Dissolved radioelements in (oil) water wells in Parana basin, Brazil

This paper describes the results of a study on groundwaters from Tubarao Group at the Parana sedimentary basin, São Paulo State, Brazil. The purpose of this study was to integrate chemical and U-isotopes data in order to evaluate the models for quantifying different relative volumes of mixing waters in a resultant water. Despite it was possible to generate a typical triangle involving U-238 and its daughter U-234, the U-isotopes model failed to interpret the major hydrochemical facies observed in the studied localities.

Vibration and oil analysis for monitoring problems related to water contamination in rolling

Trying to reduce particle contamination in lubrication systems, industries of the whole world spend millions of dollars each year on the improvement of filtration technology. In this context, by controlling fluid cleanliness, some companies are able to reduce failures rates up to 85 percent. However, in some industries and environments, water is a contaminant more frequently encountered than solid particles, and it is often seen as the primary cause of component failure. Only one percent of water in oil is enough to reduce life expectancy of a journal bearing by 80 percent. For rolling bearing elements, the situation is worse because water destroys the oil film and, under the extreme temperatures and pressures generated in the load zone of a rolling bearing element, free and emulsified water can result in instantaneous flash-vaporization giving origin to erosive wear. This work studies the effect of water as lubricant contaminant in ball bearings, which simulates a situation that could actually occur in real systems. In a designed bench test, three basic lubricants of different viscosities were contaminated with different contents of water. The results regarding oil and vibration analysis are presented for different bearing speeds.

The art of painting on china : with a chapter on terra cotta painting in oil and water colour /

Publisher's catalog (64 pages) at end.

Catalogue of loan collection of paintings in oil and water colours : public Art Galleries, county borough of Brighton.

Mode of access: Internet.

Exceptional function of nanoporous metal organic framework particles in emulsion stabilisation

A new concept of nanoporous metal organic framework particles stabilising emulsions was investigated. The copper benzenetricarboxylate MOF particles adsorbed at the oil/water interface play an exceptional role in stabilising both oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions. © 2013 The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Characterization of wood biochar and evaluation of its adsorption potential for removal of sulphate from produced water in offshore oil and gas industry

This thesis analyses the potential of wood biochar as an adsorbent in removal of sulphate from produced water. In worldwide offshore oil and gas industry, a large volume of waste water is generated as produced water. Sulphur compounds present in these produced water streams can cause environmental problems, regulatory problems and operational issues. Among the various sulphur removal technologies, the adsorption technique is considered as a suitable method since the design is simple, compact, economical and robust. Biochar has been studied as an adsorbent for removal of contaminants from water in a number of studies due to its low cost, potential availability, and adsorptive characteristics. In this study, biochar produced through fast pyrolysis of bark, hardwood sawdust, and softwood sawdust were characterized through a series of tests and were analysed for adsorbent properties. Treating produced water using biochar sourced from wood waste is a two-fold solution to environmental problems as it reduces the volume of these wastes. Batch adsorption tests were carried out to obtain adsorption capacities of each biochar sample using sodium sulphate solutions. The highest sulphur adsorption capacities obtained for hardwood char, softwood char and bark char were 11.81 mg/g, 9.44 mg/g, and 7.94 mg/g respectively at 10 °C and pH=4. The adsorption process followed the second order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm model. Adsorption reaction was thermodynamically favourable and exothermic. The overall analysis concludes that the wood biochar is a feasible, economical, and environmental adsorbent for removal of sulphate from produced water.

PCA-ANFIS based prediction for water Injection effectiveness cycle in oil fields.

By proposing a numerical based method on PCA-ANFIS(Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System), this paper is focusing on solving the problem of uncertain cycle of water injection in the oilfield. As the dimension of original data is reduced by PCA, ANFIS can be applied for training and testing the new data proposed by this paper. The correctness of PCA-ANFIS models are verified by the injection statistics data collected from 116 wells inside an oilfield, the average absolute error of testing is 1.80 months. With comparison by non-PCA based models which average error is 4.33 months largely ahead of PCA-ANFIS based models, it shows that the testing accuracy has been greatly enhanced by our approach. With the conclusion of the above testing, the PCA-ANFIS method is robust in predicting the effectiveness cycle of water injection which helps oilfield developers to design the water injection scheme.

