Human Rights Violations in Police Custody

Human rights are the basic rights of every individual against the state or any other public authority as a member of the human family irrespective of any other consideration. Thus every individual of the society has the inherent right to be treated with dignity in all situations including arrest and keeping in custody by the police. Rights of an individual in police custody are protected basically by the Indian Constitution and by various other laws like Code of Criminal Procedure, Evidence Act, Indian Penal Code and Protection of Human Rights Act. The term `custody' is defined neither in procedural nor in substantive laws. The word custody means protective care. The expression `police custody' as used in sec. 27 of Evidence Act does not necessarily mean formal arrest. In India with special reference to Kerala and evolution and development of the concept of human rights and various kinds of human rights violations in police custody in different stages of history. Human rights activists and various voluntary organisations reveals that there are so many factors contributing towards the causes of violations of human rights by police. Sociological causes like ambivalent outlook of the society with respect to the use of third degree methods by the police, economic causes like meager salary and inadequate living conditions, rampant corruption in police service, unnecessary political interference in the crime investigation, work load of police personnel without any time limit and periodic holidays, unnecessary pressure from superior police officers and the general public for speedy detection causing great mental strain to the investigating officers, defective system of recruitment and training, imperfect system of investigation and lack of public co-operation are some of the factors identified in the field survey towards the causes of violations of human rights in police custody.

Corticosteroides vs dosis bajas de adrenocorticotropina en el tratamiento de espasmos infantiles. Revisión sistemática de la literatura

Antecedentes: El tratamiento de los espasmos infantiles generalmente se realiza con ACTH a pesar de perfil de efectos secundarios y el alto costo financiero. Se ha propuesto el uso de los corticoides como primera línea de tratamiento para la enfermedad, no obstante no existe certeza sobre la eficacia de este esquema. Objetivos: Evaluar la eficacia del uso de los corticoides comparados con la ACTH como primera línea de tratamiento en el manejo de pacientes con espasmos infantiles. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura. La búsqueda se efectuó en las bases de datos Pubmed, Embase, Ovid, LiLaCs y en el registro de ensayos clínicos de Estados Unidos. Se incluyeron estudios en portugués, ingles y español, no se fijo límite de tiempo para la publicación. Se realizó un análisis de riesgo de sesgo y de calidad de la evidencia utilizando el programa GRADEPRO. Se estimaron OR y sus respectivos intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados: Se incluyeron 4 estudios, un ensayo clínico y tres estudios de cohorte retrospectiva. Dos estudios aportaron evidencia de calidad moderada y alta. No se encontraron diferencias en la eficacia a corto plazo entre el uso de los corticoides y la ACTH sobre desenlaces clínicos o electroencefalográficos. No se encontraron estudios de seguridad a largo plazo. La seguridad a corto plazo no mostró diferencias. Conclusiones: Es muy probable que el uso de los corticoides como primera línea de tratamiento puedan reemplazar el uso de la ACTH, se requiere estudios de seguridad a largo plazo. La decisión de su uso rutinario debería estar basada en un análisis de costo efectividad y bajo la mirada del balance riesgo/beneficio.

Gender differences among undergraduates in the recognition of emotional facial expressions

The perceptive accuracy of university students was compared between men and women, from sciences and humanities courses, to recognize emotional facial expressions. emotional expressions have had increased interest in several areas involved with human interaction, reflecting the importance of perceptive skills in human expression of emotions for the effectiveness of communication. Two tests were taken: one was a quick exposure (0.5 s) of 12 faces with an emotional expression, followed by a neutral face. subjects had to tell if happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust or surprise was flashed, and each emotion was shown twice, at random. on the second test 15 faces with the combination of two emotional expressions were shown without a time limit, and the subject had to name one of the emotions of the previous list. in this study, women perceived sad expressions better while men realized more happy faces. there was no significant difference in other emotions detection like anger, fear, surprise, disgust. Students of humanities and sciences areas of both sexes, when compared, had similar capacities to perceive emotional expressions

Evidencia sobre el tratamiento profiláctico versus a demanda en pacientes pediátricos con hemofilia e inhibidores

La hemofilia A y B son trastornos hereditarios recesivos ligados al cromosoma X y se caracterizan por la deficiencia de los factores de coagulación VIII y IX, respectivamente. La complicación más importante , durante el tratamiento, es el desarrollo de los anticuerpos neutralizantes ,llamados inhibidores ,que vuelven ineficaz cualquier terapia. Existe controversia sobre si es mejor el manejo profiláctico o a demanda, en los pacientes pediátricos con inhibidores. Con la presente revisión sistemática se pretende evaluar el mejor tipo de tratamiento en pacientes pediátricos con hemofilia e inhibidores. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura incluyendo estudios controlados aleatorizados en las principales bases de datos, sin límite de tiempo, se evaluaron los episodios de sangrado articular y no articular, la calidad de vida y seguridad del medicamento. Se encontraron un total de seis (6) artículos relacionados con el tema, que cumplieron criterios de selección. El manejo profiláctico de los pacientes con hemofilia, mostró diferencias significativas en comparación con el tratamiento a demanda en los episodios de sangrado articular y no articular y sobre la calidad de vida. Se presentaron menos casos de hemartrosis y sangrado en articulaciones blanco con el tratamiento profiláctico. La presente revisión determinó que el manejo profiláctico reduce la presentación de eventos de sangrado y hemartrosis, aunque no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el tratamiento profiláctico o a demanda, en la calidad de vida.

