Aula activa de la naturaleza de San Rafael : El Espinar (Segovia).

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Guía didáctica del Medio Ambiente de Miranda de Ebro.

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Filosofía y Ciudadanía : primero Bachillerato.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

La creatividad en Educación.

Estudiar la creatividad como método en educación, incluyéndola en el sistema educativo. Consta de nueve capítulos. En el primer capítulo se muestra el concepto de creatividad y las diferentes teorías que lo explican. En el capítulo segundo se desarrolla la creatividad dentro del marco teórico de la psicología. El capítulo tercero desarrolla la significación actual de la creatividad. En el capítulo cuarto se muestran los diferentes indicadores psicopedagógicos de la creatividad como son: la originalidad, capacidad de elaboración, permeabilidad a los problemas, capacidad de redefinición, capacidad para el análisis, capacidad sintética, alto nivel de inventiva, fluidez y facilidad para la comunicación. En el capítulo quinto se muestra el comportamiento creativo e intelectual. En el capítulo sexto se hace referencia al análisis de la conducta creadora, la contribución de Guilford al análisis de la creatividad, etapas en el proceso creador y características de la conducta. El capítulo séptimo estudia la medida de la creatividad, la capacidad creadora, pruebas espaciales, test verbales y valoración y validación de las pruebas de creatividad. En el capítulo octavo se desarrolla la importancia de la creatividad en la educación, estudiando la pedagogía de la creatividad, los objetivos de la didáctica de la creatividad, la eficacia de la educación para la creatividad junto con los métodos y técnicas para desarrollar el potencial creativo como el Brainstorming y las formas para su realización. Se explican también métodos combinatorios como el método Delfos, la síntesis creativa, el arte de relacionar y el Problema Solving. En el capítulo noveno se explica el arte junto con la creatividad aplicado a la educación, el significado del arte para los niños, los sentidos como base del aprendizaje y la importancia de la autodefinición y el desarrollo de la conciencia estética. 1) La educación tiene un doble objetivo: trasmitir y renovar la cultura. No es solo que el sistema educativo tenga que renovarse constantemente, lo decisivo es que ha de contemplar en cada sujeto su faceta creadora, esforzándose por descubrirla y cultivarla. 2) Todo ser humano nace creativo. Tiene la necesidad de explorar, de descubrir. 3) La conducta creadora pertenece a la categoría de las conductas integrativas. La dimensión creadora viene determinada por los procesos mentales, las medidas de las potencialidades creadoras, y la relación entre los factores cognitivos y emocionales. 4) Resulta difícil aislar las etapas del proceso creador como si éste fuera un mero sistema mecánico. 5) Uno de los objetivos de la didáctica de la creatividad tendrá que ir referida a que cada alumno aporte algo personal, valioso e innovador. 6) Es necesario reforzar la convicción de que la formación integral de la personalidad del alumno será incompleta siempre que se relegue a un segundo plano la expresión creadora. 7) Una de las habilidades básicas que se debería enseñar en las escuelas es la capacidad de descubrir y de buscar respuestas, en lugar de esperar pasivamente las contestaciones e indicaciones del maestro.

Acerca del concepto de educación

Grupo de Investigación en Educación Social (GIES). Línea: Educación de Adultos y Aprendizaje a lo Largo de la Vida (Adult Education and Lifelong Learning)

Dyslipidemia and blood lipid levels in patients tratied in primary care centers in east SAN JOSE

