Release of cytokines by stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in chronic periodontitis

Objective: The emergence of periodontal medicine increased interest in defining the behaviour of peripheral blood cells in periodontitis subjects in comparison with healthy group. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of interleukin (IL)-8, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6 and IL-10 released by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from the peripheral blood of chronic periodontitis subjects. Design: PBMC samples were isolated from 19 systemically healthy donors, divided into generalized chronic periodontitis (n = 10) and healthy (n = 9) subjects. Cells were incubated for 24-48 h in 500 mu L wells containing RPM! 1640 and stimulated with 1.0 ng/mL of E. coli LPS. Supernatants were used to quantify the amounts of IL-8, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 released using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: PBMC cells from periodontitis subjects released higher levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 than those from healthy subjects (P < 0.05). Conversely, the supernatants of the stimulated PBMC cells obtained from healthy subjects presented higher amounts of IL-8 than those from periodontitis (P < 0.05). No differences were observed in the levels of IL-10 (P > 0.05) between groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that E. coli LPS-stimulated PBMC from subjects with periodontitis present a different pattern of cytokine release when compared to PBMC from healthy subjects. This phenomenon could have implications locally, in periodontitis, as well as in systemic diseases. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Differential Production of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 alpha, Stromal-Derived Factor-1, and IL-6 by Human Cultured Periodontal Ligament and Gingival Fibroblasts Challenged With Lipopolysaccharide From P. gingivalis

Background: Fibroblasts are considered important cells in periodontitis. When challenged by different agents, they respond through the release of cytokines that participate in the inflammatory process. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the expression and production of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha, stromal-derived factor (SDF)-1, and interleukin (IL)-6 by human cultured periodontal ligament and gingival fibroblasts challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Methods: Fibroblasts were cultured from biopsies of gingival tissue and periodontal ligament of the same donors and used on the fourth passage. After confluence in 24-well plates, the culture medium alone (control) or with 0.1 to 10 mu g/ml of LPS from P. gingivalis was added to the wells, and after 1, 6, and 24 hours, the supernatant and the cells were collected and analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Results: MIP-1 alpha, SDF-1, and IL-6 protein production was significantly greater in gingival fibroblasts compared to periodontal ligament fibroblasts. IL-6 was upregulated in a time-dependent manner, mainly in gingival fibroblasts (P<0.05), which secreted more MIP-1 alpha in the lowest concentration of LPS used (0.1 mu g/ml). In contrast, a basal production of SDF-1 that was inhibited with the increase of LPS concentration was detected, especially after 24 hours (P<0.05). Conclusion: The distinct ability of the gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts to secrete MIP-1 alpha, SDF-1, and IL-6 emphasizes that these cells may differently contribute to the balance of cytokines in the LPS-challenged periodontium. J Periodontol 2010;81:310-317.

Production of mosquitoes in rainwater tanks and wells on Yorke Island, Torres Strait: Preliminary study

The Torres Strait in northernmost Queensland, Australia, is subject to periodic outbreaks of dengue. A large outbreak of dengue 2 in 1996-97 affected five islands, resulting in 200 confirmed cases. On most of the affected islands, rainwater tanks were a common breeding site for vector mosquitoes. Rainwater tanks, wells and household containers filled with water are the most common breeding sites for dengue mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti), the primary vector of dengue in Queensland. We report on surveys conducted in February 2002 to measure the productivity of rainwater tanks and wells on Yorke Is. (Torres Strait), the first time the productivity of rainwater tanks has been measured in Australia. Of 60 rainwater tanks sampled, 10 had broken screens. Using a sticky emergence trap, 179 adult mosquitoes were collected, consisting of 63 Aedes scutellaris and 116 Culex quinquefasciatus. One unscreened tank produced 177 (99%) of the adults. A plankton net was used to sample 16 wells; 12 positive wells yielded 111 immature (larvae and pupae) mosquitoes, consisting of 57% and 43% Ae. scutellaris and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively. The apparent displacement of Ae. aegypti by Ae. scutellaris is discussed. Measures to reduce the likelihood of future dengue outbreaks are recommended.

