Thermal decomposition of the hydrated basic carbonates of lanthanides and yttrium in CO2 atmosphere

The hydrated basis carbonates of lanthanides and yttrium were prepared by precipitation from homogeneous solution via the hydrolysis of urea, without the addition of an auxiliary anion. Thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry (TG-DTG), and differential thermal analysis (DTA) have been used in the study of these compounds in CO2 atmosphere. The results lead to the composition and thermal stability of the studied compounds, and also to a comparative study with reported results in air atmosphere. © 1993.

Optimization of neutral hydrolysis reaction of post-consumer PET for chemical recycling

The neutral hydrolysis reaction of post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) in solid state was studied through the reaction of the polymer with water at the molar ratio 1:91 with autogenous pressure. Two sizes of post-consumer PET flakes and temperatures of 135 °C, 170°C and 205°C with pressures of 4.0 atm, 7.5 atm and 13.5 atm, respectively, were considered. With reaction time equal to 6h, the method reached 99% depolymerization at 205°C, 8.2% at 170 °C and 1.7% at 135°C. The reaction extension was measured by separating the terephthalic acid formed in the process and calculating by gravimetry how much material could still be reacted. Through the viscosimetry of diluted, solutions and the counting of carboxylic end groups in the remaining material from the gravimetric assay, it was possible to suggest that the reaction occurs randomly and in the whole volume of the polymeric particle and not solely on the surface. The terephthalic acid obtained and then purified was characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic nuclear resonance, size and panicle size distribution and spectrophotometry in the visible spectrum, and it was similar to the petrochemical equivalent, with purity recorded in carbon base equal to 99.9%.

Pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with microwaves irradiation and its effects on the structure and on enzymatic hydrolysis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Thermal decomposition of the hydrated basic carbonates of lanthanides and yttrium

Thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, IR absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and other methods of analysis have been used in the characterization and study of the thermal decomposition of the basic carbonate hydrates of lanthanides and yttrium. These compounds were obtained by precipitation from homogeneous solutions via the hydrolysis of urea, without the addition of an auxiliary anion. The results show that the TG and DTA curves are characteristic for each compound. The results also permit suggestions concerning the compositions and mechanisms of thermal decomposition of these compounds. © 1989.

Thermal behaviour of the basic carbonates of lanthanum-europium

The basic carbonates of lanthanum with 10%, 20%, 50% and 80% of europium were prepared by precipitation from homogeneous solutions via the hydrolysis of urea, without the addition of an auxiliary anion, at two different temperatures. Elemental analysis, complexometric methods, X-ray diffraction patterns, solid state IR absorption, thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were used to characterise the compounds and study their thermal behaviour.

Improvement of fungal arabinofuranosidase thermal stability by reversible immobilization

A gene encoding a-L-arabinofuranosidase (abfA) from Aspergillus niveus was identified, cloned, and successfully expressed in Aspergillus nidulans. Based on amino acid sequence comparison, the 88.6 kDa enzyme could be assigned to the GH family 51. The characterization of the purified recombinant AbfA revealed that the enzyme was active at a limited pH range (pH 4.0-5.0) and an optimum temperature of 70 degrees C. The AbfA was able to hydrolyze arabinoxylan, xylan from birchwood, debranched arabinan, and 4-nitrophenyl arabinofuranoside. Synergistic reactions using both AbfA and endoxylanase were also assessed. The highest degree of synergy was obtained after the sequential treatment of the substrate with endoxylanase, followed by AbfA, which was observed to release noticeably more reducing sugars than that of either enzyme acting individually. The immobilization of AbfA was performed via ionic adsorption onto various supports: agarose activated by polyethyleneimine polymers, cyanogen bromide activated Sepharose, DEAE-Sepharose, and Sepharose-Q The Sepharose-Q derivative remained fully active at pH 5 after 360 min at 60 degrees C, whereas the free AbfA was inactivated after 60 min. A synergistic effect of arabinoxylan hydrolysis by AbfA immobilized in Sepharose-Q and endoxylanase immobilized in glyoxyl agarose was also observed. The stabilization of arabinofuranosidases using immobilization tools is a novel and interesting topic. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Thermal and mechanical properties of recycled poly(Lactic acid)

Biodegradable polymers have experienced increased attention in recent years because of their wide range of applications in biomedical, packaging and agriculture fields. PLA, poly(lactic acid), is a linear aliphatic biodegradable thermoplastic polyester, with good mechanical properties, thermal stability, processability and low environmental impact, widely used as an alternative to conventional polymers. PLA products can be recycled after use either by remelting and reprocessing the material, or by hydrolysis to basic lactic acid [1]. The object of this communication is the study of the possible variation in physical properties induced by sub sequent reprocessing cycles of PLA.

