Effect of ambient levels of ozone on photosynthetic components and radical scavenging system in leaves of African cowpea varieties

Tropospheric ozone (O3), a main component of photochemical oxidants, adversely affects not only human health but also vegetation. To clarify the long-term effects of ambient levels of tropospheric ozone (O3) on photosynthetic components and radical scavenging system in the leaves of cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L.), two African varieties, Blackeye and Asontem, were grown in open-top chambers and exposed to filtered air (FA), non-filtered air (NF) or non-filtered air with additional O3 of approximately 50 nl l-1. Ambient levels of O3 significantly reduced chlorophyll concentration, quantum yield and activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), thus contributing to the reduction in net photosynthetic rate at the reproductive growth stage of both varieties; with no significant variety difference in the sensitivity to O3. The O3-induced significant reduction in catalase activity was observed in Blackeye at vegetative and reproductive growth stages; and in Asontem at reproductive growth stage. On the other hand, exposure to O3 significantly increased ascorbate peroxidase activity in Blackeye at reproductive stage and did not significantly affect that in Blackeye at vegetative growth stage and that in Asontem at both growth stages. At reproductive growth stage, activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase were significantly increased by the exposure to O3 in both varieties. The results obtained in this study suggest that, although ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase played important roles in scavenging O3-induced reactive oxygen species in the leaves, radical scavenging ability of these enzymes is not sufficient to avoid detrimental effects of ambient levels of O3 on photosynthesis in both African cowpea varieties.

Boreal forest fire impacts on lower troposphere carbon monoxide and ozone levels at the regional to hemispheric scales

Tropospheric ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO) pollution in the Northern Hemisphere is commonly thought to be of anthropogenic origin. While this is true in most cases, copious quantities of pollutants are emitted by fires in boreal regions, and the impact of these fires on CO has been shown to significantly exceed the impact of urban and industrial sources during large fire years. The impact of boreal fires on ozone is still poorly quantified, and large uncertainties exist in the estimates of the fire-released nitrogen oxides (NO x ), a critical factor in ozone production. As boreal fire activity is predicted to increase in the future due to its strong dependence on weather conditions, it is necessary to understand how these fires affect atmospheric composition. To determine the scale of boreal fire impacts on ozone and its precursors, this work combined statistical analysis of ground-based measurements downwind of fires, satellite data analysis, transport modeling and the results of chemical model simulations. The first part of this work focused on determining boreal fire impact on ozone levels downwind of fires, using analysis of observations in several-days-old fire plumes intercepted at the Pico Mountain station (Azores). The results of this study revealed that fires significantly increase midlatitude summertime ozone background during high fire years, implying that predicted future increases in boreal wildfires may affect ozone levels over large regions in the Northern Hemisphere. To improve current estimates of NOx emissions from boreal fires, we further analyzed ΔNOy /ΔCO enhancement ratios in the observed fire plumes together with transport modeling of fire emission estimates. The results of this analysis revealed the presence of a considerable seasonal trend in the fire NOx /CO emission ratio due to the late-summer changes in burning properties. This finding implies that the constant NOx /CO emission ratio currently used in atmospheric modeling is unrealistic, and is likely to introduce a significant bias in the estimated ozone production. Finally, satellite observations were used to determine the impact of fires on atmospheric burdens of nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ) and formaldehyde (HCHO) in the North American boreal region. This analysis demonstrated that fires dominated the HCHO burden over the fires and in plumes up to two days old. This finding provides insights into the magnitude of secondary HCHO production and further enhances scientific understanding of the atmospheric impacts of boreal fires.

Measurements of Volatile Organic Compounds - from Biogenic Emissions to Concentrations in Ambient Air