Preparation and characterization of poly(ethyl acrylate)/bentonite nanocomposites by in situ emulsion polymerization

Transparent poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA)/bentonite nanocomposites containing intercalated-exfoliated combinatory structures of clay were synthesized by in situ emulsion polymerizations in aqueous dispersions containing bentonite. The samples for characterization were prepared through direct-forming films of the resulting emulsions without coagulation and separation. An examination with X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy showed that intercalated and exfoliated structures of clay coexisted in the PEA/bentonite nanocomposites. The measurements of mechanical properties showed that PEA properties were greatly improved, with the tensile strength and modulus increasing from 0.65 and 0.24 to 11.16 and 88.41 MPa, respectively. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed a very marked improvement of the storage modulus above the glass-transition temperature. In addition, because of the uniform dispersion of silicate layers in the PEA matrix, the barrier properties of the materials were dramatically improved. The permeability coefficient of water vapor decreased from 30.8 x 10(-6) to 8.3 x 10(-6) g cm/cm(2)s cmHg. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Review and meta-analysis of the short-term effects of a vegetable oil emulsion on food intake

Several short-term studies have investigated the effects of a vegetable oil emulsion on subsequent food intake, although findings have been inconsistent. This work aimed to review all studies, and investigate differences in study outcomes based on methodology. All known studies were identified. Data were abstracted from published studies (n = 7). Details of unpublished studies were gained from investigators/sponsors (n = 5), or were unavailable for reasons of confidentiality (n = 4). Available data were combined using meta-analyses. A combined appetite suppressant effect of the emulsion compared with control was found for test meal intake at approximately 4, 12 and 36 h post-treatment: smallest combined mean difference (random effects model) = 0.53 MJ (95% confidence interval 0.20, 0.86), P < 0.01. However, considerable heterogeneity (variability) between study results was also found (smallest I2 = 94%, P < 0.01), questioning the predictive validity of the above findings. Meta-regression suggested this heterogeneity to be related to differences in the processed nature of the product, treatment dose and in particular year of study (smallest B = 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.06, 1.03, P = 0.04), although again heterogeneity was found. The only consistent finding was a lack of effect on food intake 4 h post-preload in studies conducted after 2003. These results suggest a small but inconsistent appetite suppressant effect of the vegetable oil emulsion. However, due to the large heterogeneity, no definitive conclusions can be drawn.

Heavier-than-water silicone oil mixture as a long-term tamponade agent:A pilot study

Purpose: To evaluate the tamponade effect on the retina of a heavier-than-water silicone oil mixture and to compare it with the effect of silicone oil. Methods: Prospective, non-randomised, comparative pilot study. Phakic/pseudophakic patients with retinal detachment undergoing vitrectomy with Densiron 68 or silicone oil were recruited. The 'separation volume', defined as the relative volume of the space between intraocular tamponade agent and retina, was estimated using magnetic resonance imaging in both groups and compared. Results: Nine participants were included; 4 received silicone oil and 5 Densiron 68. The mean separation volume was statistically significantly larger in the silicone oil group (0.477 ± 0.419 cm ) than in the Densiron group (0.042 ± 0.013 cm ; p = 0.014). Conclusions: In this study Densiron achieved an excellent tamponade effect in the retina. © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Dielectric Dispersion of Water in the Frequency Range from 10 mHz to 30 MHz

We investigate the dielectric dispersion of water, specially in the low-frequency range, by using the impedance spectroscopy technique. The frequency dependencies of the real R and imaginary Z parts of the impedance Could not be explained by means of the Usual description of the dielectric properties of the water as all insulating liquid containing ions. This is due to the incomplete knowledge of the parameters entering in the fundamental equations describing the evolution of the system, and oil the mechanisms regulating the exchange of charge of the cell with the external circuit. We propose a simple description of our experimental data based on the model of Debye, by invoking a dc conductivity of the cell, related to the nonblocking character of the electrodes. A discussion on the electric Circuits able to simulate the cell under investigation, based oil bulk and Surface elements, is also reported. We find that the simple circuit formed by a series of two parallels of resistance and capacitance is able to reproduce the experimental data concerning the real and imaginary part of the electrical impedance of the cell for frequency larger than 1 Hz. According to this description, one of the parallels takes into account the electrical properties of interface between the electrode and water, and the other of the bulk. For frequency lower than 1 Hz, a good agreement with the experimental data is obtained by simulating the electrical properties of the interface by means of the constant phase element.