Pyrolysis and gasification of biomass and acid hydrolysis residues

This research was carried for an EC supported project that aimed to produce ethyl levulinate as a diesel miscible biofuel from biomass by acid hydrolysis. The objective of this research was to explore thermal conversion technologies to recover further diesel miscible biofuels and/or other valuable products from the remaining solid acid hydrolysis residues (AHR). AHR consists of mainly lignin and humins and contains up to 80% of the original energy in the biomass. Fast pyrolysis and pyrolytic gasification of this low volatile content AHR was unsuccessful. However, successful air gasification of AHR gave a low heating value gas for use in engines for power or heat with the aim of producing all the utility requirements in any commercial implementation of the ethyl levulinate production process. In addition, successful fast pyrolysis of the original biomass gave organic liquid yields of up to 63.9 wt.% (dry feed basis) comparable to results achieved using a standard hardwood. The fast pyrolysis liquid can be used as a fuel or upgraded to biofuels. A novel molybdenum carbide catalyst was tested in fast pyrolysis to explore the potential for upgrading. Although there was no deoxygenation, some bio-oil properties were improved including viscosity, pH and homogeneity through decreasing sugars and increasing furanics and phenolics. AHR gasification was explored in a batch gasifier with a comparison with the original biomass. Refractory and low volatile content AHR gave relatively low gas yields (74.21 wt.%), low tar yields (5.27 wt.%) and high solid yields (20.52 wt.%). Air gasification gave gas heating values of around 5MJ/NM3, which is a typical value, but limitations of the equipment available restricted the extent of process and product analysis. In order to improve robustness of AHR powder for screw feeding into gasifiers, a new densification technique was developed based on mixing powder with bio-oil and curing the mixture at 150°C to polymerise the bio-oil.

Thermal degradation studies on Edible Oil during Deep Fat Frying Process

Deep fat frying process is one of the widely followed cooking practices throughout the world. Cooking oils serve as a medium for frying food for transferring heat and makes fried food tasty and palatable. Frying process is a most complex process involving numerous physicochemical changes which are complicated to understand. Frying leads to thermal degradation of oil through thermo-oxidation, hydrolysis, and polymerization. Hydrolysis results in formation of free fatty acids whereas oxidation process produces hydroperoxides and small molecular carbonyl compounds. This whole process leads to the formation of polar compounds and degradation of antioxidants that further degrades frying oil. Eventually, through mass transfer process these degradation products accumulate into fried food and reduce the nutritional quality of both oil and food. Thus, the frying process is of research interest calls for detailed systematic study which is chosen for the present study. The primary objective of this study is to understand the mechanism of degradation and characterization ofdegraded products which helps in arriving at the limits for frying oil utilization in terms of number of frying cycles. The mechanistic studies and the knowledge on the degraded products help to understand the way to retard the deterioration of oil for stability and enhancement of frying cycles. The study also explores the formation of the predominant polar compounds and their structural elucidation through mass spectrometry. Oxidation of oil is another important factor that ignites the degradation phenomena. One of the best ways to increase thermal stability of any oil is addition of potent antioxidants. But, most of the natural and synthetic antioxidants are unstable and ineffective at frying temperatures. Therefore, it is necessary to screen alternative antioxidants for their activity in the refined oils which are devoid of any added antioxidants. In this context, this study discussed the efficacy of several natural and synthetic antioxidants to retard the formation of polar compounds and thermooxidation during prolonged frying conditions. Similarly, the advantage of blending of two different oils to improve the thermal stability was explored. The present study brings out the total picture on the type of degradation products formed during frying and the ways of retarding the determination to improve upon the stability of the oil and enhancement of frying cycles.

Yellowing And Bleaching Of Grey Hair Caused By Photo And Thermal Degradation.

Yellowing is an undesirable phenomenon that is common in people with white and grey hair. Because white hair has no melanin, the pigment responsible for hair colour, the effects of photodegradation are more visible in this type of hair. The origin of yellowing and its relation to photodegradation processes are not properly established, and many questions remain open in this field. In this work, the photodegradation of grey hair was investigated as a function of the wavelength of incident radiation, and its ultrastructure was determined, always comparing the results obtained for the white and black fibres present in grey hair with the results of white wool. The results presented herein indicate that the photobehaviour of grey hair irradiated with a mercury lamp or with solar radiation is dependent on the wavelength range of the incident radiation and on the initial shade of yellow in the sample. Two types of grey hair were used: (1) blended grey hair (more yellow) and (2) grey hair from a single-donor (less yellow). After exposure to a full-spectrum mercury lamp for 200 h, the blended white hair turned less yellow (the yellow-blue difference, Db(*) becomes negative, Db(*)=-6), whereas the white hair from the single-donor turned slightly yellower (Db(*)=2). In contrast, VIS+IR irradiation resulted in bleaching in both types of hair, whereas a thermal treatment (at 81 °C) caused yellowing of both types of hair, resulting in a Db(*)=3 for blended white hair and Db(*)=9 for single-donor hair. The identity of the yellow chromophores was investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results obtained with this technique were contradictory, however, and it was not possible to obtain a simple correlation between the sample shade of yellow and the absorption spectra. In addition, the results are discussed in terms of the morphology differences between the pigmented and non-pigmented parts of grey hair, the yellowing and bleaching effects of grey hair, and the occurrence of dark-follow reactions.