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) affect atmospheric chemistry and thereafter also participate in the climate change in many ways. The long-lived greenhouse gases and tropospheric ozone are the most important radiative forcing components warming the climate, while aerosols are the most important cooling component. VOCs can have warming effects on the climate: they participate in tropospheric ozone formation and compete for oxidants with the greenhouse gases thus, for example, lengthening the atmospheric lifetime of methane. Some VOCs, on the other hand, cool the atmosphere by taking part in the formation of aerosol particles. Some VOCs, in addition, have direct health effects, such as carcinogenic benzene. VOCs are emitted into the atmosphere in various processes. Primary emissions of VOC include biogenic emissions from vegetation, biomass burning and human activities. VOCs are also produced in secondary emissions from the reactions of other organic compounds. Globally, forests are the largest source of VOC entering the atmosphere. This thesis focuses on the measurement results of emissions and concentrations of VOCs in one of the largest vegetation zones in the world, the boreal zone. An automated sampling system was designed and built for continuous VOC concentration and emission measurements with a proton transfer reaction - mass spectrometer (PTR-MS). The system measured one hour at a time in three-hourly cycles: 1) ambient volume mixing-ratios of VOCs in the Scots-pine-dominated boreal forest, 2) VOC fluxes above the canopy, and 3) VOC emissions from Scots pine shoots. In addition to the online PTR-MS measurements, we determined the composition and seasonality of the VOC emissions from a Siberian larch with adsorbent samples and GC-MS analysis. The VOC emissions from Siberian larch were reported for the fist time in the literature. The VOC emissions were 90% monoterpenes (mainly sabinene) and the rest sesquiterpenes (mainly a-farnesene). The normalized monoterpene emission potentials were highest in late summer, rising again in late autumn. The normalized sesquiterpene emission potentials were also highest in late summer, but decreased towards the autumn. The emissions of mono- and sesquiterpenes from the deciduous Siberian larch, as well as the emissions of monoterpenes measured from the evergreen Scots pine, were well described by the temperature-dependent algorithm. In the Scots-pine-dominated forest, canopy-scale emissions of monoterpenes and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) were of the same magnitude. Methanol and acetone were the most abundant OVOCs emitted from the forest and also in the ambient air. Annually, methanol and mixing ratios were of the order of 1 ppbv. The monoterpene and sum of isoprene 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) volume mixing-ratios were an order of magnitude lower. The majority of the monoterpene and methanol emissions from the Scots-pinedominated forest were explained by emissions from Scots pine shoots. The VOCs were divided into three classes based on the dynamics of the summer-time concentrations: 1) reactive compounds with local biological, anthropogenic or chemical sources (methanol, acetone, butanol and hexanal), 2) compounds whose emissions are only temperaturedependent (monoterpenes), 3) long-lived compounds (benzene, acetaldehyde). Biogenic VOC (methanol, acetone, isoprene MBO and monoterpene) volume mixing-ratios had clear diurnal patterns during summer. The ambient mixing ratios of other VOCs did not show this behaviour. During winter we did not observe systematical diurnal cycles for any of the VOCs. Different sources, removal processes and turbulent mixing explained the dynamics of the measured mixing-ratios qualitatively. However, quantitative understanding will require longterm emission measurements of the OVOCs and the use of comprehensive chemistry models. Keywords: Hydrocarbons, VOC, fluxes, volume mixing-ratio, boreal forest

Emissões de compostos orgânicos voláteis de um aterro controlado e o potencial formador de ozônio

O presente estudo teve como objetivo quantificar as emissões de Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis do Aterro Controlado Morro do Céu localizado na cidade de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Para tanto, vinte amostras foram coletadas, usando uma bomba de ar operada a bateria durante dois dias de dezembro de 2009. Uma câmara de fluxo cilíndrica de PVC de 30L foi inserida 5 cm no solo do aterro, e as amostras foram coletadas através de uma válvula na parte superior da câmera. Os resultados indicaram um valor de 1.980 Kg Km-2 h-1. O modelo Gaussiano de dispersão atmosférica ISCST3 foi utilizado para calcular a difusão e transporte dos poluentes a fim de estimar as concentrações de COV no bairro, usando dados topográficos, meteorológicos e de emissões. Valores de 525 μg m-3 de COV foram encontrados a 500 metros do aterro. As emissões do aterro foram usadas em conjunto com dados meteorológicos, utilizando o modelo de trajetória OZIPR e o mecanismo químico SAPRC para demonstrar o impacto na formação do ozônio troposférico na região. É conhecido que o ozônio é formado pela reação entre COV, NOx e luz solar. A contribuição de valores elevados de COV provenientes das emissões do aterro conduzirá a uma nova situação com valores mais elevados de ozônio na região. Os resultados da modelagem indicaram um aumento maior que 1000% nos níveis de ozônio na região do aterro, se comparado com a modelagem do ozônio para a região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados mostram ser necessário que maior atenção seja dada à política de gerenciamento de RSU no Brasil, incluindo a escolha adequada para o local de instalação, o monitoramento da área durante e após o período de operação e técnicas mais adequadas de disposição dos resíduos sólidos urbanos

