Enhanced Performance of Discharge Plasma in Raw Engine Exhaust Treatment-Operation under Different Temperatures and Loads

This paper reports improved performance of discharge plasma in raw engine exhaust treatment. For the purpose of investigation, both filtered and raw diesel engine exhaust were separately treated by the discharge plasma. In raw exhaust environment, the discharge plasma exhibits a superior performance with regard to NOx removal, energy consumption and formation of by-products. In this study, experiments were conducted at conditions of different temperatures and loads.

Growth response of Heterobranchus longifilis (Valenciennes, 1840) fingerlings fed raw and boiled Mucuna cochinchinensis seed meal

Feeding trial was conducted in static water to assess the growth of H. longifilis fingerlings fed different I inclusion levels of mucuna seed meal (MSM). Raw and boiled MSM were used in the diets at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% inclusion levels and the performance of fish fed these diets was compared with fish fed a fishmeal-based diet which contained 40% protein. All diets were prepared to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric A two by five factorial experiment with three replicates using ten fish of average initial weight 1 .46g was carried out. Daily fish ration of five percent body weight was administered two times for eight weeks. The specific growth rate in diets 1 (control) and 6(10% boiled MSM) were similar and significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other dietary groups. The significantly lower growth performance of fish fed diets containing higher inclusion levels of both raw and boiled MSM might be due to incomplete elimination of the antinutritional factors present in MSM by boiling. Other methods of processing MSM to improve its nutritive value should be investigated. (7 page document)

Bacterial production of nitrate in aquatic systems: progress report. Nitrate-loss processes in raw water

This short interim progress report builds on previous progress reports which have described the quantification of the process both within and between lakes of different degrees of eutrophication. These data indicated that slight changes in methodology, particularly when investigating sediment deposits, could grossly affect the measured activity. The aim of the present research was an attempt to rationalize these differences. If this could be achieved it would enable meaningful interpretation of published data obtained using different methods and therefore enlarge the available database. In addition some observations have been made on the production of nitrite by Grasmere profundal sediment slurries sampled during the circulation period.

Nitrates - loss processes in raw water

This project investigated the production of nitrate (nitrification) by bacteria in lakes. The work was undertaken as nitrification is a key process in the nitrogen cycle and previous estimates of rates of nitrification were unreliable. When different methods were used to estimate rates of nitrification within sediment deposits different results were obtained. Investigation' of specific aspects of these methodologies has allowed some rationalization of these observations and also enabled comparisons of previously published data which, beforehand, was not possible. However, it was not clear which methods gave the most reliable rate estimates. Calculation of a nitrate budget for Grasmere lake indicated that the use of methods which involved the mixing of surface sediments (and therefore disrupted preformed nutrient gradients) overestimated the rate of nitrification. The study concludes that slight changes in the method used to prepare sediment slurries can result in large changes, in the measured nitrifying activity. This makes comparisons between studies, using different methods, extremely difficult. Methods to study sediment nitrification processes which do not disrupt preformed substrate gradients within the sediment provide the most reliable rate estimates.

Estudos dos efeitos antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórios da própolis sobre as células RAW 264.7 e na resposta inflamatória pulmonar aguda causada pela exposição à fumaça de cigarro em camundongos

A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) causa a redução da capacidade respiratória e seu desenvolvimento é associado à fumaça de cigarro. O cigarro possui mais de 4800 substâncias tóxicas e causa a morte de seis milhões de pessoas por ano no mundo. Estudos buscam meios de reverter os males causados pela fumaça de cigarro. A própolis (P) é um produto produzido por abelhas que possui várias propriedades. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos antioxidantes da P em macrófagos murinos e na inflamação pulmonar aguda induzida pela fumaça de cigarro (CS) em camundongos. A análise dos compostos fitoquímicos do extrato alcóolico da P (EAP) foi feita por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). Células da linhagem RAW 264.7 foram tratadas em diversas concentrações de P durante 24 horas. Após tratamento, as seguintes análises foram realizadas: polifenóis totais; viabilidade celular (MTT); potencial redutor (DPPH); espécies reativas de oxigênio totais (ROS) e de malondialdeído (MDA). Trinta camundongos C57BL/6 foram divididos em 3 grupos (n=10/grupo): Controle+P, CS e CS+P. Ambos os grupos CS foram expostos a 6 cigarros/dia durante 5 dias. O grupo CS foi tratado com veículo. O pulmão e o lavado broncoalveolar (BAL) foram coletados para análise histológica e contagem diferencial de células. As análises para mieloperoxidase (MPO), superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), glutationa reduzida (GSH) e oxidada (GSSG), MDA, nitrito e western blotting para TNF-alfa foram realizadas. A análise fitoquímica do EAP mostrou a presença dos ácidos hidrocinâmicos e coumárico, a artepilina C e a drupanina. Foi observado o aumento concentração-dependente dos níveis de polifenóis totais (p<0,001), do MTT (p<0,001) e do DPPH (p<0,001), e o inverso com o MDA (p<0,001). Os níveis de ROS diminuem nas concentrações de 15,6 e 31,2 mg/mL (p<0,05, ambos). A histologia pulmonar do grupo Controle+P foi similar ao do CS+P e foi observado um influxo de macrófagos e neutrófilos no grupo CS (p<0,01 e p<0,001, respectivamente). Os níveis de MPO foram aumentados no grupo CS (526,534,72 mU/mg ptn, p<0,01), mas houve uma redução no grupo CS+P (385,127,64 mU/mg ptn, p<0,05) comparável ao Controle+P (13412,99 mU/mg ptn, p<0,001), o mesmo aconteceu com as enzimas antioxidantes: SOD (Controle+P: 523,529,6 U/mg ptn; CS: 523,529,6 U/mg ptn, p<0,001; CS+P: 246,815,69 U/mg ptn, p<0,001); CAT (Controle+P: 37,383,39 U/mg ptn; CS: 92,686,24 U/mg ptn, p<0,001; CS+P: 59,844,55 U/mg ptn, p<0,05); GPx (Controle+P: 2,230,17 (M/min/mg ptn) x 10-1; CS: 4,510,31 (M/min/mg ptn) x 10-1, p<0,001; CS+P: 2,640,19 (M/min/mg ptn) x 10-1, p<0,05). O inverso ocorreu com a relação GSH/GSSG (Controle+P: 1,0880,17; CS: 0,7360,07, p<0,05; CS+P: 1,2580,10, p<0,05). Os níveis de MDA (Controle+P: 0,2660,05 nMol/mg ptn; CS: 0,940,076 nMol/mg ptn, p<0,001; CS+P: 0,4980,06 nMol/mg ptn, p<0,01) e de nitrito (Controle+P: 50,014,19 Mol/mg ptn; CS: 108,77,73 Mol/mg ptn, p<0,001; CS+P: 58,843,42 nMol/mg ptn, p<0,01) estavam aumentados no CS que em outros grupos. A expressão de TNF-α foi observada no grupo CS. O tratamento da P apresentou ação anti-inflamatória e antioxidante em macrófagos e em camundongos expostos à fumaça de cigarro, possivelmente pela ação dos polifenóis presentes nela

