Cyclin A2 is differentially expressed during oocyte maturation between gynogenetic silver crucian carp and gonochoristic color crucian carp

Silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) is a unique gynogenetic fish. Because of its specific genetic background and reproduction mode, it is an intriguing model system for understanding regulatory mechanism of oocyte maturation division. It keeps its chromosomal integrity by inhibiting the first meiotic division (no extrusion of the first pole body). The spindle behavior during oocyte maturation is significantly different from that in gonochoristic fish. The chromosomes are first arranged in a tripolar spindle, and then they turn around and are reunited mutually to form a normal bipolar spindle. A new member of the fish A-type cyclin gene, cyclin A2, has been isolated by suppression of subtractive hybridization on the basis of its differential transcription in fully-grown oocytes between the gynogenetic silver crucian carp and gonochoristic color crucian carp. There are 18 differing amino acids in the total 428 residues of cyclin A2 between the two forms of crucian carps. In addition, cDNAs of cyclin A1 and cyclin B have also been cloned from them. Thus two members of A-type cyclins, cyclin A1 and cyclin A2, are demonstrated to exist in fish, just as in frog, humans, and mouse. Northern blotting reveals that cyclin A2 mRNA is more than 20-fold and cyclin A1 mRNA is about 2-fold in fully grown oocytes of gynogenetic silver crucian carp compared to gonochoristic color crucian carp. However, cyclin B does not show such a difference between them. Western blot analysis also shows that the cyclin A2 protein stockpiled in fully grown oocytes of gynogenetic crucian carp is much more abundant than in gonochoristic crucian carp. Moreover, two different cyclin A2 expression patterns during oocyte maturation have been revealed in the two closely related crucian carps. For color crucian carp, cyclin A2 protein is translated only after hormone stimulation. For silver crucian carp, cyclin A2 protein can be detected throughout the process of maturation division. The different expression of cyclin A2 may be a clue to understanding the special maturation division of gynogenetic silver crucian carp.

Vitamin D binding protein isoforms as candidate predictors of disease extension in childhood arthritis

Introduction: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) comprises a poorly understood group of chronic autoimmune diseases with variable clinical outcomes. We investigated whether the synovial fluid (SF) proteome could distinguish a subset of patients in whom disease extends to affect a large number of joints.

Methods: SF samples from 57 patients were obtained around time of initial diagnosis of JIA, labeled with Cy dyes and separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Multivariate analyses were used to isolate a panel of proteins which distinguish patient subgroups. Proteins were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry with expression verified by immunochemical methods. Protein glycosylation status was confirmed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography.

Results: A truncated isoform of vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) is present at significantly reduced levels in the SF of oligoarticular patients at risk of disease extension, relative to other subgroups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, sialylated forms of immunopurified synovial VDBP were significantly reduced in extended oligoarticular patients (p < 0.005).

Conclusion: Reduced conversion of VDBP to a macrophage activation factor may be used to stratify patients to determine risk of disease extension in JIA patients.

Glycosylation of Vitamin D Binding Protein Reduced in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Patients At Risk of Disease Extension.

Background/Purpose:Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) comprises a poorly understood group of chronic, childhood onset, autoimmune diseases with variable clinical outcomes. We investigated whether profiling of the synovial fluid (SF) proteome by a fluorescent dye based, two-dimensional gel (DIGE) approach could distinguish the subset of patients in whom inflammation extends to affect a large number of joints, early in the disease process. The post-translational modifications to candidate protein markers were verified by a novel deglycosylation strategy.Methods:SF samples from 57 patients were obtained around time of initial diagnosis of JIA. At 1 year from inclusion patients were categorized according to ILAR criteria as oligoarticular arthritis (n=26), extended oligoarticular (n=8) and polyarticular disease (n=18). SF samples were labeled with Cy dyes and separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Multivariate analyses were used to isolate a panel of proteins which distinguish patient subgroups. Proteins were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry with vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) expression and siaylation further verified by immunohistochemistry, ELISA test and immunoprecipitation. Candidate biomarkers were compared to conventional inflammation measure C-reactive protein (CRP). Sialic acid residues were enzymatically cleaved from immunopurified SF VDBP, enriched by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and analysed by mass spectrometry.Results:Hierarchical clustering based on the expression levels of a set of 23 proteins segregated the extended-to-be oligoarticular from the oligoarticular patients. A cleaved isoform of VDBP, spot 873, is present at significantly reduced levels in the SF of oligoarticular patients at risk of disease extension, relative to other subgroups (p<0.05). Conversely total levels of vitamin D binding protein are elevated in plasma and ROC curves indicate an improved diagnostic sensitivity to detect patients at risk of disease extension, over both spot 873 and CRP levels. Sialysed forms of intact immunopurified VDBP were more prevalent in persistent oligoarticular patient synovial fluids.Conclusion:The data indicate that a subset of the synovial fluid proteome may be used to stratify patients to determine risk of disease extension. Reduced conversion of VDBP to a macrophage activation factor may represent a novel pathway contributing to increased risk of disease extension in JIA patients.