Impacto das motocicletas na qualidade do ar das grandes cidades

O crescimento do número de motocicletas nas grandes cidades, em função de fatores como o baixo custo e a alta mobilidade nos centros urbanos, tem sido considerado um importante fator de deterioração da qualidade do ar. Nesse contexto, o monitoramento das emissões gasosas provenientes do escapamento desses veículos é fundamental para o conhecimento da contribuição dessa classe de transporte no agravamento da poluição atmosférica. A partir dessas informações tornam-se possíveis o monitoramento e o controle da qualidade do ar. Para tanto, amostras das emissões de diferentes motocicletas foram coletadas, por meio de dinamômetro, e analisadas por cromatografia gasosa. As emissões das motocicletas foram utilizadas em conjunto com dados meteorológicos utilizando o modelo de trajetória OZIPR e o mecanismo químico SAPRC para demonstrar o impacto na formação do ozônio troposférico na região. As simulações indicam que a concentração de ozônio na troposfera poderá ultrapassar o padrão nacional estabelecido pela Resolução CONAMA 03/90 em até três anos. Além disso, acrescenta-se que as taxas de emissões de compostos legislados emitidos pelas motocicletas utilizadas neste estudo (HC, CO e NOx) já atendem aos níveis preconizados em todas as fases do PROMOT. Assim, além da adoção do PROMOT, se fazem necessárias medidas adicionais para o gerenciamento da emissão de poluentes provindos de fontes móveis. A alteração do tipo de combustível ou até mesmo da fonte de energia, elétrica, por exemplo, seria uma alternativa para o controle da poluição atmosférica

Estudo dos compostos reduzidos de enxofre na formação do ozônio troposférico na cidade do Rio de Janeiro

O petróleo é uma complexa mistura de compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos em que predominam os hidrocarbonetos e que apresentam contaminações variadas, entre essas os compostos de enxofre. Esses além de gerarem inconvenientes durante os processos de refino do petróleo, como corrosão nos equipamentos e envenenamento de catalisadores dos processos de craqueamento, também representam um grande problema para o meio ambiente e para a saúde da população, principalmente em relação à poluição atmosférica. Além das emissões de compostos de enxofre oriundas da própria refinaria, com destaque para os óxidos de enxofre e o sulfeto de hidrogênio, os compostos de enxofre, que não são retirados durante o refino e estão presentes nos derivados do petróleo, provocam a emissão de uma grande quantidade de poluentes na atmosfera durante o processo de queima dos combustíveis. Os efeitos dos CRE na atmosfera urbana ainda não são muito conhecidos, o que justifica um estudo mais profundo desses compostos, que além de causarem danos a saúde da população, podem influenciar na formação do ozônio troposferico

Estudo de níveis de ozônio troposférico usando métodos de estatística univariada e multivariada para duas localidades da cidade do Rio de Janeiro

Com cada vez mais intenso desenvolvimento urbano e industrial, atualmente um desafio fundamental é eliminar ou reduzir o impacto causado pelas emissões de poluentes para a atmosfera. No ano de 2012, o Rio de Janeiro sediou a Rio +20, a Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Desenvolvimento Sustentável, onde representantes de todo o mundo participaram. Na época, entre outros assuntos foram discutidos a economia verde e o desenvolvimento sustentável. O O3 troposférico apresenta-se como uma variável extremamente importante devido ao seu forte impacto ambiental, e conhecer o comportamento dos parâmetros que afetam a qualidade do ar de uma região, é útil para prever cenários. A química das ciências atmosféricas e meteorologia são altamente não lineares e, assim, as previsões de parâmetros de qualidade do ar são difíceis de serem determinadas. A qualidade do ar depende de emissões, de meteorologia e topografia. Os dados observados foram o dióxido de nitrogênio (NO2), monóxido de nitrogênio (NO), óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx), monóxido de carbono (CO), ozônio (O3), velocidade escalar vento (VEV), radiação solar global (RSG), temperatura (TEM), umidade relativa (UR) e foram coletados através da estação móvel de monitoramento da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente (SMAC) do Rio de Janeiro em dois locais na área metropolitana, na Pontifícia Universidade Católica (PUC-Rio) e na Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) no ano de 2011 e 2012. Este estudo teve três objetivos: (1) analisar o comportamento das variáveis, utilizando o método de análise de componentes principais (PCA) de análise exploratória, (2) propor previsões de níveis de O3 a partir de poluentes primários e de fatores meteorológicos, comparando a eficácia dos métodos não lineares, como as redes neurais artificiais (ANN) e regressão por máquina de vetor de suporte (SVM-R), a partir de poluentes primários e de fatores meteorológicos e, finalmente, (3) realizar método de classificação de dados usando a classificação por máquina de vetor suporte (SVM-C). A técnica PCA mostrou que, para conjunto de dados da PUC as variáveis NO, NOx e VEV obtiveram um impacto maior sobre a concentração de O3 e o conjunto de dados da UERJ teve a TEM e a RSG como as variáveis mais importantes. Os resultados das técnicas de regressão não linear ANN e SVM obtidos foram muito próximos e aceitáveis para o conjunto de dados da UERJ apresentando coeficiente de determinação (R2) para a validação, 0,9122 e 0,9152 e Raiz Quadrada do Erro Médio Quadrático (RMECV) 7,66 e 7,85, respectivamente. Quanto aos conjuntos de dados PUC e PUC+UERJ, ambas as técnicas, obtiveram resultados menos satisfatórios. Para estes conjuntos de dados, a SVM mostrou resultados ligeiramente superiores, e PCA, SVM e ANN demonstraram sua robustez apresentando-se como ferramentas úteis para a compreensão, classificação e previsão de cenários da qualidade do ar

