En torno a la coherencia y la cohesión del texto del Poema de Mio Cid

Este artículo intenta contribuir a la interpretación de un locus puntual del Poema de Mio Cid, la tirada segunda, a partir de los elementos analíticos que aporta un abordaje discursivo contextual. Con el propósito de transitar desde los modos de decir hasta los modos de significar en el texto épico, se parte del reconocimiento de la autonomía del texto escrito, pero a su vez se integra a la argumentación un entramado de voces y "contaminaciones" procedentes de distintos estratos culturales.

En torno a la coherencia y la cohesión del texto del Poema de Mio Cid

Este artículo intenta contribuir a la interpretación de un locus puntual del Poema de Mio Cid, la tirada segunda, a partir de los elementos analíticos que aporta un abordaje discursivo contextual. Con el propósito de transitar desde los modos de decir hasta los modos de significar en el texto épico, se parte del reconocimiento de la autonomía del texto escrito, pero a su vez se integra a la argumentación un entramado de voces y "contaminaciones" procedentes de distintos estratos culturales.

En torno a la coherencia y la cohesión del texto del Poema de Mio Cid

Este artículo intenta contribuir a la interpretación de un locus puntual del Poema de Mio Cid, la tirada segunda, a partir de los elementos analíticos que aporta un abordaje discursivo contextual. Con el propósito de transitar desde los modos de decir hasta los modos de significar en el texto épico, se parte del reconocimiento de la autonomía del texto escrito, pero a su vez se integra a la argumentación un entramado de voces y "contaminaciones" procedentes de distintos estratos culturales.

Arquitecto, obra y método. Análisis comparado de diferentes estrategias metodológicas singulares de la creación arquitectónica contemporánea