Dyslipidemia, i.e. high levels of blood lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides), is strongly related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). In order to reduce the risk of CVD at any moment in a person ́s life, it is crucial to know his/her –and the population’s– lipid profile. The aim of this study was to assess the (statistical) indicators of blood lipids and the prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients treated in the Integral Health Attention Program from Universidad de Costa Rica. A descriptive study was conducted including 10,044 patients aged 20 to 65 years, who were tested for a blood lipid profile in 2006. A total of 2,969 (29.6%) male and 7,075 (70.4%) female patients took part in the study, with an average age of 43.5 years. General averages for blood lipids were: 203.3 mg/dl for total cholesterol, 50.1 mg/dl for HDL, 120.1 mg/dl for LDL, and 165.6 mg/dl for triglycerides. Prevalence of 17.2% was determined for hypercholesterolemia (≥240 mg/dl), as well as 21.3% for low HDL levels (<40 mg/dl), 11.9% for high LDL levels (≥160 mg/dl), and 26.3% for high triglyceride levels (≥200 mg/dl). Women showed higher overall levels of dyslipidemia than men. Based on health areas, no significant differences were found in general lipid levels by age or sex. Results indicate that the general prevalence of dyslipidemia is close to half the rate reported in worldwide literature and lower than results reported in Costa Rican studies. However, general averages exceeded optimal levels for each blood lipid; consequently, it is important to develop health interventions oriented to reduce the impact of dyslipidemia in the studied population.

Elimination of urine in response to water intake is consistent in well-hydrated individuals

A simple method has been recently proposed to assess acute hydration status in humans; however, several questions remain regarding its reliability, validity, and practicality. Objective: Establish reliability of a simple method to assess euhydration, that is, to analyze whether this method can be used as a consistent indicator of a person´s hydration status. In addition, the study sought to assess the effect exercise has on urine volume when euhydration is maintained and a standardized volume of water is ingested. Methods: Five healthy physically active men and five healthy physically active women, 22.5 ± 2.3 years of age (mean ± standard deviation) reported to the laboratory after fasting for 10 hours or more on three occasions, each one week apart. During the two identical resting euhydration conditions (EuA and EuB), participants remained seated for 45 minutes. During the exercise condition (EuExer), participants exercised intermittently in an environmental chamber (average temperature and relative humidity = 32 ± 3°C and 65 ± 7%, respectively) for a period of 45 minutes and drank water to offset loss due to sweating. The order of treatments was randomized. Upon finishing the treatment period, they ingested a volume of water equivalent to 1.43% body mass (BM) within 30 minutes. Urine was collected and measured henceforth every 30 minutes for 3 hours. Results: Urine volume eliminated during EuExer (1205 ± 399.5 ml) was not different from EuB (1072.2±413.1 ml) or EuA (1068 ± 382.87 ml) (p-value = 0.44). Both resting conditions were practically identical (p-value = 0.98) and presented a strong intraclass correlation (r = 0.849, p-value = 0.001). Conclusions: This method, besides simple, proved to be consistent in all conditions; therefore, it can be used with the certainty that measurements are valid and reliable.

Sedentarismo en niños costarricenses: si hay solucion

El propósito de este artículo fue el de revisar la naturaleza de los patrones de movimiento de los niños, con el fin de entrelazarlos con las recomendaciones que se han establecido en cuanto a la actividad física que deben realizar y compararlas con las que tradicionalmente, se han seguido en el entorno costarricense. En una segunda parte del artículo se menciona al juego como la alternativa para rescatar el disfrute de moverse en los niños y de poder propiciar estilos de vida activa usando como elemento precursor las clases de educación física.

Somatotype of elite cuban paddlers

Some physical characteristics are related to maximum sport performance, which has resulted in what has been denominated the morphological prototype.  Knowing about this concept is of great relevance for physical activity professionals.  Consequently, the purpose of this research was to give evidence as to whether the somatotypes of elite Cuban paddlers are related to international studies done in Spain (Esparza, 1993), Canada (Carter, 1999), Australia (Ackland et al, 2000), Argentina (Lentini et al, 2002), and the United States (Vaccaro et al, 2000).  A total of 30 athletes were evaluated including 9 female kayakers and 21 male canoeists and kayakers. This study shows the significant heterogeneity found in this population based on the behavior of the somatotypes when contrasting the groups.  Compared to the other reference studies, the endomorphic component proved to be the differentiating factor in this research.  The foregoing allowed us to conclude that actions should be taken to modify this component in a way that Cuban athletes are closer to the anthropometric profile exhibited by international elite teams.