Atmospheric nutrient input to coastal areas: reducing the uncertainties

A significant fraction of the total nitrogen entering coastal and estuarine ecosystems along the eastern U.S. coast arises from atmospheric deposition; however, the exact role of atmospherically derived nitrogen in the decline of the health of coastal, estuarine, and inland waters is still uncertain. From the perspective of coastal ecosystem eutrophication, nitrogen compounds from the air, along with nitrogen from sewage, industrial effluent, and fertilizers, become a source of nutrients to the receiving ecosystem. Eutrophication, however, is only one of the detrimental impacts of the emission of nitrogen containing compounds to the atmosphere. Other adverse effects include the production of tropospheric ozone, acid deposition, and decreased visibility (photochemical smog). Assessments of the coastal eutrophication problem indicate that the atmospheric deposition loading is most important in the region extending from Albemarle/Parnlico Sounds to the Gulf of Maine; however, these assessments are based on model outputs supported by a meager amount of actual data. The data shortage is severe. The National Research Council specifically mentions the atmospheric role in its recent publication for the Committee on Environmental and Natural Resources, Priorities for Coastal Ecosystem Science (1994). It states that, "Problems associated with changes in the quantity and quality of inputs to coastal environments from runoff and atmospheric deposition are particularly important [to coastal ecosystem integrity]. These include nutrient loading from agriculture and fossil fuel combustion, habitat losses from eutrophication, widespread contamination by toxic materials, changes in riverborne sediment, and alteration of coastal hydrodynamics. "

The toxicology of climate change: environmental contaminants in a warming world.

Climate change induced by anthropogenic warming of the earth's atmosphere is a daunting problem. This review examines one of the consequences of climate change that has only recently attracted attention: namely, the effects of climate change on the environmental distribution and toxicity of chemical pollutants. A review was undertaken of the scientific literature (original research articles, reviews, government and intergovernmental reports) focusing on the interactions of toxicants with the environmental parameters, temperature, precipitation, and salinity, as altered by climate change. Three broad classes of chemical toxicants of global significance were the focus: air pollutants, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including some organochlorine pesticides, and other classes of pesticides. Generally, increases in temperature will enhance the toxicity of contaminants and increase concentrations of tropospheric ozone regionally, but will also likely increase rates of chemical degradation. While further research is needed, climate change coupled with air pollutant exposures may have potentially serious adverse consequences for human health in urban and polluted regions. Climate change producing alterations in: food webs, lipid dynamics, ice and snow melt, and organic carbon cycling could result in increased POP levels in water, soil, and biota. There is also compelling evidence that increasing temperatures could be deleterious to pollutant-exposed wildlife. For example, elevated water temperatures may alter the biotransformation of contaminants to more bioactive metabolites and impair homeostasis. The complex interactions between climate change and pollutants may be particularly problematic for species living at the edge of their physiological tolerance range where acclimation capacity may be limited. In addition to temperature increases, regional precipitation patterns are projected to be altered with climate change. Regions subject to decreases in precipitation may experience enhanced volatilization of POPs and pesticides to the atmosphere. Reduced precipitation will also increase air pollution in urbanized regions resulting in negative health effects, which may be exacerbated by temperature increases. Regions subject to increased precipitation will have lower levels of air pollution, but will likely experience enhanced surface deposition of airborne POPs and increased run-off of pesticides. Moreover, increases in the intensity and frequency of storm events linked to climate change could lead to more severe episodes of chemical contamination of water bodies and surrounding watersheds. Changes in salinity may affect aquatic organisms as an independent stressor as well as by altering the bioavailability and in some instances increasing the toxicity of chemicals. A paramount issue will be to identify species and populations especially vulnerable to climate-pollutant interactions, in the context of the many other physical, chemical, and biological stressors that will be altered with climate change. Moreover, it will be important to predict tipping points that might trigger or accelerate synergistic interactions between climate change and contaminant exposures.