La tesis se acerca a la cuestión del método en arquitectura focalizando su análisis principalmente en 5 obras concretas del panorama contemporáneo, tratando de desvelar las motivaciones últimas que las constituyen. El objeto y la obra arquitectónica se consideran así los elementos susceptibles de ofrecer el conocimiento material que permite desentrañar el modo y la metodología por el que éstos han sido concebidos. Con esta particular aproximación se desafían los tradicionales estudios que han comprendido al método como una sistemática universal o reglada, ya que en este caso el propósito consiste más bien en esclarecer los fundamentos y principios que subyacen a cada objeto arquitectónico más específico. Este hecho ha llevado al índice de la tesis a ordenarse según una lista de arquitectos y obras que no presentan otra particularidad que la de ser recientes y muy diferentes entre sí. Esta aparente arbitrariedad con la que las obras se eligen cobra sentido a lo largo del propio análisis y recorrido, ya que éste apuesta por recabar el suficiente contenido que diversifique y singularice cada elección, de tal modo que ya en sí, ésta obtenga rango paradigmático. El hecho de que la tesis evite los planteamientos totalitarios no quiere decir que trate de promover el relativismo de las diferentes opciones, dado que más bien pretende analizar hasta el fondo las cuestiones últimas y lo más valioso que cada opción representa. Por su parte, la conclusión de la tesis muestra una complementariedad al carácter específico de los capítulos previos, ya que ésta se atreve a avanzar con cierta voluntad conclusiva hacia la definición de los principios más sustanciales del método en arquitectura hoy. Y precisamente, una de las claves esenciales que ha mostrado la arquitectura del hoy que nos toca vivir consiste en la condición más específica de la obra arquitectónica misma por encima de cualquier connotación genérica o transcendente que ésta pueda sugerir. De tal modo que los arquitectos elegidos, por muy diferentes que aparentan ser, han tomado como punto de partida la condición objetual de la obra más allá de cualquier contenido ideal que a ésta pueda adscribírsele. En todos los casos, si bien de diferente manera, la obra arquitectónica en sí misma se ha constituido en una nueva clave en la que tratan de dirimirse las eternas dialécticas entre el objeto y su significado, entre la estructura conceptual y su connotación simbólica. De este modo, las dialécticas relativas a la unidad de la diversidad, la identidad de la multiplicidad, la síntesis que pretende la integración de lo complejo, o en su caso, la indispensable sostenibilidad de lo inconsistente, se han convertido en la temática principal de este análisis que ha comprendido al método a partir la misma paradoja por la que la arquitectura actual se ve afectada. La misma dialéctica imposible de resolver que ha conducido a la arquitectura más reciente a decantarse a favor de la consustancialidad intrínseca a la misma obra. La tesis por su parte también se ha focalizado en la obra y en el hecho arquitectónico puntual, siguiendo la tendencia de la misma arquitectura que se analizaba. Sin embargo, sus extensos análisis nos han llevado a desentrañar el sentido y la posición estratégica personal que se encuentra más allá de la exacerbación inmanente de la arquitectura de estos últimos años. Es decir, tal y como se ha insistido, el análisis de la obra nos ha llevado, a través de la pregunta por su método, al arquitecto que la ha proyectado. Y así se ha creado este triángulo trinitario, ‘Arquitecto, obra y método’, tratando de preguntarse hasta el final por la singularidad más específica del método de cada arquitecto, en el convencimiento de que método y obra se vinculan precisamente ahí, en las experiencias personales singulares que han posibilitado las mayores creaciones y más sustantivas novedades. ABSTRACT This thesis approaches the question of Method in architecture by focusing its analysis on 5 specific contemporary projects, trying to unveil their underlying constitutive motivations. Thus, architectonical object and work are considered the susceptible elements that provide the material knowledge that unravels the manner and the methodology by which they were conceived. With this particular approach, this thesis challenges other traditional studies, those that regard the Method in architecture as a regulated or universal systematic procedure. On the contrary, the purpose of this thesis is to clarify the foundations and principles that underlie each specific architectonical object. This has led to the ordering of the thesis index according to a list of architects and projects that do not present any other distinctiveness except that they are recent and very different to each other. However, this apparent arbitrariness of the choice of each architect becomes meaningful during its analytical development. This analysis attempts to seek out the content which diversifies each choice enough, and makes it singular enough, so that each selected candidate acquires paradigmatic range by itself. Therefore, the fact that the thesis avoids totalitarian approaches does not lead it to promote the relativism of different choices, but rather the thesis tries to thoroughly analyze the most valuable achievements of each option. Nonetheless, the conclusion of the thesis shows a position that complements the specific character of the previous chapters, since it dares to move forward conclusively towards the definition of the essential principles of the Method in architecture today. Indeed, the thesis shows one of the basic keys of today’s architecture, which is the specific condition of the architectural work itself above any generic or transcendental connotation. Thus, the selected architects, however different they appear to be, take the objectual condition of the work (thingness) as their starting point beyond any ideal content that might be ascribed to their architecture. Although differently, in each case the architectonical work itself has become the new indispensable key to deal with the eternal dialectics between the object and its meaning, between conceptual structure and its symbolic connotation. Thus, the dialectics between unity and diversity, the identity of multiplicity, the synthesis that aims at the integration of complexity, or even, the indispensable consistency of the unavoidable inconsistency, have all become the main themes of this analysis, an analysis that understands the issue of Method from the same paradoxical situation of today’s architecture. This is the same paradox which has led the latest architecture to align itself with the intrinsic consubstantiality of the architectonical work itself. Therefore, the thesis is also focused on the Work, on the specific architectonical fact, following the course of the same architecture that it analyses. However, extensive analyses of the thesis have led us to clarify the sense and personal strategic position that is beyond the immanent exacerbation of architecture in recent years. Therefore, as stressed throughout the text, the analysis, that has explored the Method of architectonical Work, has led us to the architect who conceived it. Thus, this trinitarian triangle, ‘Architect, Work and Method’, has been created, attempting to explore in depth the specific uniqueness of each architect’s method, convinced that Method and Work do actually connect in the singular experiences that have achieved the greatest and most substantial creations.