Draft Genome Sequence Of Ft9, A Novel Bacillus Cereus Strain Isolated From A Brazilian Thermal Spring.

A Bacillus cereus strain, FT9, isolated from a hot spring in the midwest region of Brazil, had its entire genome sequenced.

Compact Ag@fe3o4 Core-shell Nanoparticles By Means Of Single-step Thermal Decomposition Reaction.

A temperature pause introduced in a simple single-step thermal decomposition of iron, with the presence of silver seeds formed in the same reaction mixture, gives rise to novel compact heterostructures: brick-like Ag@Fe3O4 core-shell nanoparticles. This novel method is relatively easy to implement, and could contribute to overcome the challenge of obtaining a multifunctional heteroparticle in which a noble metal is surrounded by magnetite. Structural analyses of the samples show 4 nm silver nanoparticles wrapped within compact cubic external structures of Fe oxide, with curious rectangular shape. The magnetic properties indicate a near superparamagnetic like behavior with a weak hysteresis at room temperature. The value of the anisotropy involved makes these particles candidates to potential applications in nanomedicine.

Esi(+)-ms And Gc-ms Study Of The Hydrolysis Of N-azobenzyl Derivatives Of Chitosan.

New N-p-chloro-, N-p-bromo-, and N-p-nitrophenylazobenzylchitosan derivatives, as well as the corresponding azophenyl and azophenyl-p-sulfonic acids, were synthesized by coupling N-benzylvchitosan with aryl diazonium salts. The synthesized molecules were analyzed by UV-Vis, FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 15N-NMR spectroscopy. The capacity of copper chelation by these materials was studied by AAS. Chitosan and the derivatives were subjected to hydrolysis and the products were analyzed by ESI(+)-MS and GC-MS, confirming the formation of N-benzyl chitosan. Furthermore, the MS results indicate that a nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SnAr) reaction occurs under hydrolysis conditions, yielding chloroaniline from N-p-bromo-, and N-p-nitrophenylazo-benzylchitosan as well as bromoaniline from N-p-chloro-, and N-p-nitrophenylazobenzyl-chitosan.

Graded Meshes In Bio-thermal Problems With Transmission-line Modeling Method.

In this study, the transmission-line modeling (TLM) applied to bio-thermal problems was improved by incorporating several novel computational techniques, which include application of graded meshes which resulted in 9 times faster in computational time and uses only a fraction (16%) of the computational resources used by regular meshes in analyzing heat flow through heterogeneous media. Graded meshes, unlike regular meshes, allow heat sources to be modeled in all segments of the mesh. A new boundary condition that considers thermal properties and thus resulting in a more realistic modeling of complex problems is introduced. Also, a new way of calculating an error parameter is introduced. The calculated temperatures between nodes were compared against the results obtained from the literature and agreed within less than 1% difference. It is reasonable, therefore, to conclude that the improved TLM model described herein has great potential in heat transfer of biological systems.

Correlation between metal-ceramic bond strength and coefficient of linear thermal expansion difference

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the metal-ceramic bond strength (MCBS) of 6 metal-ceramic pairs (2 Ni-Cr alloys and 1 Pd-Ag alloy with 2 dental ceramics) and correlate the MCBS values with the differences between the coefficients of linear thermal expansion (CTEs) of the metals and ceramics. Verabond (VB) Ni-Cr-Be alloy, Verabond II (VB2), Ni-Cr alloy, Pors-on 4 (P), Pd-Ag alloy, and IPS (I) and Duceram (D) ceramics were used for the MCBS test and dilatometric test. Forty-eight ceramic rings were built around metallic rods (3.0 mm in diameter and 70.0 mm in length) made from the evaluated alloys. The rods were subsequently embedded in gypsum cast in order to perform a tensile load test, which enabled calculating the CMBS. Five specimens (2.0 mm in diameter and 12.0 mm in length) of each material were made for the dilatometric test. The chromel-alumel thermocouple required for the test was welded into the metal test specimens and inserted into the ceramics. ANOVA and Tukey's test revealed significant differences (p=0.01) for the MCBS test results (MPa), with PI showing higher MCBS (67.72) than the other pairs, which did not present any significant differences. The CTE (10-6 oC-1) differences were: VBI (0.54), VBD (1.33), VB2I (-0.14), VB2D (0.63), PI (1.84) and PD (2.62). Pearson's correlation test (r=0.17) was performed to evaluate of correlation between MCBS and CTE differences. Within the limitations of this study and based on the obtained results, there was no correlation between MCBS and CTE differences for the evaluated metal-ceramic pairs.