Les critiques et les pratiques de l’oralité et de l’écriture dans la tradition philosophique grecque de l’Antiquité

À la lecture d’ouvrages philosophiques anciens, nous sommes souvent surpris par la virulence des critiques adressées à l’écriture, dans la mesure où ces critiques nous parviennent au moyen de textes écrits. N’est-il pas paradoxal de tout à la fois rejeter et utiliser une même technologie ? Ou est-ce que les pratiques de l’oralité et de l’écriture des philosophes grecs, telles que ceux-ci les décrivent dans leurs ouvrages, peuvent être cohérentes avec leurs critiques ? Notre thèse visait, d’une part, à répondre à ce questionnement en confrontant les pratiques des philosophes anciens aux critiques qu’ils adressent à l’écriture, par le biais d’une étude systématique des discours sur la lecture et l’écriture dans des textes anciens d’auteurs et d’époques variés, et notamment des textes qui n’ont pas l’écriture pour objet. D’autre part, comme les travaux déjà publiés sur ce thème tentaient le plus souvent de trouver le point de rupture entre la tradition orale et la tradition écrite (cf. Havelock 1963, Lentz 1989), nous avons voulu inscrire notre objet d’étude dans une plus longue durée, ce qui nous a permis de constater qu’une rupture radicale entre les philosophes de tradition orale et ceux appartenant à la tradition écrite n’avait pas eu lieu, et que l’on observait plutôt une continuité des critiques et des pratiques de l’oralité et de l’écriture depuis l’époque classique jusqu’à l’Antiquité tardive. Malgré le développement de nouveaux supports matériels pour l’écriture, l’émergence d’une religion du livre, et la mise à l’écrit des poèmes homériques, la tradition philosophique grecque témoigne d’un usage circonspect de l’écriture et du refus de rejeter définitivement l’oralité.

Mathematical Modelling of the Dynamics of Granular Materials in a Rotating Cylinder

The current study is aimed at the development of a theoretical simulation tool based on Discrete Element Method (DEM) to 'interpret granular dynamics of solid bed in the cross section of the horizontal rotating cylinder at the microscopic level and subsequently apply this model to establish the transition behaviour, mixing and segregation.The simulation of the granular motion developed in this work is based on solving Newton's equation of motion for each particle in the granular bed subjected to the collisional forces, external forces and boundary forces. At every instant of time, the forces are tracked and the positions velocities and accelarations of each partcle is The software code for this simulation is written in VISUAL FORTRAN 90 After checking the validity of the code with special tests, it is used to investigate the transition behaviour of granular solids motion in the cross section of a rotating cylinder for various rotational speeds and fill fraction.This work is hence directed towards a theoretical investigation based on Discrete Element Method (DEM) of the motion of granular solids in the radial direction of the horizontal cylinder to elucidate the relationship between the operating parameters of the rotating cylinder geometry and physical properties ofthe granular solid.The operating parameters of the rotating cylinder include the various rotational velocities of the cylinder and volumetric fill. The physical properties of the granular solids include particle sizes, densities, stiffness coefficients, and coefficient of friction Further the work highlights the fundamental basis for the important phenomena of the system namely; (i) the different modes of solids motion observed in a transverse crosssection of the rotating cylinder for various rotational speeds, (ii) the radial mixing of the granular solid in terms of active layer depth (iii) rate coefficient of mixing as well as the transition behaviour in terms of the bed turnover time and rotational speed and (iv) the segregation mechanisms resulting from differences in the size and density of particles.The transition behaviour involving its six different modes of motion of the granular solid bed is quantified in terms of Froude number and the results obtained are validated with experimental and theoretical results reported in the literature The transition from slumping to rolling mode is quantified using the bed turnover time and a linear relationship is established between the bed turn over time and the inverse of the rotational speed of the cylinder as predicted by Davidson et al. [2000]. The effect of the rotational speed, fill fraction and coefficient of friction on the dynamic angle of repose are presented and discussed. The variation of active layer depth with respect to fill fraction and rotational speed have been investigated. The results obtained through simulation are compared with the experimental results reported by Van Puyvelde et. at. [2000] and Ding et at. [2002].The theoretical model has been further extended, to study the rmxmg and segregation in the transverse direction for different particle sizes and their size ratios. The effect of fill fraction and rotational speed on the transverse mixing behaviour is presented in the form of a mixing index and mixing kinetics curve. The segregation pattern obtained by the simulation of the granular solid bed with respect to the rotational speed of the cylinder is presented both in graphical and numerical forms. The segregation behaviour of the granular solid bed with respect to particle size, density and volume fraction of particle size has been investigated. Several important macro parameters characterising segregation such as mixing index, percolation index and segregation index have been derived from the simulation tool based on first principles developed in this work.