Towards modern municipal sports and recreation management in Costa Rica

Sports and recreation management is addressed here using a model that combines the policies and methodologies applied in the Costa Rican context as a result of a concern to identify the real needs in the sports, recreation, and health promotion fields through the different manifestations of human movement.  This approach has been developed during eight years of work in the Costa Rican Sports and Recreation Institute (Instituto Costarricense del Deporte y la Recreación-ICODER) together with different Costa Rican communities, both rural and urban, and local organizations, such as Comprehensive Development Community Associations, Sports and Recreation Community Boards (CCDR), Municipal Mayorships, and NGOs, among others.  This article particularly takes into consideration the experience of the CCDRs as entities that have been given the responsibility by the Costa Rican Government to promote and manage municipal sports and recreation services with a convenient offering that would meet the needs of users or customers.  In this way, this article is aimed at answering the question on how Boards should conduct an efficient management in a way that they also meet the needs of public users or customers in the municipalities of the country, by proposing a management model that serves as an additional instrument to improving the already existing services managed by the aforementioned entities.  This study presents a model of Costa Rican management structured with the theoretical elements that currently define the organization and planning of sports and recreation as a service.

Determination of factors related to the abandonment of the practice of swimming by former costa rican swimmers

The objective of this study was to determine the importance of different dimensions as the possible causes for the abandonment of the practice of swimming by former Costa Rican swimmers.  Subjects: 51 former swimmers participated, including 17 men (22 ±3.4 years of age) and 34 women (22.5 ±3.4 years of age) from different Costa Rican swimming teams.  The Questionnaire of Reasons for Attrition in the Practice of Sports (Gould et al, 1982; cited by Salguero, Tuero, and Márquez, 2003) was used.  Results:  A positive relationship was noted between perceptions of low skill and low performance (r: 0.372), while negative relationships were noted between years of practice and low skill (r:-0.337), years of practice and influence from others (r:-0.286), and years of practice and starting age for swimming (r:-0.622).  A significant interaction was found in the dimensions gender of participants (F: 2.952; p<0.05) and starting age for swimming (F: 3.147; p<0.01).  An interaction was also found between dimensions and the desire to swim again (F: 2.485; p>0.05).  There were also significant differences in the years of practice; that is, subjects who started before the age of 10 had a higher average of years of practice than those who started later (F: 21.465; p<0.05).  Additionally, a significant interaction was found in weekly hours of swimming practice (F: 2.072; p<0.05).  There were no significant differences (F: 2.535; p>0.05) according to weekly hours of training when subjects were actively swimming. Conclusions: Possible reasons for dropping out were lack of enjoyment and poor physical condition for men and perception of lack of team spirit for women.  The group that started after the age of ten gives similar importance to all the dimensions as possible reasons for dropping out, while the group that began swimming before the age of ten sees lack of team spirit, lack of enjoyment, and poor physical condition as the key reasons for dropping out.  The most important dimensions that represented the reasons for abandonment in subjects who wanted to swim again were lack of team spirit, poor physical condition and low skill, while lack of enjoyment was the most important reason for subjects who do not want to swim again.  In the group of subjects who would swim less than six hours, lack of team spirit is the most important cause, while the dimension lack of enjoyment was the most important reason for subjects who would swim 6 to 12 hours.  Additionally, the highest dropout percentages were observed in the transition from secondary school to college.

Learning math through movement: physical education as another alternative

The purpose of this study was to determine the cognitive effects of applying physical recreational activities to two groups of pre-school students, related to mathematics to one of the groups and recreational games to the other.  A total of 27 subjects (13 girls and 14 boys) of 5 and a half and 6 and half years of age participated in the study.  The instrument used was a questionnaire including basic math concepts such as geometry, basic operations with concrete elements, and how to read the clock, based on the topics established by the Costa Rican Ministry of Public Education.  Once the instrument was developed, a plan of physical recreational activities related to math was prepared and applied to the experimental group (pre-school B) for one and a half months, while the other group played recreational games.  Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.  Positive and significant effects were found in the physical recreational activity program regarding student performance in 10 of the 12 items that were applied to assess mastery of basic math concepts.  In conclusion, using physical education as another instrument to teach other disciplines represents an excellent alternative for pre-school teachers that try to satisfy the learning needs of children that will soon be attending school.  Using movement as part of guided and planned activities plays an indispensable role in children’s lives; therefore, learning academic subjects should be adapted to their needs to explore and know their environment.