Ocean-atmosphere trace gas exchange

The oceans contribute significantly to the global emissions of a number of atmospherically important volatile gases, notably those containing sulfur, nitrogen and halogens. Such gases play critical roles not only in global biogeochemical cycling but also in a wide range of atmospheric processes including marine aerosol formation and modification, tropospheric ozone formation and destruction, photooxidant cycling and stratospheric ozone loss. A number of marine emissions are greenhouse gases, others influence the Earth's radiative budget indirectly through aerosol formation and/or by modifying oxidant levels and thus changing the atmospheric lifetime of gases such as methane. In this article we review current literature concerning the physical, chemical and biological controls on the sea-air emissions of a wide range of gases including dimethyl sulphide (DMS), halocarbons, nitrogen-containing gases including ammonia (NH3), amines (including dimethylamine, DMA, and diethylamine, DEA), alkyl nitrates (RONO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) including isoprene and oxygenated (O)VOCs, methane (CH4) and carbon monoxide (CO). Where possible we review the current global emission budgets of these gases as well as known mechanisms for their formation and loss in the surface ocean.

Influence of abiotic stress factors on VOCs emission from Portuguese rice paddy fields: relation with increased climate change

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente Perfil de Gestão de Sistemas Ambientais

Développement de méthodes d’analyse directe de polluants organiques volatils à l’état de traces dans l’air et les biogaz