La internacionalización de las empresas en Colombia.

Today we are talking about the international integration processes and the objectives that the companies have to keep in mind in order to enter in international markets. Agreements like the FTA (Free Trade Agreement) with the United States and the CAN – MERCOSUR are important in this development. But actually, too many companies are not prepared to compete in new markets. There is only one idea in the national business and this is staying in the national market and do not try to expand the company’s scope to other countries where probably exist many possibilities to sell its products, because of the fear about entering new markets, with new strategies. In this article, I pretend to show what the alternatives to compete in external markets are and how not committing mistakes planning the strategy in the new international sector. Today we do not only think in terms of local market but also in international markets, because due to the internationalization processes we are going in the open way and the search of the free trade. We can’t turn around and go back according to the necessities of the enterprise. We have to assume risks and alternatives. Following the steps and the examples which are shown in this document, you can identify easily if your business is or is not prepared to  compete in external markets.

Logit models for identifying the factors that influence the uptake of new 'no-tillage' technologies by farmers in the rice-wheat and the cotton-wheat farming systems of Pakistan's Punjab

In the 'rice-wheat' and the 'cotton-wheat' farming systems of Pakistan's Punjab, late planting of wheat is a perennial problem due to often delayed harvesting of the previously planted and late maturing rice and cotton crops. This leaves very limited time for land preparation for 'on-time' planting of wheat. 'No-tillage' technologies that reduce the turn-round time for wheat cultivation after rice and cotton have been developed, but their uptake has not been as expected.-This paper attempts to determine the farm and farmer characteristics and other socio-economic factors that influence the adoption of 'no-tillage' technologies'. Logit models were developed for the analysis undertaken. In the 'cotton-wheat' system personal characteristics like education, tenancy status, attitude towards risk implied in the use of new technologies and contact with extension agents are the main factors that affect adoption. As regards the 'rice-wheat' system, resource endowments such as farm size, access to a 'no-tillage' drill, clayey soils and the area sown to the rice-wheat sequence along with tenancy and contact with extension agents were dominant in explaining adoption. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

The influence of Langmuir turbulence on the scaling for the dissipation rate in the oceanic boundary layer

A model for estimating the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate in the oceanic boundary layer, based on insights from rapid-distortion theory, is presented and tested. This model provides a possible explanation for the very high dissipation levels found by numerous authors near the surface. It is conceived that turbulence, injected into the water by breaking waves, is subsequently amplified due to its distortion by the mean shear of the wind-induced current and straining by the Stokes drift of surface waves. The partition of the turbulent shear stress into a shear-induced part and a wave-induced part is taken into account. In this picture, dissipation enhancement results from the same mechanism responsible for Langmuir circulations. Apart from a dimensionless depth and an eddy turn-over time, the dimensionless dissipation rate depends on the wave slope and wave age, which may be encapsulated in the turbulent Langmuir number La_t. For large La_t, or any Lat but large depth, the dissipation rate tends to the usual surface layer scaling, whereas when Lat is small, it is strongly enhanced near the surface, growing asymptotically as ɛ ∝ La_t^{-2} when La_t → 0. Results from this model are compared with observations from the WAVES and SWADE data sets, assuming that this is the dominant dissipation mechanism acting in the ocean surface layer and statistical measures of the corresponding fit indicate a substantial improvement over previous theoretical models. Comparisons are also carried out against more recent measurements, showing good order-of-magnitude agreement, even when shallow-water effects are important.