The unified sentiment lexicon using GPUs

This approach aims at aligning, unifying and expanding the set of sentiment lexicons which are available on the web in order to increase their robustness of coverage. A sentiment lexicon is a critical and essential resource for tagging subjective corpora on the web or elsewhere. In many situations, the multilingual property of the sentiment lexicon is important because the writer is using two languages alternately in the same text, message or post. Our USL approach computes the unified strength of polarity of each lexical entry based on the Pearson correlation coefficient which measures how correlated lexical entries are with a value between 1 and -1, where 1 indicates that the lexical entries are perfectly correlated, 0 indicates no correlation, and -1 means they are perfectly inversely correlated and the UnifiedMetrics procedure for CPU and GPU, respectively.

Arquitecto, obra y método. Análisis comparado de diferentes estrategias metodológicas singulares de la creación arquitectónica contemporánea

La tesis se acerca a la cuestión del método en arquitectura focalizando su análisis principalmente en 5 obras concretas del panorama contemporáneo, tratando de desvelar las motivaciones últimas que las constituyen. El objeto y la obra arquitectónica se consideran así los elementos susceptibles de ofrecer el conocimiento material que permite desentrañar el modo y la metodología por el que éstos han sido concebidos. Con esta particular aproximación se desafían los tradicionales estudios que han comprendido al método como una sistemática universal o reglada, ya que en este caso el propósito consiste más bien en esclarecer los fundamentos y principios que subyacen a cada objeto arquitectónico más específico. Este hecho ha llevado al índice de la tesis a ordenarse según una lista de arquitectos y obras que no presentan otra particularidad que la de ser recientes y muy diferentes entre sí. Esta aparente arbitrariedad con la que las obras se eligen cobra sentido a lo largo del propio análisis y recorrido, ya que éste apuesta por recabar el suficiente contenido que diversifique y singularice cada elección, de tal modo que ya en sí, ésta obtenga rango paradigmático. El hecho de que la tesis evite los planteamientos totalitarios no quiere decir que trate de promover el relativismo de las diferentes opciones, dado que más bien pretende analizar hasta el fondo las cuestiones últimas y lo más valioso que cada opción representa. Por su parte, la conclusión de la tesis muestra una complementariedad al carácter específico de los capítulos previos, ya que ésta se atreve a avanzar con cierta voluntad conclusiva hacia la definición de los principios más sustanciales del método en arquitectura hoy. Y precisamente, una de las claves esenciales que ha mostrado la arquitectura del hoy que nos toca vivir consiste en la condición más específica de la obra arquitectónica misma por encima de cualquier connotación genérica o transcendente que ésta pueda sugerir. De tal modo que los arquitectos elegidos, por muy diferentes que aparentan ser, han tomado como punto de partida la condición objetual de la obra más allá de cualquier contenido ideal que a ésta pueda adscribírsele. En todos los casos, si bien de diferente manera, la obra arquitectónica en sí misma se ha constituido en una nueva clave en la que tratan de dirimirse las eternas dialécticas entre el objeto y su significado, entre la estructura conceptual y su connotación simbólica. De este modo, las dialécticas relativas a la unidad de la diversidad, la identidad de la multiplicidad, la síntesis que pretende la integración de lo complejo, o en su caso, la indispensable sostenibilidad de lo inconsistente, se han convertido en la temática principal de este análisis que ha comprendido al método a partir la misma paradoja por la que la arquitectura actual se ve afectada. La misma dialéctica imposible de resolver que ha conducido a la arquitectura más reciente a decantarse a favor de la consustancialidad intrínseca a la misma obra. La tesis por su parte también se ha focalizado en la obra y en el hecho arquitectónico puntual, siguiendo la tendencia de la misma arquitectura que se analizaba. Sin embargo, sus extensos análisis nos han llevado a desentrañar el sentido y la posición estratégica personal que se encuentra más allá de la exacerbación inmanente de la arquitectura de estos últimos años. Es decir, tal y como se ha insistido, el análisis de la obra nos ha llevado, a través de la pregunta por su método, al arquitecto que la ha proyectado. Y así se ha creado este triángulo trinitario, ‘Arquitecto, obra y método’, tratando de preguntarse hasta el final por la singularidad más específica del método de cada arquitecto, en el convencimiento de que método y obra se vinculan precisamente ahí, en las experiencias personales singulares que han posibilitado las mayores creaciones y más sustantivas novedades. ABSTRACT This thesis approaches the question of Method in architecture by focusing its analysis on 5 specific contemporary projects, trying to unveil their underlying constitutive motivations. Thus, architectonical object and work are considered the susceptible elements that provide the material knowledge that unravels the manner and the methodology by which they were conceived. With this particular approach, this thesis challenges other traditional studies, those that regard the Method in architecture as a regulated or universal systematic procedure. On the contrary, the purpose of this thesis is to clarify the foundations and principles that underlie each specific architectonical object. This has led to the ordering of the thesis index according to a list of architects and projects that do not present any other distinctiveness except that they are recent and very different to each other. However, this apparent arbitrariness of the choice of each architect becomes meaningful during its analytical development. This analysis attempts to seek out the content which diversifies each choice enough, and makes it singular enough, so that each selected candidate acquires paradigmatic range by itself. Therefore, the fact that the thesis avoids totalitarian approaches does not lead it to promote the relativism of different choices, but rather the thesis tries to thoroughly analyze the most valuable achievements of each option. Nonetheless, the conclusion of the thesis shows a position that complements the specific character of the previous chapters, since it dares to move forward conclusively towards the definition of the essential principles of the Method in architecture today. Indeed, the thesis shows one of the basic keys of today’s architecture, which is the specific condition of the architectural work itself above any generic or transcendental connotation. Thus, the selected architects, however different they appear to be, take the objectual condition of the work (thingness) as their starting point beyond any ideal content that might be ascribed to their architecture. Although differently, in each case the architectonical work itself has become the new indispensable key to deal with the eternal dialectics between the object and its meaning, between conceptual structure and its symbolic connotation. Thus, the dialectics between unity and diversity, the identity of multiplicity, the synthesis that aims at the integration of complexity, or even, the indispensable consistency of the unavoidable inconsistency, have all become the main themes of this analysis, an analysis that understands the issue of Method from the same paradoxical situation of today’s architecture. This is the same paradox which has led the latest architecture to align itself with the intrinsic consubstantiality of the architectonical work itself. Therefore, the thesis is also focused on the Work, on the specific architectonical fact, following the course of the same architecture that it analyses. However, extensive analyses of the thesis have led us to clarify the sense and personal strategic position that is beyond the immanent exacerbation of architecture in recent years. Therefore, as stressed throughout the text, the analysis, that has explored the Method of architectonical Work, has led us to the architect who conceived it. Thus, this trinitarian triangle, ‘Architect, Work and Method’, has been created, attempting to explore in depth the specific uniqueness of each architect’s method, convinced that Method and Work do actually connect in the singular experiences that have achieved the greatest and most substantial creations.