Wells turbine: fiberglass flanges

A introdução desta tese começa por realizar um enquadramento do projecto em mão, apresentando a central de energia das ondas em que se encontram os componentes em fibra de vidro a projectar. Esta central usa o princípio de variação de coluna de água, e encontra-se localizada na ilha do Pico, Açores. São de seguida apresentados os objectivos deste trabalho, que consistem na selecção de materiais de fabrico dos componentes, desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para projectar juntas aparafusadas em materiais compósitos, dimensionamento e comparação de duas juntas concorrentes em materiais compósitos: junta solicitada à tracção e junta solicitada ao corte, validação da análise e estudo das causas dos vários tipos de falha destas juntas. A parte I deste trabalho é o resultado da pesquisa bibliográfica efectuada para levar a cabo os objectivos definidos. Assim, começa por se fazer uma descrição dos materiais e processos de fabrico que mais se adequam ao presente projecto, nomeadamente fibra de vidro, resinas, tecidos, impregnação manual, RTM e infusão por vácuo. Daqui resultou que os materiais mais adequados para esta aplicação são fibra de vidro do tipo E e resina polyester devido ao seu baixo custo e larga utilização em aplicações estruturais marinhas. O processo de fabrico mais eficiente é a infusão por vácuo devido á sua vocação para pequenas séries de produção, a poupança que permite em termos de mão-de-obra, a complacência com normas de emissão de voláteis e as boas propriedades das partes produzidas. No capítulo II da parte I são discutidos os tópicos relacionados com juntas em materiais compósitos. Da pesquisa levada a cabo conclui-se que as grandes vantagens das juntas aparafusadas são a sua facilidade de montagem e desmontagem, facilidade de inspecção e capacidade de ligar quaisquer tipos de materiais. Quanto à furação de compósitos é importante referir a necessidade de utilizar ferramentas resistentes e parâmetros de maquinação que minimizem o dano infligido aos laminados. Isto é possível através da selecção de ferramentas com passos baixos que reduzam igualmente a dimensão do seu centro estático responsável pela força axial exercida sobre o laminado - principal factor causador de dano. Devem-se igualmente utilizar baixas velocidades de avanço e elevadas velocidades de rotação. É importante salientar a importância da realização de pré-furação, de utilização de um prato de suporte na superfície de saída do laminado e a existência de ferramentas especialmente concebidas para a furação de compósitos. Para detectar e quantificar o dano existente num furo destacam-se os métodos de inspecção ultrasónica e a radiografia. Quanto aos parâmetros que influenciaram o comportamento de juntas aparafusadas destacam-se os rácios largura/diâmetro, distância ao bordo/diâmetro, espessura/diâmetro, pré-tensão, fricção, sequência de empilhamento e respectivas proporções, dimensão das anilhas e folga entre o parafuso e o furo. A pesquisa efectuada visando metodologias de projecto fiáveis ditou a necessidade de utilizar métodos que permitiram determinar o parafuso mais carregado de uma junta, efectuar o cálculo de tensões no mesmo, e ainda métodos que permitam determinar a primeira falha que ocorre no laminado bem como a falha final no mesmo. O capítulo III da primeira parte descreve os métodos de análise de tensões necessários para as metodologias de projecto utilizadas. Aqui é apresentada a teoria clássica da laminação, um método para determinação do parafuso mais carregado, um método analítico baseado na teoria da elasticidade anisotrópica de um corpo e o método dos elementos finitos. O método para determinar o parafuso mais carregado - análise global - consiste num modelo bidimensional de elementos finitos em que 2 laminados coincidentes são modelados com elementos lineares de casca com 4 nós, sendo a extremidade de um laminado restringida em todos os graus de liberdade e a extremidade oposta do segundo laminado carregada com a carga pretendida. Os laminados são ligados através de elementos mola que simulam os parafusos, sendo a sua constante de rigidez previamente calculada para este fim. O método analítico modela o contacto assumindo uma distribuição de pressão cosinoidal ao longo de metade do furo, e é válido para laminados simétricos e quasi-isotrópicos. O método dos elementos finitos é o que mais factores permite ter em conta, sendo os modelos tridimensionais com um elemento por camada os que melhor modelam o estado de tensões experienciado por uma junta aparafusada em materiais compósitos. O tópico de análise de falha é abordado no capítulo 4 da primeira parte. Aqui são apresentados os resultados do world wide failure exercice que compara vários critérios de falha existentes até 2004, fazendo-se referência a desenvolvimentos recentes que têm ocorrido nesta área. O critério de Puck surge como aquele que permite previsões de falha mais exactas. O critério de falha de Hashin 3D foi o escolhido para o presente trabalho, devido à sua facilidade de implementação num modelo de elementos finitos, à sua capacidade para detectar modos de falha subcríticos e à sua utilização em trabalhos anteriores que apresentaram previsões de falha muito próximas dos dados experimentais. Também neste capítulo se apresentaram os vários tipos de falha de uma junta aparafusada em materiais compósitos, apresentando as causas de cada uma. Por fim, na última secção, apresenta-se o método de dano progressivo que se desenvolveu para prever a primeira falha final do laminado. Este é muito interessante tendo permitido previsões de falha muito próximas dos resultados experimentais em trabalhos anteriores. Este método é iterativo e encontra-se dividido em 3 passos: Análise de tensões, análise de falha utilizando o critério de Hashin 3D e degradação de propriedades, de acordo com o tipo de falha detectada. Para além dos passos referidos, existe ainda um quarto responsável pelo fim da análise que consiste na aferição da existência ou não de falha final e respectivo tipo de falha (por pressão de contacto, por tensão ou por esforços de corte). No capítulo V da primeira parte é apresentado o resultado de uma pesquisa das normas de teste necessárias para obter as propriedades dos materiais requeridas para a aplicação dos métodos descritos neste trabalho. A parte II deste trabalho consiste na aplicação dos métodos apresentados na parte I ao caso concreto em estudo. Os softwares Microsoft Excel, Matlab e ANSYS foram utilizados para este fim. A junta começa por ser dimensionada estimando a espessura necessária do componente e o número e características dos parafusos. De seguida foi feita uma análise global à flange em estudo determinando a força suportada pelo parafuso mais carregado. Após esta análise desenvolveu-se um modelo tridimensional de elementos finitos da zona em que se encontra o parafuso mais carregado, utilizando elementos sólidos lineares e isoparamétricos de 8 nós e uma malha gerada pelo método directo. Aplicou-se a este modelo o algoritmo de dano progressivo descrito na primeira parte. Começou por se incluir explicitamente o parafuso, anilhas, pré-tensão e a modelação dos vários contactos com fricção posteriormente simplificado o modelo restringindo radialmente os nós da porção carregada do furo, excluindo os factores mencionados inicialmente. Procurou-se validar o modelo utilizando o método de cálculo de tensões descrito na primeira parte, desenvolvendo um programa em Matlab para o efeito. Tal não foi possível tendo-se incluído a tentativa realizada em anexo. Para efeitos de dimensionamento, desenvolveu-se um modelo de elementos finitos de duas dimensões da junta em causa, utilizando elementos de casca lineares de quatro nós isoparamétricos com uma espessura unitária. Através da análise de tensões efectuada com este modelo, e utilizando um método combinado programado em linguagem paramétrica, foi possível dimensionar as duas juntas concorrentes pretendidas. Este método combinado consistiu no cálculo de tensões em pontos localizados sobre uma curva característica e utilização de um critério de falha quadrático para cálculo da espessura necessária para a junta. O dimensionamento ditou que a junta solicitada à tensão necessita de pelo menos 127% das camadas e do custo de uma junta solicitada ao corte equivalente.