Complex dynamics in simple systems with periodic parameter oscillations

We study systems with periodically oscillating parameters that can give way to complex periodic or nonperiodic orbits. Performing the long time limit, we can define ergodic averages such as Lyapunov exponents, where a negative maximal Lyapunov exponent corresponds to a stable periodic orbit. By this, extremely complicated periodic orbits composed of contracting and expanding phases appear in a natural way. Employing the technique of ϵ-uncertain points, we find that values of the control parameters supporting such periodic motion are densely embedded in a set of values for which the motion is chaotic. When a tiny amount of noise is coupled to the system, dynamics with positive and with negative nontrivial Lyapunov exponents are indistinguishable. We discuss two physical systems, an oscillatory flow inside a duct and a dripping faucet with variable water supply, where such a mechanism seems to be responsible for a complicated alternation of laminar and turbulent phases.

Action of the gravitational field on the dynamical Casimir effect

In this paper, we analyze the action of the gravitational field on the dynamical Casimir effect. We consider a massless scalar field confined in a cuboid cavity placed in a gravitational field described by a static and diagonal metric. With one of the plane mirrors of the cavity allowed to move, we compute the average number of particles created inside the cavity by means of the Bogoliubov coefficients computed through perturbative expansions. We apply our result to the case of an oscillatory motion of the mirror, assuming a weak gravitational field described by the Schwarzschild metric. The regime of parametric amplification is analyzed in detail, demonstrating that our computed result for the mean number of particles created agrees with specific associated cases in the literature. Our results, obtained in the framework of the perturbation theory, are restricted, under resonant conditions, to a short-time limit.

Uniformidade de distribuição do potássio e do nitrogênio em sistema de irrigação por gotejamento

O uso da fertirrigação possibilita a obtenção de bons resultados, todavia é notada a necessidade de trabalhos que venham possibilitar a adoção correta da técnica. Dessa forma ,o presente trabalho buscou comparar a uniformidade de distribuição do potássio e do nitrogênio em sistema de irrigação por gotejamento. A solução de fertilizantes foi injetada durante 25 minutos, sendo recolhidas amostras de solução em diferentes momentos, durante e após ter sido finalizada a operação de injeção, tendo sido especificado o tempo de 35 minutos após o início da operação de injeção da solução de fertilizantes, como tempo-limite para a coleta da última amostra. As amostras coletadas tiveram os teores de potássio (K+) e nitrogênio (NO3- + NH4+) determinados. Com os resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que não houve variação significativa da uniformidade de distribuição de nitrogênio e de potássio no sistema de irrigação por gotejamento; maiores tempos de funcionamento de sistemas de irrigação, quando em operação de fertirrigação, possibilitam melhores uniformidades de distribuição do fertilizante, e deve-se calcular o tempo de lavagem do sistema de irrigação, pois é uma forma de melhorar a uniformidade de distribuição do fertilizante no campo.

Conhecimento de estudantes de medicina sobre o processo de doacção de córneas

Purpose: To compare knowledge of medical students about the cornea donation process among those who already studied Ophthalmology and the others. Methods: A questionnaire containing data as: age, sex, graduation year, and 10 multiple-choice questions about the subject was applied to medical students from the interior of São Paulo state, Brazil. The questions were: age for donation, contraindication for transplants, the time limit to remove the cornea, among others. The knowledge regarding cornea donation was compared between the two groups: students who already studied Ophthalmology (Group A) and the others (Group B). Results: The study group was composed of 402 students, of whom 140 were of group A and 262 of group B. Knowledge between the two groups was different, but not statistically significant (p=0.8328). Conclusion: Knowledge about the cornea donation process among the interviewed seemed to be insufficient, even those who had studied Ophthalmology. Information and education about transplants in Medical Schools should be improved.