The abandoned mandatory OFR: a lost opportunity for SER?

Purpose – An important outcome of the UK Company Law Review (CLR) involved draft regulations for a mandatory operating and financial review (OFR). The unprecedented abandonment of this mandatory OFR in November 2005 threw debate about the genuine motivations underlying the CLR into disarray. This paper seeks to reinterpret the abandonment of a mandatory OFR using interview research. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted a series of 24 interviews with companies from the FTSE100 between May and August 2004, prior to the abandonment. Findings – The interviews showed that the OFR was perceived as an appropriate vehicle for social and environmental reporting (SER). The interviewees considered that a mandatory OFR would provide a means of forcing SER into the mainstream and making it mandatory at a basic level. The interviews revealed that processes for the identification of material SER differ widely between organisations, ranging from embryonic to highly structured. Further, interviewees believed that directors had the final veto on inclusion of information. Despite directors' inclination to hide behind materiality as a means of avoiding SER, interviewees did not view the proposed mandatory OFR as “greenwash” but as a vehicle that would increase stakeholder confidence, as processes underlying the proposed OFR would be audited. Practical implications – The research implies that abandoning the mandatory OFR represented a lost opportunity for SER. Originality/value – The paper provides new evidence on the processes of materiality decision making in the SER area as well as strong endorsement of the mandatory OFR, contrary to the government turn-around.

The spiral structure of the Galaxy revealed by CS sources and evidence for the 4:1 resonance

We present a map of the spiral structure of the Galaxy, as traced by molecular carbon monosulphide (CS) emission associated with IRAS sources which are believed to be compact H II regions. The CS line velocities are used to determine the kinematic distances of the sources in order to investigate their distribution in the galactic plane. This allows us to use 870 objects to trace the arms, a number larger than that of previous studies based on classical H II regions. The distance ambiguity of the kinematic distances, when it exists, is solved by different procedures, including the latitude distribution and an analysis of the longitude-velocity diagram. The study of the spiral structure is complemented with other tracers: open clusters, Cepheids, methanol masers and H II regions. The well-defined spiral arms are seen to be confined inside the corotation radius, as is often the case in spiral galaxies. We identify a square-shaped sub-structure in the CS map with that predicted by stellar orbits at the 4:1 resonance (four epicycle oscillations in one turn around the galactic centre). The sub-structure is found at the expected radius, based on the known pattern rotation speed and epicycle frequency curve. An inner arm presents an end with strong inwards curvature and intense star formation that we tentatively associate with the region where this arm surrounds the extremity of the bar, as seen in many barred galaxies. Finally, a new arm with concave curvature is found in the Sagitta to Cepheus region of the sky. The observed arms are interpreted in terms of perturbations similar to grooves in the gravitational potential of the disc, produced by crowding of stellar orbits.

Análise da percepção ambiental como instrumento ao planejamento da educação ambiental

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um diagnóstico da percepção ambiental da comunidade educativa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (professores, alunos e técnicos administrativos). O estudo da percepção ambiental de uma população é fundamental para compreender as inter-relações da mesma com o seu ambiente. Conhecendo a realidade desta comunidade, pode-se realizar projetos de educação ambiental que atenda as necessidades encontradas nesta população. Conforme a Conferência de Tbilisi, a educação ambiental deve girar em torno de problemas concretos e ter um caráter interdisciplinar. Conforme a Política Nacional de Educação Ambiental, a educação ambiental deve ser tratada em todos os níveis de ensino, formal e informal. Este trabalho foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa, baseada em um questionário pré-estabelecido, com uma amostra de 1042 entrevistas. Com a análise dos dados observou-se que a comunidade educativa da UFRGS está preocupada com as questões ambientais, mas está pouco envolvida em ações concretas. A comunidade educativa da UFRGS possui trabalhos que permitem uma análise mais apurada das relações entre a percepção ambiental dessa comunidade e a educação ambiental, como o Relatório de Resíduos Sólidos (GIGA), que trata da gestão dos resíduos produzidos nessa comunidade. Além disso, a UFRGS passa, a partir de 2006, a oferecer um Curso de Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, o qual pode contribuir significativamente para a consolidação de um processo de educação ambiental e de gestão de resíduos dentro da UFRGS. Este trabalho demonstrou a necessidade de implantação de um projeto de Educação Ambiental na UFRGS, e os resultados desta pesquisa poderão servir como subsídio para a elaboração deste projeto.