Demulsification of water/sunflower oil emulsions by a tangential filtration process using chemically impregnated ceramic tubes

A tangential filtration process was implemented in this study using porous ceramic tubes made of alpha-alumina produced by the slip-casting technique. These tubes were sintered at 1450 degrees C and characterized by mercury intrusion porosimetry, which revealed a mean pore size of 0.5 mu m. The tubes were chemically impregnated with a zirconium citrate solution, after which they were calcined and heat treated at temperatures of up to 600 and 900 degrees C to eliminate volatile organic compounds and transform the zirconium citrate into zirconium oxide impregnated in the alumina in the form of nanoparticle agglomerates. The microporous pipes were tested on a microfiltration hydraulic system to analyze their performance in the demulsification of sunflower oil and water mixtures. The fluid-dynamic parameters of Reynolds number and transmembrane pressure were varied in the process. The volume of permeate was analyzed by measuring the Total Organic Carbon concentration (TOC), which indicated 99% of oil phase retention. The emulsified mixture was characterized by optical microscopy, while the morphology and composition of the impregnated microporous tubes were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Quantification of the TOC values for the tube impregnated once at 600 degrees C showed the best demulsification performance, with the concentration on permeate smaller than 10 mg/L. The impregnated tube sintered once at 900 degrees C presented low carbon concentration (smaller than 20 mg/L), has the advantage of presenting the greatest trans-membrane flux in relation to the other microporous tube. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Passive Immunity of Progeny from Broiler Breeders Vaccinated with Oil-Emulsion Bacterin Against Salmonella Enteritidis

Young poultry are very susceptible to Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infections because of the absence of complete intestinal flora colonization and an immature immune system. This study evaluated the role of passive immunity on the resistance of young birds against early infections caused by SE. The progeny of broiler breeders vaccinated with an oil-emulsion bacterin was compared to the progeny of unvaccinated birds. Efficacy was determined by challenging birds at 1 and 14 days of age with SE Nal Spc strain, phage type 4. After challenge at 1 day of age, the progeny of vaccinated birds presented a significantly lower number (log(10)) of SE Nal Spc reisolation (P < 0.05) in liver (2.21), spleen (2.31), and cecal contents (2.85) compared with control groups (2.76, 3.02, and 6.03, respectively). The examination of the internal organs, 3 days after infection, revealed that 28% of the birds (7/25) from vaccinated breeders were positive, whereas 100% (25/25) of the chicks derived from unvaccinated birds were positive. Birds challenged at 14 days of age presented a lower number of positive samples compared with those challenged at 1 day of age, and the progeny of vaccinated birds presented statistically lower numbers (log(10)) of colony-forming units/ml of SE Nal Spc only in the cecal contents compared with nonvaccinated breeder progeny (2.11 vs. 2.94). Age seems to influence the susceptibility of birds to SE infections: in control groups, the number of positive birds at 14 days of age (9/25) was lower when compared with the group infected at 1 day of age (25/25). The number of positive fecal samples of the progeny of vaccinated birds was significantly lower (36) than those of the control group (108) after challenge at 1 day of age. Unchallenged progeny of vaccinated birds presented passive antibodies detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) up to 21 days of age. on the other hand, antibodies of the control group were detected by ELISA 14 days after challenge. These results show a significant contribution of breeder vaccination by increasing the resistance of the progeny against early SE infections. However, the bacteria were not completely eliminated, suggesting that additional procedures are needed to effectively control SE infections.

Utilization of Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) with Water in CBN Grinding of Steel

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Variations in Structure Explain the Viscometric Behavior of AOT Microemulsions at Low Water/AOT Molar Ratios

The viscosity of AOT/water/decane water-in-oil microemulsions exhibits a well-known maximum as a function of water/AOT molar ratio, which is usually attributed to increased attractions among nearly spherical droplets. The maximum can be removed by adding salt or by changing the oil to CCl4. Systematic small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements have been used to monitor the structure of the microemulsion droplets in the composition regime where the maximum appears. On increasing the droplet concentration, the scattering intensity is found to scale with the inverse of the wavevector, a behavior which is consistent with cylindrical structures. The inverse wavevector scaling is not observed when the molar ratio is changed, moving the system away from the value corresponding to the viscosity maximum. It is also not present in the scattering from systems containing enough added salt to essentially eliminate the viscosity maximum. An asymptotic analysis of the SAXS data, complemented by some quantitative modeling, is consistent with cylindrical growth of droplets as their concentration is increased. Such elongated structures are familiar from related AOT systems in which the sodium counterion has been exchanged for a divalent one. However, the results of this study suggest that the formation of non-spherical aggregates at low molar ratios is an intrinsic property of AOT.