Translation practices at the European Central Bank with reference to metaphors

The European Union institutions represent a complex setting and a specific case of institutional translation. The European Central Bank (ECB) is a particular context as the documents translated belong to the field of economics and, thus, contain many specialised terms and neologisms that pose challenges to translators. This study aims to investigate the translation practices at the ECB, and to analyse their effects on the translated texts. In order to illustrate the way texts are translated at the ECB, the thesis will focus on metaphorical expressions and the conceptual metaphors by which they are sanctioned. Metaphor is often associated with literature and less with specialised texts. However, according to Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) conceptual metaphor theory, our conceptual system is fundamentally metaphorical in nature and metaphors are pervasive elements of thought and speech. The corpus compiled comprises economic documents translated at the ECB, mainly from English into Romanian. Using corpus analysis, the most salient metaphorical expressions were identified in the source and target texts and explained with reference to the main conceptual metaphors. Translation strategies are discussed on the basis of a comparison of the source and target texts. The text-based analysis is complemented by questionnaires distributed to translators, which give insights into the institution’s translation practices. As translation is an institutional process, translators have to follow certain guidelines and practices; these are discussed with reference to translators’ agency. A gap was identified in the field of institutional translation. The translation process in the EU institutions has been insufficiently explored, especially regarding the new languages of the European Union. By combining the analysis of the institutional practices, the texts produced in the institution and the translators’ work (by the questionnaires distributed to translators), this thesis intends to bring a contribution to institutional translation and metaphor translation, particularly regarding a new EU language, Romanian.