Il est reconnu que le benzène, le toluène, l’éthylbenzène et les isomères du xylène, composés organiques volatils (COVs) communément désignés BTEX, produisent des effets nocifs sur la santé humaine et sur les végétaux dépendamment de la durée et des niveaux d’exposition. Le benzène en particulier est classé cancérogène et une exposition à des concentrations supérieures à 64 g/m3 de benzène peut être fatale en 5–10 minutes. Par conséquent, la mesure en temps réel des BTEX dans l’air ambiant est essentielle pour détecter rapidement un danger associé à leur émission dans l’air et pour estimer les risques potentiels pour les êtres vivants et pour l’environnement. Dans cette thèse, une méthode d’analyse en temps réel des BTEX dans l’air ambiant a été développée et validée. La méthode est basée sur la technique d’échantillonnage direct de l’air couplée avec la spectrométrie de masse en tandem utilisant une source d’ionisation chimique à pression atmosphérique (APCI-MS/MS directe). La validation analytique a démontré la sensibilité (limite de détection LDM 1–2 μg/m3), la précision (coefficient de variation CV < 10%), l’exactitude (exactitude > 95%) et la sélectivité de la méthode. Des échantillons d’air ambiant provenant d’un site d’enfouissement de déchets industriels et de divers garages d’entretien automobile ont été analysés par la méthode développée. La comparaison des résultats avec ceux obtenus par la technique de chromatographie gazeuse on-line couplée avec un détecteur à ionisation de flamme (GC-FID) a donné des résultats similaires. La capacité de la méthode pour l’évaluation rapide des risques potentiels associés à une exposition aux BTEX a été prouvée à travers une étude de terrain avec analyse de risque pour la santé des travailleurs dans trois garages d’entretien automobile et par des expériences sous atmosphères simulées. Les concentrations mesurées dans l’air ambiant des garages étaient de 8,9–25 µg/m3 pour le benzène, 119–1156 µg/m3 pour le toluène, 9–70 µg/m3 pour l’éthylbenzène et 45–347 µg/m3 pour les xylènes. Une dose quotidienne environnementale totale entre 1,46 10-3 et 2,52 10-3 mg/kg/jour a été déterminée pour le benzène. Le risque de cancer lié à l’exposition environnementale totale au benzène estimé pour les travailleurs étudiés se situait entre 1,1 10-5 et 1,8 10-5. Une nouvelle méthode APCI-MS/MS a été également développée et validée pour l’analyse directe de l’octaméthylcyclotétrasiloxane (D4) et le décaméthylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) dans l’air et les biogaz. Le D4 et le D5 sont des siloxanes cycliques volatils largement utilisés comme solvants dans les processus industriels et les produits de consommation à la place des COVs précurseurs d’ozone troposphérique tels que les BTEX. Leur présence ubiquitaire dans les échantillons d’air ambiant, due à l’utilisation massive, suscite un besoin d’études de toxicité. De telles études requièrent des analyses qualitatives et quantitatives de traces de ces composés. Par ailleurs, la présence de traces de ces substances dans un biogaz entrave son utilisation comme source d’énergie renouvelable en causant des dommages coûteux à l’équipement. L’analyse des siloxanes dans un biogaz s’avère donc essentielle pour déterminer si le biogaz nécessite une purification avant son utilisation pour la production d’énergie. La méthode développée dans cette étude possède une bonne sensibilité (LDM 4–6 μg/m3), une bonne précision (CV < 10%), une bonne exactitude (> 93%) et une grande sélectivité. Il a été également démontré qu’en utilisant cette méthode avec l’hexaméthyl-d18-disiloxane comme étalon interne, la détection et la quantification du D4 et du D5 dans des échantillons réels de biogaz peuvent être accomplies avec une meilleure sensibilité (LDM ~ 2 μg/m3), une grande précision (CV < 5%) et une grande exactitude (> 97%). Une variété d’échantillons de biogaz prélevés au site d’enfouissement sanitaire du Complexe Environnemental de Saint-Michel à Montréal a été analysée avec succès par cette nouvelle méthode. Les concentrations mesurées étaient de 131–1275 µg/m3 pour le D4 et 250–6226 µg/m3 pour le D5. Ces résultats représentent les premières données rapportées dans la littérature sur la concentration des siloxanes D4 et D5 dans les biogaz d’enfouissement en fonction de l’âge des déchets.

Effets des changements climatiques sur la santé et la sécurité des travailleurs au Québec

Les impacts des changements climatiques sur la population sont nombreux et ont été relativement bien documentés, ce qui n’est pas le cas de ces impacts sur la santé et la sécurité des travailleurs. L’objectif de cette thèse est de documenter les effets négatifs des changements climatiques sur la santé et la sécurité des travailleurs dans une région d’un pays industrialisé à climat tempéré, comme le Québec. Pour y arriver, deux approches ont été utilisées : a) les dangers et les effets sanitaires ont été identifiés par une revue de la littérature validée par des experts nationaux et internationaux, et des priorités de recherche ont été établies à l’aide d’une méthode de consultation itérative, b) des modèles statistiques, utiles à l’estimation des impacts sanitaires des changements climatiques, ont été développés pour apprécier les associations entre la survenue de lésions professionnelles et l’exposition des travailleurs aux chaleurs estivales et à l’ozone troposphérique, deux problématiques préoccupantes pour le Québec. Le bilan des connaissances a mis en évidence cinq catégories de dangers pouvant affecter directement ou indirectement la santé et la sécurité des travailleurs au Québec (vagues de chaleur, polluants de l’air, rayonnements ultraviolets, événements météorologiques extrêmes, maladies vectorielles transmissibles et zoonoses) et cinq conditions pouvant entraîner des modifications dans l’environnement de travail et pouvant ultimement affecter négativement la santé et la sécurité des travailleurs (changements dans les méthodes agricoles et d’élevage, altérations dans l’industrie de la pêche, perturbations de l’écosystème forestier, dégradation de l’environnement bâti et émergence de nouvelles industries vertes). Quant aux modélisations, elles suggèrent que les indemnisations quotidiennes pour des maladies liées à la chaleur et pour des accidents de travail augmentent avec les températures estivales, et que ces associations varient selon l’âge des travailleurs, le secteur industriel et la catégorie professionnelle (manuelle vs autre). Des associations positives statistiquement non significatives entre les indemnisations pour des atteintes respiratoires aiguës et les concentrations d’ozone troposphérique ont aussi été observées. Dans l’ensemble, cette thèse a permis de dégager douze pistes de recherche prioritaires pour le Québec se rapportant à l’acquisition de connaissances, à la surveillance épidémiologique et au développement de méthodes d’adaptation. Selon les résultats de cette recherche, les intervenants en santé au travail et les décideurs devraient déployer des efforts pour protéger la santé et la sécurité des travailleurs et mettre en place des actions préventives en vue des changements climatiques.