Quality of life, sense of coherence and levels of sedentarism of faculty and staff from the Presbítero Benjamín Núnez, U.N.A.

The aim of this study was to analyze the quality of life of faculty and staff of the Presbítero Benjamín Núñez Campus of Universidad Nacional (UNA, Costa Rica) as well as to assess the influence of two factors, sense of coherence and physical exercise, in the quality of life of the subjects.  A group of 37 faculty members and 30 staff members participated in the study.  The SF-36 Questionnaire, the Sense of Coherence Scale, and a survey to measure physical exercise habits were used.  In general, results showed a relatively good quality of life and similar scores were found in the Sense of Coherence Scale.  Additionally, significant connections were found between certain factors related to sense of coherence and quality of life.  Data confirmed that persons who practice physical exercise have a better quality of life than those who are not physically active.  It was concluded that, although quality of life and sense of coherence were relatively good, new proposals must be designed and implemented to improve both aspects.  In this sense, physical exercise proved to be one of the pillars in the development of innovative proposals aimed at bettering health in university employees, all of this within the “Healthy Universities” concept.

Actividad física y género: un estudio comparativo entre los jóvenes de Monterrey, México y Zaragoza, España

El propósito del estudio es comparar el gasto energético medio y los  niveles de actividad física entre los jóvenes de Monterrey, México y Zaragoza, España; considerando variables como género, tipo de escuela y momento de la semana (jornada escolar o fin de semana). Métodología: estudiantes adolescentes de 12 a 17 años, pertenecientes a las escuelas públicas y privadas de la ciudad de Monterrey (N= 396) y Zaragoza (N= 394). Se utilizó el cuestionario Four by one-day physical activity questionnaire con una fiabilidad de .89, realizado con un test-retest por su adaptación de formato. Resultados: existe tanto en Zaragoza como en Monterrey un número importante de escolares con bajos niveles de actividad física. Casi la mitad de los escolares se han tipificado como inactivos y muy inactivos. El gasto energético fue muy similar 37.52 kcal/kg/día ± 2.12 y 37.66 kcal/kg/día ± 2.95, en las dos ciudades señaladas. Conclusiones: en cuanto al género los hombres presentan mayores niveles de actividad física que las mujeres dato que coincide con la mayoría de los estudios. Los escolares realizan mayor nivel de actividad física durante la jornada escolar que en los fines de semana.

Technical performance profile of the four-time Costa Rican senior basketball league championship team

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the technical performance profile of the four-time Costa Rican Senior Basketball League championship team. A total of 142 games was recorded throughout the 2007, 2008 and 2009 seasons. Performance indicators selected were: two and three-point shots (converted, missed, effectiveness rates), free throws (converted, missed, effectiveness rates), points, offensive and defensive rebounds, fouls, turnovers, assists and ball steals. The information was described based on absolute and relative frequency values. Data was compared by season and by playing period based on the following non-parametric techniques: U-test, Friedman test and Chi-square. In all cases, SPSS version 15.0 was used with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results showed a better profile of technical performance in the 2008 season, characterized by better percentages of two-point shots, free throws, fewer turnovers and more ball steals and assists. In relation to the playing period, the team showed a better technical performance profile during the second half of the matches. In general, the effectiveness rate of two-point shots and free throws was above 60% in both playing periods, while the three-point shot percentage ranged between 26.4% and 29.2%. In conclusion, the team showed a similar technical performance profile to that reported in the literature, as well as a clear evidence of the importance of recording and following up on technical performance indicators in basketball.