Contrary Voices: Heine, Holderlin, and Goethe in the music of Hanns Eisler

Contrary Voices examines composer Hanns Eisler’s settings of nineteenth-century poetry under changing political pressures from 1925 to 1962. The poets’ ideologically fraught reception histories, both under Nazism and in East Germany, led Eisler to intervene in this reception and voice dissent by radically fragmenting the texts. His musical settings both absorb and disturb the charisma of nineteenth-century sound materials, through formal parody, dissonance, and interruption. Eisler’s montage-like work foregrounds the difficult position of a modernist artist speaking both to and against political demands placed on art. Often the very charisma the composer seeks to expose for its power to sway the body politic exerts a force of its own. At the same time, his text-settings resist ideological rigidity in their polyphonic play. A dialogic approach to musical adaptation shows that, as Eisler seeks to resignify Heine’s problematic status in the Weimar Republic, Hölderlin’s appropriation under Nazism, and Goethe’s status as a nationalist symbol in the nascent German Democratic Republic, his music invests these poetic voices with surprising fragility and multivalence. It also destabilizes received gender tropes, in the masculine vulnerability of Eisler’s Heine choruses from 1925 and in the androgynous voices of his 1940s Hölderlin exile songs and later Goethe settings. Cross-reading the texts after hearing such musical treatment illuminates faultlines and complexities less obvious in text-only analysis. Ultimately Eisler’s music translates canonical material into a form as paradoxically faithful as it is violently fragmented.

GPs’ and community pharmacists’ opinions on medication management at transitions of care in Ireland

Objective. The aim of this study was to survey GPs and community pharmacists (CPs) in Ireland regarding current practices of medication management, specifically medication reconciliation, communication between health care providers and medication errors as patients transition in care.
Methods. A national cross-sectional survey was distributed electronically to 2364 GPs, 311 GP Registrars and 2382 CPs. Multivariable associations comparing GPs to CPs were generated and content analysis of free text responses was undertaken.
Results. There was an overall response rate of 17.7% (897 respondents—554 GPs/Registrars and 343 CPs). More than 90% of GPs and CPs were positive about the effects of medication reconciliation on medication safety and adherence. Sixty per cent of GPs reported having no formal system of medication reconciliation. Communication between GPs and CPs was identified as good/very good by >90% of GPs and CPs. The majority (>80%) of both groups could clearly recall prescribing errors, following a transition of care, they had witnessed in the previous 6 months. Free text content analysis corroborated the positive relationship between GPs and CPs, a frustration with secondary care communication, with many examples given of prescribing errors.
Conclusions. While there is enthusiasm for the benefits of medication reconciliation there are limited formal structures in primary care to support it. Challenges in relation to systems that support inter-professional communication and reduce medication errors are features of the primary/secondary care transition. There is a need for an improved medication management system. Future research should focus on the identified barriers in implementing medication reconciliation and systems that can improve it.

Interventions to Promote Follow-up After Trabeculectomy Surgery in Rural Southern China: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance:

Follow-up after trabeculectomy surgery is important to surgical success, but little is known about the effect of interventions on improving follow-up in low-resource areas.

Objective:

To examine whether text message reminders and free eye medications improve follow-up after trabeculectomy in rural southern China.

Design, Setting, and Participants:

This randomized clinical trial studied 222 consecutive patients undergoing trabeculectomy from October 1, 2014, through November 31, 2015, at 4 rural hospitals in Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces, China. Data from the intention-to-treat population were analyzed.

Interventions:

Patients undergoing trabeculectomy were randomized (1:1) to receive text message reminders 3 days before appointments at 1 and 2 weeks and 1 month after surgery and free topical corticosteroid medication (US$5.30) at each visit or to standard follow-up without reminders or free medication.

Main Outcomes and Measure:

Follow-up at 1 month postoperatively.