Utilisation of trash fish. Pt. 1. Preparation of fish flake

The paper deals with the investigations carried out on the preparation of odorless fish-starch flakes using partially deodorized trash fish meat and different sources of starch like corn, tapioca, maida and black gram. It has been found that the products using corn and tapioca are better compared to those prepared using other two starches, the product from corn being the best. The product has a protein content of about 20% and has been found to have a storage life of 4 months at 37°c.

Studies on technological problems associated with the processing of cooked frozen prawns. Pt. 1. Preprocess storage conditions of raw material in relation to quality

The chemical and organoleptic properties of prawn held in ice for different days prior to cooking and the changes after freezing and subsequent storage were studied with three different species of prawn viz. Metapenaeus monoceros, Metapenaeus dobsoni and Parapeneopsis stylifera. The optimum period for which the prawn can be kept under ideal conditions of icing prior to cooking has been worked out.

Utilisation of trash fish. Pt. 2. Studies on preparation of fish soup mix

The paper deals with the investigations carried out on the preparation of fish soup mix using partially deodorized trash fish meat. The product contained about 25% protein and had a storage life of 4 months at ambient temperature (28-31°C).

Effects of cowdung application on the production of mud crab (Scylla serrata Forskal) in brackishwater pond

A culture experiment of mud crab for 84 days was conducted in earthen pond at Brackishwater Station, Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Paikgacha, Khulna. The aim of the experiment was to study the effects of cowdung application on crab production and water quality. There were three treatments as without cowdung (T1), 500 kg cowdung/ha/fortnight (T2) and 750 kg cowdung/ha/fortnight (T3) with three replicates for each. The result was evaluated on the basis of growth, production, survival rate etc. The experimental months were mid-April '96 to mid-July '96. To maintain a good water quality, water was exchanged in every spring tide. The range of salinity during the experiment was 8-19 ppt. Trash fish and fresh shrimp head were used as feed on raw basis in every alternate week at a rate of 8% body weight of crab at the same time rice bran and wheat flour were used at a rate of 2% body weight as a source of carbohydrate. The production of T1, T2 and T3, were 720.35 kg, 862.16 kg and 669.19 kg/ha respectively. Though the effects of cowdung on production of crab is insignificant but in terms of production, survival rate and growth, the study suggest that the application of cowdung in addition to feed can be recommended for mud crab culture at a rate of 500 kg/ha/fortnight.

A survey of process hygiene in the Sri Lankan prawn industry. 1. Hygiene status of raw materials and products

A survey of processing hygiene in the Sri Lankan prawn industry has shown that the incoming raw material has extremely high bacterial loadings; about 50% of samples analysed had a total count in excess of 10,000,000/g. Although beheading reduces the count, ineffective temperature control during processing means that the final total count of raw, shell-on, P.U.D. and P.A.D. prawns, as well as cooked prawns, is in excess of 1,000,000/g. - the maximum level specified by many importing countries.

Studies on the preparation of fish silage. 1. Effect of quality of raw material and type of acid

An experiment was undertaken in which silver bellies (Leiognathus splendens) of different quality were used to produce silages using different concentrations of hydrochloric acid and formic acid. The quality and storage life of the various preparations are reported. Silages which keep for at least 30 days can be produced from silver belly held for 3 or 12 hours at 28°C by: 1) reducing the pH by addition of hydrochloric acid; 2) adding 0.5% formic acid and reducing the pH to 3.5 with hydrochloric acid; or 3) adding 2.5% formic acid.