Mulheres negras adolescentes no ensino médio: discriminação e desafio

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Actores y escenarios rurales en el Noticiero Bonaerense. 1948/1958

Entre 1948 y 1958 el Noticiario Bonaerense acompañó a las autoridades provinciales en sus giras políticas por las localidades agropecuarias del interior de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Allí es posible relevar las transformaciones temáticas y retóricas de los discursos sobre la política agropecuaria, tanto de las gobernaciones peronistas del Cnel Domingo Mercante (1946-52) y del mayor Carlos Aloé (1952-55) como las de la intervención nacional de la llamada Revolución Libertadora del Cnel Emilio A. Bonnecarrére (1955-58). En esos años que rodean 1955, de quiebre y enfrentamiento político y social de ribetes iconoclastas, se realizó un importante debate económico en colaboración con el gobierno de la Libertadora (Raúl Prebisch y Federico Pinedo), con fuertes impugnaciones hacia Perón y el peronismo en general y en particular hacia su política agraria. El Noticiario Bonaerense registró las discontinuidades políticas e iconográficas en las imágenes del acto político agropecuario, lo que resultó de valor para la reinterpretación del debate mencionado. A través del manejo estatal del espacio simbólico proyectaron y mantuvieron el mito de la utopía agraria, ensayando diferentes maneras de entender y de mostrar las relaciones entre el estado y la sociedad jerarquizando otros escenarios y distintos actores.

Actores y escenarios rurales en el Noticiero Bonaerense. 1948/1958

Entre 1948 y 1958 el Noticiario Bonaerense acompañó a las autoridades provinciales en sus giras políticas por las localidades agropecuarias del interior de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Allí es posible relevar las transformaciones temáticas y retóricas de los discursos sobre la política agropecuaria, tanto de las gobernaciones peronistas del Cnel Domingo Mercante (1946-52) y del mayor Carlos Aloé (1952-55) como las de la intervención nacional de la llamada Revolución Libertadora del Cnel Emilio A. Bonnecarrére (1955-58). En esos años que rodean 1955, de quiebre y enfrentamiento político y social de ribetes iconoclastas, se realizó un importante debate económico en colaboración con el gobierno de la Libertadora (Raúl Prebisch y Federico Pinedo), con fuertes impugnaciones hacia Perón y el peronismo en general y en particular hacia su política agraria. El Noticiario Bonaerense registró las discontinuidades políticas e iconográficas en las imágenes del acto político agropecuario, lo que resultó de valor para la reinterpretación del debate mencionado. A través del manejo estatal del espacio simbólico proyectaron y mantuvieron el mito de la utopía agraria, ensayando diferentes maneras de entender y de mostrar las relaciones entre el estado y la sociedad jerarquizando otros escenarios y distintos actores.

Actores y escenarios rurales en el Noticiero Bonaerense. 1948/1958

Entre 1948 y 1958 el Noticiario Bonaerense acompañó a las autoridades provinciales en sus giras políticas por las localidades agropecuarias del interior de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Allí es posible relevar las transformaciones temáticas y retóricas de los discursos sobre la política agropecuaria, tanto de las gobernaciones peronistas del Cnel Domingo Mercante (1946-52) y del mayor Carlos Aloé (1952-55) como las de la intervención nacional de la llamada Revolución Libertadora del Cnel Emilio A. Bonnecarrére (1955-58). En esos años que rodean 1955, de quiebre y enfrentamiento político y social de ribetes iconoclastas, se realizó un importante debate económico en colaboración con el gobierno de la Libertadora (Raúl Prebisch y Federico Pinedo), con fuertes impugnaciones hacia Perón y el peronismo en general y en particular hacia su política agraria. El Noticiario Bonaerense registró las discontinuidades políticas e iconográficas en las imágenes del acto político agropecuario, lo que resultó de valor para la reinterpretación del debate mencionado. A través del manejo estatal del espacio simbólico proyectaron y mantuvieron el mito de la utopía agraria, ensayando diferentes maneras de entender y de mostrar las relaciones entre el estado y la sociedad jerarquizando otros escenarios y distintos actores.