Results:

Among 222 eligible patients, 13 (5.9%) refused and 209 (94.1%) were enrolled, with 106 (50.7%) randomized to the intervention group (mean [SD] age, 64.4 [12.7] years; 56 women [52.8%]) and 103 (49.3%) to the control group (mean [SD] age, 63.0 [12.7] years; 53 women [51.5%]). A total of 6 patients (2.9%) were unavailable for follow-up. Attendance at 1 month for the intervention group (59 of 102 [57.8%]) was significantly higher than for the control group (34 of 101 [33.7%]) (unadjusted relative risk [RR], 1.72; 95% CI, 1.13-2.63; P = .01). Factors associated with 1-month attendance in multiple regression models included intervention group membership (RR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.08-2.53; P = .02) and being told to return for suture removal (RR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.06-3.06; P = .03). One-month attendance among controls not told about suture removal was 3 of 31 (9.7%), whereas it was 44 of 68 (64.7%) among the intervention group with suture removal (unadjusted RR, 6.69; 95% CI, 2.08-21.6; P = .001).

Conclusions and Relevance:

In this setting, low-cost interventions may significantly improve postoperative follow-up after glaucoma surgery, a potential opportunity for interventions known to improve surgical success.

Controlo remoto e autónomo de um sistema de aquacultura

Esta dissertação apresenta um sistema de aquacultura que possibilita a sua monitorização e o seu controlo autónomo. O sistema é capaz de ler grandezas como nível, pH, luminosidade, pressão e temperatura, e, posteriormente, ativar ou desativar os atuadores, como as eletroválvulas e as bombas peristálticas, até que se encontrem os valores pretendidos. O GSM é uma parte relevante do sistema desenvolvido, que permite uma interação à distância com o sistema, utilizando um telemóvel. Em qualquer momento, o utilizador pode pedir informações ao sistema, através de uma solicitação efetuada por mensagem de texto. As informações requeridas podem ser relativas ao estado dos atuadores e aos valores que os sensores apresentam. O utilizador pode, ainda, modificar o estado de um atuador, através de mensagem de texto enviada para o sistema. A resposta ao utilizador é uma mensagem com a verificação do que foi pedido. O sistema permite também ser configurado através de mensagem de texto, definindo os limites de cada parâmetro. Tem, ainda, a capacidade de enviar alertas, via mensagem de texto, quando algum valor estiver fora do pretendido. Apresenta uma aplicação em Visual Basic, que permite interagir com o sistema, controlar os limites e os atuadores, visualizar os alertas emitidos e registá-los em base de dados, para guardar o historial e compreender o comportamento através de gráficos.

The principle of least effort within the hierarchy of linguistic preferences: external evidence from English

