role for affects and emotions. This affective picture is grounded on a number of plausible and empirically supported hypotheses. The main idea is that we should distinguish between various kinds of value judgements by focusing on the sort of state of mind people find themselves in while uttering a judgement. "Reasoned judgements" are products of rational considerations and are based on preliminary acceptance of norms and values. On the contrary, "basic value judgements" are affective, primitive and non-reflective ways of assessing the world. As we shall see, this analysis has some consequences for the traditional internalism-externalism debate in philosophy; it highlights the fact that motivation is primarily linked to "basic value judgements" and that the judgements we openly defend might not have a particular effect on our actions, unless we are inclined to have an emotional attitude that conforms to them.

Moral Behaviour, Altruism and Environmental Policy

Free‐riding is often associated with self‐interested behaviour. However if there is a global mixed pollutant, free‐riding will arise if individuals calculate that their emissions are negligible relative to the total, so total emissions and hence any damage that they and others suffer will be unaffected by whatever consumption choice they make. In this context consumer behaviour and the optimal environmental tax are independent of the degree of altruism. For behaviour to change, individuals need to make their decisions in a different way. We propose a new theory of moral behaviour whereby individuals recognise that they will be worse off by not acting in their own self‐interest, and balance this cost off against the hypothetical moral value of adopting a Kantian form of behaviour, that is by calculating the consequences of their action by asking what would happen if everyone else acted in the same way as they did. We show that: (a) if individuals behave this way, then altruism matters and the greater the degree of altruism the more individuals cut back their consumption of a ’dirty’ good; (b) nevertheless the optimal environmental tax is exactly the same as that emerging from classical analysis where individuals act in self‐interested fashion.

How family caregivers' medical and moral assumptions influence decision making for patients in the vegetative state: a qualitative interview study.

Background Decisions on limiting life-sustaining treatment for patients in the vegetative state (VS) are emotionally and morally challenging. In Germany, doctors have to discuss, together with the legal surrogate (often a family member), whether the proposed treatment is in accordance with the patient's will. However, it is unknown whether family members of the patient in the VS actually base their decisions on the patient's wishes. Objective To examine the role of advance directives, orally expressed wishes, or the presumed will of patients in a VS for family caregivers' decisions on life-sustaining treatment. Methods and sample A qualitative interview study with 14 next of kin of patients in a VS in a long-term care setting was conducted; 13 participants were the patient's legal surrogates. Interviews were analysed according to qualitative content analysis. Results The majority of family caregivers said that they were aware of aforementioned wishes of the patient that could be applied to the VS condition, but did not base their decisions primarily on these wishes. They gave three reasons for this: (a) the expectation of clinical improvement, (b) the caregivers' definition of life-sustaining treatments and (c) the moral obligation not to harm the patient. If the patient's wishes were not known or not revealed, the caregivers interpreted a will to live into the patient's survival and non-verbal behaviour. Conclusions Whether or not prior treatment wishes of patients in a VS are respected depends on their applicability, and also on the medical assumptions and moral attitudes of the surrogates. We recommend repeated communication, support for the caregivers and advance care planning.