An observing system simulation experiment for climate monitoring with GNSS radio occulation data: setup and testbed study

The long-term stability, high accuracy, all-weather capability, high vertical resolution, and global coverage of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) suggests it as a promising tool for global monitoring of atmospheric temperature change. With the aim to investigate and quantify how well a GNSS RO observing system is able to detect climate trends, we are currently performing an (climate) observing system simulation experiment over the 25-year period 2001 to 2025, which involves quasi-realistic modeling of the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere. We carried out two climate simulations with the general circulation model MAECHAM5 (Middle Atmosphere European Centre/Hamburg Model Version 5) of the MPI-M Hamburg, covering the period 2001–2025: One control run with natural variability only and one run also including anthropogenic forcings due to greenhouse gases, sulfate aerosols, and tropospheric ozone. On the basis of this, we perform quasi-realistic simulations of RO observables for a small GNSS receiver constellation (six satellites), state-of-the-art data processing for atmospheric profiles retrieval, and a statistical analysis of temperature trends in both the “observed” climatology and the “true” climatology. Here we describe the setup of the experiment and results from a test bed study conducted to obtain a basic set of realistic estimates of observational errors (instrument- and retrieval processing-related errors) and sampling errors (due to spatial-temporal undersampling). The test bed results, obtained for a typical summer season and compared to the climatic 2001–2025 trends from the MAECHAM5 simulation including anthropogenic forcing, were found encouraging for performing the full 25-year experiment. They indicated that observational and sampling errors (both contributing about 0.2 K) are consistent with recent estimates of these errors from real RO data and that they should be sufficiently small for monitoring expected temperature trends in the global atmosphere over the next 10 to 20 years in most regions of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). Inspection of the MAECHAM5 trends in different RO-accessible atmospheric parameters (microwave refractivity and pressure/geopotential height in addition to temperature) indicates complementary climate change sensitivity in different regions of the UTLS so that optimized climate monitoring shall combine information from all climatic key variables retrievable from GNSS RO data.

Design and analysis of climate model experiments for the efficient estimation of anthropogenic signals

Presented herein is an experimental design that allows the effects of several radiative forcing factors on climate to be estimated as precisely as possible from a limited suite of atmosphere-only general circulation model (GCM) integrations. The forcings include the combined effect of observed changes in sea surface temperatures, sea ice extent, stratospheric (volcanic) aerosols, and solar output, plus the individual effects of several anthropogenic forcings. A single linear statistical model is used to estimate the forcing effects, each of which is represented by its global mean radiative forcing. The strong colinearity in time between the various anthropogenic forcings provides a technical problem that is overcome through the design of the experiment. This design uses every combination of anthropogenic forcing rather than having a few highly replicated ensembles, which is more commonly used in climate studies. Not only is this design highly efficient for a given number of integrations, but it also allows the estimation of (nonadditive) interactions between pairs of anthropogenic forcings. The simulated land surface air temperature changes since 1871 have been analyzed. The changes in natural and oceanic forcing, which itself contains some forcing from anthropogenic and natural influences, have the most influence. For the global mean, increasing greenhouse gases and the indirect aerosol effect had the largest anthropogenic effects. It was also found that an interaction between these two anthropogenic effects in the atmosphere-only GCM exists. This interaction is similar in magnitude to the individual effects of changing tropospheric and stratospheric ozone concentrations or to the direct (sulfate) aerosol effect. Various diagnostics are used to evaluate the fit of the statistical model. For the global mean, this shows that the land temperature response is proportional to the global mean radiative forcing, reinforcing the use of radiative forcing as a measure of climate change. The diagnostic tests also show that the linear model was suitable for analyses of land surface air temperature at each GCM grid point. Therefore, the linear model provides precise estimates of the space time signals for all forcing factors under consideration. For simulated 50-hPa temperatures, results show that tropospheric ozone increases have contributed to stratospheric cooling over the twentieth century almost as much as changes in well-mixed greenhouse gases.