Da geografia medieval às origens da geografia moderna: contrastes entre diferentes noções de natureza, espaço e tempo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Evolução geomórfica e modelagem termocinemática 3D da região do planalto de Poços de Caldas (SP/MG)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Validação dos parâmetros aeróbio e anaeróbio a partir de protocolo não invasivo aplicado ao exercício resistido - supino reto

The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of critical force test from maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) during resistance test using straight bench press. Five healthy male volunteers aged (22.6 ± 2.88 years), weight (76.3 ± 11.49 kg) e height (182.6 ± 7.54cm), trained in resistance exercise, and performed four diferent test to determine: one maximal effort (1RM), critical force using the critical power model (force vs 1/time limit - 20, 25 and 30% 1RM). The CF was the linear coefficient and the anaerobic impulse capacity (CIA) was the angular. MLSS was determined using loads of 80, 90, 100 and 110% of critical force. Blood lactate samples were abtained at each 300sec between each stage of total 1200sec. Maximal 30s test (M30) was accomplished with load of 25% of body weight in SBP. The results showed that the 1 RM was 79.4 Kgf (± 16.98), CF 10.1N (± 2.25), CIA 1756.82 N.s (± 546.96) and the R² 0.984 (± 0,02). The MLSS occurs at 100% CF load. The lactate concentration at the MLSS was 2.2 mmol/L (± 0.77). Significant correlation was observed between MLSS and CF on SBP (r = 0.88 p = 0.05). In M30 the minimum, mean and peak power were (25.0 ± 4.9, 28.0 ± 4.9, and 30.0 ± 4.6 kgf.rps, respectively). The fatigue index was 18.0% (± 6,8). The M30 was significantly correlated with Ppeak and Pmean (r = 0.98 for both, p = 0.003). The CF means has been validated to predict the resistance training and the CIA show to be a representative anaerobic parameter in straight bench press.

Plano Municipal de Educação de Rio Claro - SP: desafios e perspectivas na garantia do direito à educação

Pós-graduação em Educação - IBRC

Plano Municipal de Educação de Rio Claro - SP: desafios e perspectivas na garantia do direito à educação

Pós-graduação em Educação - IBRC

Nitric oxide plasma/serum levels in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

For the last 40 years, schizophrenia has been considered to be the result primarily of a dysfunction in brain dopaminergic pathways. In this review, it is described and discussed findings concerning nitric oxide-mediated neurotransmission in schizophrenia. Studies were searched in PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS using the terms schizophrenia and nitric oxide plasma levels or nitric oxide serum levels, with no time limit. The reference lists of selected articles were also hand-searched for additional articles. From 15 potential reports, 10 were eligible to be included in the review and meta-analysis. These studies included a total of 505 patients with schizophrenia and 339 healthy volunteers. No significant difference was found between patients and healthy controls regarding total nitrite plasma/serum levels (effect size g = 0.285, 95%CI = -0.205 to 0.774, p = 0.254). However, when studies with patients under antipsychotic treatment were examined separately, there was a significant difference between patients and healthy volunteers (effect size g = 0.663, 95%CI = 0.365 to 0.961, p < 0.001), showing that patients under treatment have higher levels of plasma/serum nitric oxide than controls. These results suggest that antipsychotics increase nitric oxide plasma/serum levels and that the nitrergic pathway would be a fertile target for the development of new treatments for patients with schizophrenia.

On arc-routing problems

Das Basisproblem von Arc-Routing Problemen mit mehreren Fahrzeugen ist das Capacitated Arc-Routing Problem (CARP). Praktische Anwendungen des CARP sind z.B. in den Bereichen Müllabfuhr und Briefzustellung zu finden. Das Ziel ist es, einen kostenminimalen Tourenplan zu berechnen, bei dem alle erforderlichen Kanten bedient werden und gleichzeitig die Fahrzeugkapazität eingehalten wird. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Cut-First Branch-and-Price Second Verfahren entwickelt. In der ersten Phase werden Schnittebenen generiert, die dem Master Problem in der zweiten Phase hinzugefügt werden. Das Subproblem ist ein kürzeste Wege Problem mit Ressourcen und wird gelöst um neue Spalten für das Master Problem zu liefern. Ganzzahlige CARP Lösungen werden durch ein neues hierarchisches Branching-Schema garantiert. Umfassende Rechenstudien zeigen die Effektivität dieses Algorithmus. Kombinierte Standort- und Arc-Routing Probleme ermöglichen eine realistischere Modellierung von Zustellvarianten bei der Briefzustellung. In dieser Arbeit werden jeweils zwei mathematische Modelle für Park and Loop und Park and Loop with Curbline vorgestellt. Die Modelle für das jeweilige Problem unterscheiden sich darin, wie zulässige Transfer Routen modelliert werden. Während der erste Modelltyp Subtour-Eliminationsbedingungen verwendet, werden bei dem zweiten Modelltyp Flussvariablen und Flusserhaltungsbedingungen eingesetzt. Die Rechenstudie zeigt, dass ein MIP-Solver den zweiten Modelltyp oft in kürzerer Rechenzeit lösen kann oder bei Erreichen des Zeitlimits bessere Zielfunktionswerte liefert.