The thesis is an investigation of the principle of least effort (Zipf 1949 [1972]). The principle is simple (all effort should be least) and universal (it governs the totality of human behavior). Since the principle is also functional, the thesis adopts a functional theory of language as its theoretical framework, i.e. Natural Linguistics. The explanatory system of Natural Linguistics posits that higher principles govern preferences, which, in turn, manifest themselves as concrete, specific processes in a given language. Therefore, the thesis’ aim is to investigate the principle of least effort on the basis of external evidence from English. The investigation falls into the three following strands: the investigation of the principle itself, the investigation of its application in articulatory effort and the investigation of its application in phonological processes. The structure of the thesis reflects the division of its broad aims. The first part of the thesis presents its theoretical background (Chapter One and Chapter Two), the second part of the thesis deals with application of least effort in articulatory effort (Chapter Three and Chapter Four), whereas the third part discusses the principle of least effort in phonological processes (Chapter Five and Chapter Six). Chapter One serves as an introduction, examining various aspects of the principle of least effort such as its history, literature, operation and motivation. It overviews various names which denote least effort, explains the origins of the principle and reviews the literature devoted to the principle of least effort in a chronological order. The chapter also discusses the nature and operation of the principle, providing numerous examples of the principle at work. It emphasizes the universal character of the principle from the linguistic field (low-level phonetic processes and language universals) and the non-linguistic ones (physics, biology, psychology and cognitive sciences), proving that the principle governs human behavior and choices. Chapter Two provides the theoretical background of the thesis in terms of its theoretical framework and discusses the terms used in the thesis’ title, i.e. hierarchy and preference. It justifies the selection of Natural Linguistics as the thesis’ theoretical framework by outlining its major assumptions and demonstrating its explanatory power. As far as the concepts of hierarchy and preference are concerned, the chapter provides their definitions and reviews their various understandings via decision theories and linguistic preference-based theories. Since the thesis investigates the principle of least effort in language and speech, Chapter Three considers the articulatory aspect of effort. It reviews the notion of easy and difficult sounds and discusses the concept of articulatory effort, overviewing its literature as well as various understandings in a chronological fashion. The chapter also presents the concept of articulatory gestures within the framework of Articulatory Phonology. The thesis’ aim is to investigate the principle of least effort on the basis of external evidence, therefore Chapters Four and Six provide evidence in terms of three experiments, text message studies (Chapter Four) and phonological processes in English (Chapter Six). Chapter Four contains evidence for the principle of least effort in articulation on the basis of experiments. It describes the experiments in terms of their predictions and methodology. In particular, it discusses the adopted measure of effort established by means of the effort parameters as well as their status. The statistical methods of the experiments are also clarified. The chapter reports on the results of the experiments, presenting them in a graphical way and discusses their relation to the tested predictions. Chapter Four establishes a hierarchy of speakers’ preferences with reference to articulatory effort (Figures 30, 31). The thesis investigates the principle of least effort in phonological processes, thus Chapter Five is devoted to the discussion of phonological processes in Natural Phonology. The chapter explains the general nature and motivation of processes as well as the development of processes in child language. It also discusses the organization of processes in terms of their typology as well as the order in which processes apply. The chapter characterizes the semantic properties of processes and overviews Luschützky’s (1997) contribution to NP with respect to processes in terms of their typology and incorporation of articulatory gestures in the concept of a process. Chapter Six investigates phonological processes. In particular, it identifies the issues of lenition/fortition definition and process typology by presenting the current approaches to process definitions and their typology. Since the chapter concludes that no coherent definition of lenition/fortition exists, it develops alternative lenition/fortition definitions. The chapter also revises the typology of phonological processes under effort management, which is an extended version of the principle of least effort. Chapter Seven concludes the thesis with a list of the concepts discussed in the thesis, enumerates the proposals made by the thesis in discussing the concepts and presents some questions for future research which have emerged in the course of investigation. The chapter also specifies the extent to which the investigation of the principle of least effort is a meaningful contribution to phonology.

Transmission Easement and Adverse Possession of Transmission Easement in the Polish Law