Environmental exposure to toxicants mixtures from a multi-purpose estuary: perspectives for a biomonitoring study in Portugal

This work was focused on a multi-purpose estuarine environment (river Sado estuary, SW Portugal) around which a number of activities (e.g., fishing, farming, heavy industry, tourism and recreational activities) coexist with urban centres with a total of about 200 000 inhabitants. Based on previous knowledge of the hazardous chemicals within the ecosystem and their potential toxicity to benthic species, this project intended to evaluate the impact of estuarine contaminants on the human and ecosystem health. An integrative methodology based on epidemiological, analytical and biological data and comprising several lines of evidence, namely, human contamination pathways, human health effects, consumption of local produce, estuarine sediments, wells and soils contamination, effects on commercial benthic organisms, and genotoxic potential of sediments, was used. The epidemiological survey confirmed the occurrence of direct and indirect (through food chain) exposure of the local population to estuarine contaminants. Furthermore, the complex mixture of contaminants (e.g., metals, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) trapped in the estuary sediments was toxic to human liver cells exposed in vitro, causing cell death, oxidative stress and genotoxic effects that might constitute a risk factor for the development of chronic-degenerative diseases, on the long term. Finally, the integration of data from several endpoints indicated that the estuary is moderately impacted by toxicants that affect also the aquatic biota. Nevertheless, the human health risk can only be correctly assessed through a biomonitoring study including the quantification of contaminants (or metabolites) in biological fluids as well as biomarkers of early biological effects (e.g., biochemical, genetic and omics-based endpoints) and genetic susceptibility in the target population. Data should be supported by a detailed survey to assess the impact of the contaminated seafood and local farm products consumption on human health and, particularly, on metabolic diseases or cancer development.

