The effects and side-effects of statistics education: Psychology students’ (mis-)conceptions of probability

In three studies we looked at two typical misconceptions of probability: the representativeness heuristic, and the equiprobability bias. The literature on statistics education predicts that some typical errors and biases (e.g., the equiprobability bias) increase with education, whereas others decrease. This is in contrast with reasoning theorists’ prediction who propose that education reduces misconceptions in general. They also predict that students with higher cognitive ability and higher need for cognition are less susceptible to biases. In Experiments 1 and 2 we found that the equiprobability bias increased with statistics education, and it was negatively correlated with students’ cognitive abilities. The representativeness heuristic was mostly unaffected by education, and it was also unrelated to cognitive abilities. In Experiment 3 we demonstrated through an instruction manipulation (by asking participants to think logically vs. rely on their intuitions) that the reason for these differences was that these biases originated in different cognitive processes.

Summary of the Snowmastodon Project Special Volume: A high-elevation, multi-proxy biotic and environmental record of MIS 6-4 from the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site, Snowmass Village, Colorado, USA

In North America, terrestrial records of biodiversity and climate change that span Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 are rare. Where found, they provide insight into how the coupling of the ocean-atmosphere system is manifested in biotic and environmental records and how the biosphere responds to climate change. In 2010-2011, construction at Ziegler Reservoir near Snowmass Village, Colorado (USA) revealed a nearly continuous, lacustrine/wetland sedimentary sequence that preserved evidence of past plant communities between similar to 140 and 55 lea, including all of MIS 5. At an elevation of 2705 m, the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site also contained thousands of well-preserved bones of late Pleistocene megafauna, including mastodons, mammoths, ground sloths, horses, camels, deer, bison, black bear, coyotes, and bighorn sheep. In addition, the site contained more than 26,000 bones from at least 30 species of small animals including salamanders, otters, muskrats, minks, rabbits, beavers, frogs, lizards, snakes, fish, and birds. The combination of macro- and micro-vertebrates, invertebrates, terrestrial and aquatic plant macrofossils, a detailed pollen record, and a robust, directly dated stratigraphic framework shows that high-elevation ecosystems in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado are climatically sensitive and varied dramatically throughout MIS 5 

Le corps mourant et lésprit vivant de M. le Duc de Chastillon, mis en vers par M. M. G. A. Elégie

[Mazarinade. 1649]

AIRS A QUATRE // DE DIFFERENTS AUTEURS // RECVEILLIS ET MIS ENSEMBLE // PAR PIERRE BALLARD // Imprimeur du Roy. // A PARIS // Chez la veuve de R. Ballard et Pierre Ballard // Imprimeur de la musique du Roy. // Avec privilège. // Ce titre dans un cadre orné // 1606 //

Comprend : Fol 3 v° - Je fuyois l'amour et sa flame - Fol 4 v° - Ma foy, vous estes trop parfaite - Fol 5 v° - Alés facheux plain de loysir - Fol 6 v° - Ie suy exclave arresté - Fol 7 v° - Ayant ayme fidellement - Fol 8 v° - C'est pour l'amour de ma belle - Fol 9 v° - Il me faut trouver estrange - Fol 10 v° - N'est ce pas icy cette main - Fol 11 v° - Ce que j'avais prédit n'est que trop veritable - Fol 12 v° - Voulo, vous sçavoir mon malheur - Fol 13 v° - Amante plus inlortunée - Fol 14 v° - Un jour que ma cruelle - Fol 15 v° - Amour, vous avez l'oeil bandé - Fol 16 v° - Margot, il est Temps de conclure - Fol 17 v° - On a beau me cacher ton jour - Fol 18 v° - Ma bergere infidèlle - Fol 19 v° - Vous en allés vous mon soucy - Fol 20 v° - Quelle glace craintive - Fol 21 v° - Le mal qu'on ase das couvrir - Fol 22 v° - Que j'aime cas petits rivages - Fol 23 v° - Qui n'eut este vaincu d'un si fort ennemy - Fol 24 v° - Amans qui nuit et jour - Fol 25 v° - Que douce est la violence - Fol 26 v° - Que tous las feux du ciel ensemble - Fol 27 v° - Puisque l'amour peut bien exercer la puissance - Fol. 28 v° - Nous cherchons parmy ces prées - Fol. 29 v° - Berçevoy ne croyés pas - Fol. 50 v° - Ha beaux yeux je me rends non non, pluy jene joy - Fol. 51 v° - Père Bacchus, fils de femelle - Fol. 32 v° - Combien que ta fière beauté - Fol. 33 v° - Ma femme m'a dit un matin - Fol. 34 v° - Voy yeux qui font tant d'effets - Fol. 55 v° - Philis en songeant au tres pas - Fol. 56 v° - Beau pro qui charmoy mon Ame - Fol. 37 v° - Tu me dis adieu sans subjet - Fol. 38 v° - Quoy vous faites de la succrée - Fol. 39 v° - Ma foy, je vous trouve bien fin - Fol. 40 v° - L'infidelle qui commence