The object of analysis in the text are the issues concerned with the transmission easement and the adverse possession thereof on the grounds of the Polish law. The text features: (1) a historical outline of the solutions concerned with easements in the Polish law following 1945, (2) the institution of transmission easement introduced in 2008 and the solutions concerned with the claims for the establishment thereof at court, (3) the institution of adverse possession of transmission easement pursuant to civil law regulations, judicature and the legal doctrine. On account of the need to elaborate the wide-ranging legal issues concerned with the transmission easement in this text, the analysis embraces two research questions giving rise to the following conclusions: (1) What function is performed by the institution of transmission easement in the system of civil-law relations in the Polish law? The legislator in the articles introducing a transmission easement ossified the solutions functioning in the judicature of the Polish courts before 2008. The legal interpretation took a turn for clarification, that is for the establishment of a norm in the situation where its comprehension was dubious. It is noteworthy that in the period prior to 2008, the law provided for easement appurtenant, and on account of the usual course of judicial decisions also for easement appurtenant with the content corresponding to transmission easement. In 2008 these two “legal existences” were supplemented with a transmission easement, which nevertheless failed to resolve all the legal problems; nay, this gave rise to even more problems, e.g. the one of non-establishment of interpolar norms which would address the issues arising in connection with the use of various easement institutions in legal transactions. While amending the civil law, the legislator aimed to bring order to legal transactions by streamlining the unregulated actual state of easement in relation to transmission infrastructure, but also in relation to the situations where an easement was yet to be established and a facility yet to be constructed. Thus, such action is intended to regulate the disorderly legislation in force as well as to safeguard investment processes. This is of particular significance, for example, for energy companies which are burdened with statutory public-law obligations as regards securing energy supplies and providing for the development of energy infrastructure. Hence, the de facto introduced civil-law solutions indirectly served to realise the principles of the doctrine of easement in the public interest. (2) What legal problems in the civil-law relations does the application of the institution of transmission easement by adverse possession entail? On account of the functioning of various institutions of easement, that is (1) an easement appurtenant, (2) an easement appurtenant with the content corresponding to a transmission easement, and as of 2008 (3) a transmission easement, a problem arose as to which of the given easements companies exercised in particular periods, all the more so because before 1989 the State Treasury owned them and many of the transmission facilities were put in place by virtue of administrative decisions. The commonly held belief is that in the period of “society-oriented economy” as well as up to 2008 infrastructure companies could exercise an easement appurtenant which corresponded to the content of a transmission easement. Therefore, in such a case the running of the prescriptive period should allow for the general rules laid down for an easement appurtenant. Apart from the problem of the relation of a capacity to exercise a right to property and the free development of civil-law relations before 1989, the recognition of the running of prescriptive periods – given the functioning of the three various easements as legal institutions – became a significant legal problem. By way of illustration, the recognition – against the period of exercising transmission easement – of the period required for the acquisition thereof by adverse possession, whereby before 3 August 2008 the real estate featured the legal state corresponding to the content of this right, is debatable. One cannot recognise that within that period a transmission easement was exercised, because such a right was not in existence as yet. Therefore, the institution that might be employed is the running of the period as regards the adverse possession in relation to an easement appurtenant with the content of a transmission easement. Still, the problem remains as to whether the period of the exercise of the easement appurtenant with the content corresponding to a transmission easement can be recognised against the period of possession required for the adverse possession of a transmission easement pursuant to the regulations introduced in 2008. One might incline to the position whereby in such a case it would be right to fully recognise – against the period of exercising a transmission easement – the period of exercising an easement appurtenant corresponding thereto in respect of its content. That being so, the adverse possession of a transmission easement might ensue in such a situation on 3 August 2008 at the earliest, that is the moment the regulations governing this right come into effect. Conversely, if the prescriptive period expires before that date, the entrepreneur would acquire an easement appurtenant with the content corresponding to the transmission easement. Such an interpretation is aligned with the purpose intended by the legislator, which is to bring order to the actual state of the broadest scope with the aid of a new legal instrument. The text, while analysing the issue of a transmission easement and an adverse possession thereof as a institution of the civil law, presents only some selected problems. Hence, the analysis does not include, for example, the issues concerned with claims for remuneration (for usufruct without contractual basis or usufruct fees), or claims for compensation (redress or amends). Furthermore, the text does not conduct a more profound analysis of the relation between the provisions regulating public-law relations (e.g. acts of law introducing the institution of dispossession) and the provisions regulating civil-law relations (the easements in question).

A importância do telemóvel na comunicação escrita, por SMS, de um grupo de alunos dos 2.º e 3.º ciclos

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências da Linguagem, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Análisis del discurso político: estrategia hegemónica rusa para la conquista de territorio durante 1861 -1928 y 1991

La presente investigación pretende explorar la relación entre el discurso político y un proyecto hegemónico ruso para la conquista de territorio en la península de Crimea mediante la migración humana, evidente en los hechos de 2014. A partir de la evaluación de algunos momentos de migración en los últimos dos siglos (1860, 1928 y 1991) se vincula la práctica articulatoria del discurso político de cada una de las elites políticas rusas de turno con la crisis política en Crimea 2014. Lo anterior permite identificar un cierto proyecto hegemónico ruso –transversal en el tiempo - que tuvo como resultado principal la anexión de facto de Crimea a Rusia. Ésta no habría sido posible sin las acciones políticas de cada una de los gobernantes que motivaron la migración hacia Crimea, lo cual puede ser en gran parte uno de los motivos para la gran concentración de rusos en Crimea que votaron a favor de unirse a Rusia y dejar a Ucrania.