Ground Vibrations Induced by High-Speed Trains in Regions with Sudden Foundation Stiffness Change

In this paper analytical transient solutions of dynamic response of one-dimensional systems with sudden change of foundation stiffness are derived. In more details, cantilever dynamic response, expressed in terms of vertical displacement, is extended to account for elastic foundation and then two cantilever solutions, corresponding to beams clamped on left and right hand side, with different value of Winkler constant are connected together by continuity conditions. The internal forces, as the unknowns, can be introduced by the same values in both clamped beam solutions and solved. Assumption about time variation of internal forces at the section of discontinuity must be adopted and originally analytical solution will have to include numerical procedure.

Transverse Vibrations in Beams Supported by a Piece-Wise Homogeneous Visco- Elastic Foundation

Transversal vibrations induced by a load moving uniformly along an infinite beam resting on a piece-wise homogeneous visco-elastic foundation are studied. Special attention is paid to the additional vibrations, conventionally referred to as transition radiations, which arise as the point load traverses the place of foundation discontinuity. The governing equations of the problem are solved by the normalmode analysis. The solution is expressed in a form of infinite sum of orthogonal natural modes multiplied by the generalized coordinate of displacement. The natural frequencies are obtained numerically exploiting the concept of the global dynamic stiffness matrix. This ensures that the frequencies obtained are exact. The methodology has restrictions neither on velocity nor on damping. The approach looks simple, though, the numerical expression of the results is not straightforward. A general procedure for numerical implementation is presented and verified. To illustrate the utility of the methodology parametric optimization is presented and influence of the load mass is studied. The results obtained have direct application in analysis of railway track vibrations induced by high-speed trains when passing regions with significantly different foundation stiffness.

Proposta de alinhamento do balanced scorecard com a gestão do conhecimento para a empresa Foundation Brakes Portugal, S.A.

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia e Gestão Industrial

Precast concrete wall-foundation connection. Development of a seismic dissipative connection

Seismic events are a major factor to consider in structural design of buildings in many countries. With the purpose of saving lives, most of the design codes lead to structural solutions that withstand large seismic actions without collapsing, but without taking into account a possible usage of the structures after the earthquake. As a result, it is necessary to consider the time needed to repair/retrofit the damaged structures (i.e. the downtime) since this period of inactivity may result in huge financial implications for the occupants of the buildings. In order to minimise the damages and simplify repair operations, structural solutions with rocking systems and negligible residual displacements have been developed during the last two decades. Systems with precast concrete rocking walls were studied with the aim of investigat- ing suitable and convenient structural alternatives to minimise the damage in case of an earthquake. Experimental, numerical and analytical analyses on post-tensioned solutions, with and without energy dissipation devices, were carried out in this research. The energy dissipation devices were made from steel angles that were further developed during the research. Different solutions for these devices were experimentally tested under cyclic loading and the results are presented. Numerical and analytical work on steel angles was also carried out. Regarding the concrete rocking wall systems, two concrete rocking wall systems were studied: post-tensioned walls and post-tensioned walls with energy dissipation devices. In the latter, the solution was to fix them externally to the wall, allowing their easy replacement after an earthquake. It is shown that the dissipaters are a viable solution for use in precast concrete rocking wall systems. A building case study is presented. The comparison between a traditional monolithic system and a hybrid solution was carried out, allowing the evaluation of the efficiency of the solution that was developed.

Hole cleaning performance monitoring during the drilling of directional wells

During drilling operation, cuttings are produced downhole and must be removed to avoid issues which can lead to Non Productive Time (NPT). Most of stuck pipe and then Bottom-Hole Assembly (BHA) lost events are hole cleaned related. There are many parameters which help determine hole cleaning conditions, but a proper selection of the key parameters will facilitate monitoring hole cleaning conditions and interventions. The aim of Hole Cleaning Monitoring is to keep track of borehole conditions including hole cleaning efficiency and wellbore stability issues during drilling operations. Adequate hole cleaning is the one of the main concerns in the underbalanced drilling operations especially for directional and horizontal wells. This dissertation addresses some hole cleaning fundamentals which will act as the basis for recommendation practice during drilling operations. Understand how parameters such as Flowrate, Rotation per Minute (RPM), Rate of Penetration (ROP) and Mud Weight are useful to improve the hole cleaning performance and how Equivalent Circulate Density (ECD), Torque & Drag (T&D) and Cuttings Volumes coming from downhole help to indicate how clean and stable the well is. For case study, hole cleaning performance or cuttings volume removal monitoring, will be based on real-time measurements of the cuttings volume removal from downhole at certain time, taking into account Flowrate, RPM, ROP and Drilling fluid or Mud properties, and then will be plotted and compared to the volume being drilled expected. ECD monitoring will dictate hole stability conditions and T&D and Cuttings Volume coming from downhole monitoring will dictate how clean the well is. T&D Modeling Software provide theoretical calculated T&D trends which will be plotted and compared to the real-time measurements. It will use the measured hookloads to perform a back-calculation of friction factors along the wellbore.

Dynamic stiffness of the piled foundation of a onshore wind turbine

One of today's biggest concerns is the increase of energetic needs, especially in the developed countries. Among various clean energies, wind energy is one of the technologies that assume greater importance on the sustainable development of humanity. Despite wind turbines had been developed and studied over the years, there are phenomena that haven't been yet fully understood. This work studies the soil-structure interaction that occurs on a wind turbine's foundation composed by a group of piles that is under dynamic loads caused by wind. This problem assumes special importance when the foundation is implemented on locations where safety criteria are very demanding, like the case of a foundation mounted on a dike. To the phenomenon of interaction between two piles and the soil between them it's given the name of pile-soil-pile interaction. It is known that such behavior is frequency dependent, and therefore, on this work evaluation of relevant frequencies for the intended analysis is held. During the development of this thesis, two methods were selected in order to assess pile-soil-pile interaction, being one of analytical nature and the other of numerical origin. The analytical solution was recently developed and its called Generalized pile-soil-pile theory, while for the numerical method the commercial nite element software PLAXIS 3D was used. A study of applicability of the numerical method is also done comparing the given solution by the nite element methods with a rigorous solution widely accepted by the majority of the authors.

A logical foundation for session-based concurrent computation

Linear logic has long been heralded for its potential of providing a logical basis for concurrency. While over the years many research attempts were made in this regard, a Curry-Howard correspondence between linear logic and concurrent computation was only found recently, bridging the proof theory of linear logic and session-typed process calculus. Building upon this work, we have developed a theory of intuitionistic linear logic as a logical foundation for session-based concurrent computation, exploring several concurrency related phenomena such as value-dependent session types and polymorphic sessions within our logical framework in an arguably clean and elegant way, establishing with relative ease strong typing guarantees due to the logical basis, which ensure the fundamental properties of type preservation and global progress, entailing the absence of deadlocks in communication. We develop a general purpose concurrent programming language based on the logical interpretation, combining functional programming with a concurrent, session-based process layer through the form of a contextual monad, preserving our strong typing guarantees of type preservation and deadlock-freedom in the presence of general recursion and higher-order process communication. We introduce a notion of linear logical relations for session typed concurrent processes, developing an arguably uniform technique for reasoning about sophisticated properties of session-based concurrent computation such as termination or equivalence based on our logical approach, further supporting our goal of establishing intuitionistic linear logic as a logical foundation for sessionbased concurrency.

Portraying the Portuguese Foundation Sector

Foundations’ importance in the actual economy has been increasingly recognized. This work project assesses the impact of the new legal framework in the foundations’ financial reporting and offers a financial statement analysis of the Portuguese foundational sector. It unveils links between financial performance and characteristics of foundations, and profiles foundations in three clusters, each with different approaches to disclosure, volunteer workforce, and taxes. It is concluded that foundations are not respecting the benefits trusted to them, calling for a tighter control to their financial reporting, and that even though that slowly, the sector is expected to continue growing.