Applying Genetic Algorithms to Optimize Power in Tiled SNUCA Chip Multicore Architectures

We propose a novel technique for reducing the power consumed by the on-chip cache in SNUCA chip multicore platform. This is achieved by what we call a "remap table", which maps accesses to the cache banks that are as close as possible to the cores, on which the processes are scheduled. With this technique, instead of using all the available cache, we use a portion of the cache and allocate lesser cache to the application. We formulate the problem as an energy-delay (ED) minimization problem and solve it offline using a scalable genetic algorithm approach. Our experiments show up to 40% of savings in the memory sub-system power consumption and 47% savings in energy-delay product (ED).

Applying Genetic Algorithms to Optimize Power in Tiled SNUCA Chip Multicore Architectures

We propose a novel technique for reducing the power consumed by the on-chip cache in SNUCA chip multicore platform. This is achieved by what we call a "remap table", which maps accesses to the cache banks that are as close as possible to the cores, on which the processes are scheduled. With this technique, instead of using all the available cache, we use a portion of the cache and allocate lesser cache to the application. We formulate the problem as an energy-delay (ED) minimization problem and solve it offline using a scalable genetic algorithm approach. Our experiments show up to 40% of savings in the memory sub-system power consumption and 47% savings in energy-delay product (ED).

Adaptive power optimization of on-chip SNUCA cache on tiled chip multicore architecture using remap policy

Advances in technology have increased the number of cores and size of caches present on chip multicore platforms(CMPs). As a result, leakage power consumption of on-chip caches has already become a major power consuming component of the memory subsystem. We propose to reduce leakage power consumption in static nonuniform cache architecture(SNUCA) on a tiled CMP by dynamically varying the number of cache slices used and switching off unused cache slices. A cache slice in a tile includes all cache banks present in that tile. Switched-off cache slices are remapped considering the communication costs to reduce cache usage with minimal impact on execution time. This saves leakage power consumption in switched-off L2 cache slices. On an average, there map policy achieves 41% and 49% higher EDP savings compared to static and dynamic NUCA (DNUCA) cache policies on a scalable tiled CMP, respectively.

Sensitivity analysis based on mode mismatch for an optofluidic lab on a chip biosensor

In this paper we will be presenting the effect of fluidic gap, the effect of change of refractive index of the fluid contained in the gap, and the effect of higher order modes on the efficiency of light coupling and thus on the on the sensitivity of the sensor.

Sensitivity analysis based on Mode Mismatch for an optofluidic lab on a chip biosensor

In this paper we will be presenting the effect of fluidic gap, the effect of change of refractive index of the fluid contained in the gap, and the effect of higher order modes on the efficiency of light coupling and thus on the on the sensitivity of the sensor.

Analysis of integrated optofluidic lab-on-a-chip sensor based on refractive index and absorbance sensing

The analysis of a fully integrated optofluidic lab-on-a-chip sensor is presented in this paper. This device is comprised of collinear input and output waveguides that are separated by a microfluidic channel. When light is passed through the analyte contained in the fluidic gap, optical power loss occurs owing to absorption of light. Apart from absorption, a mode-mismatch between the input and output waveguides occurs when the light propagates through the fluidic gap. The degree of mode-mismatch and quantum of optical power loss due to absorption of light by the fluid form the basis of our analysis. This sensor can detect changes in refractive index and changes in concentration of species contained in the analyte. The sensitivity to detect minute changes depends on many parameters. The parameters that influence the sensitivity of the sensor are mode spot size, refractive index of the fluid, molar concentration of the species contained in the analyte, width of the fluidic gap, and waveguide geometry. By correlating various parameters, an optimal fluidic gap distance corresponding to a particular mode spot size that achieves the best sensitivity is determined both for refractive index and absorbance-based sensing.

Efficient Cache Exploration Method for a Tiled Chip Multiprocessor

Past studies use deterministic models to evaluate optimal cache configuration or to explore its design space. However, with the increasing number of components present on a chip multiprocessor (CMP), deterministic approaches do not scale well. Hence, we apply probabilistic genetic algorithms (GA) to determine a near-optimal cache configuration for a sixteen tiled CMP. We propose and implement a faster trace based approach to estimate fitness of a chromosome. It shows up-to 218x simulation speedup over the cycle-accurate architectural simulation. Our methodology can be applied to solve other cache optimization problems such as design space exploration of cache and its partitioning among applications/ virtual machines.

Toward a Scalable Working Set Size Estimation Method and Its Application for Chip Multiprocessors

It is essential to accurately estimate the working set size (WSS) of an application for various optimizations such as to partition cache among virtual machines or reduce leakage power dissipated in an over-allocated cache by switching it OFF. However, the state-of-the-art heuristics such as average memory access latency (AMAL) or cache miss ratio (CMR) are poorly correlated to the WSS of an application due to 1) over-sized caches and 2) their dispersed nature. Past studies focus on estimating WSS of an application executing on a uniprocessor platform. Estimating the same for a chip multiprocessor (CMP) with a large dispersed cache is challenging due to the presence of concurrently executing threads/processes. Hence, we propose a scalable, highly accurate method to estimate WSS of an application. We call this method ``tagged WSS (TWSS)'' estimation method. We demonstrate the use of TWSS to switch-OFF the over-allocated cache ways in Static and Dynamic NonUniform Cache Architectures (SNUCA, DNUCA) on a tiled CMP. In our implementation of adaptable way SNUCA and DNUCA caches, decision of altering associativity is taken by each L2 controller. Hence, this approach scales better with the number of cores present on a CMP. It gives overall (geometric mean) 26% and 19% higher energy-delay product savings compared to AMAL and CMR heuristics on SNUCA, respectively.

Simultaneous measurements of thickness and temperature profile of the lubricant film at chip-tool interface during machining process using luminescent sensors

Simultaneous measurements of thickness and temperature profile of the lubricant film at chip-tool interface during machining have been studied in this experimental programme. Conventional techniques such as thermography can only provide temperature measurement under controlled environment in a laboratory and without the addition of lubricant. The present study builds on the capabilities of luminescent sensors in addition to direct image based observations of the chip-tool interface. A suite of experiments conducted using different types of sensors are reported in this paper, especially noteworthy are concomitant measures of thickness and temperature of the lubricant. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

Design and Validation of On-chip Planar Mixer Based on Advection and Viscoelastic Effects

Mixing at low Reynolds number is usually due to diffusion and requires longer channel lengths for complete mixing. In order to reduce the mixing lengths, advective flow can be induced by varying the channel geometry. Additionally, in non-newtonian fluids, appropriate modifications to channel geometry can be used to aid the mixing process by capitalizing on their viscoelastic nature. Here we have exploited the advection and viscoelastic effects to implement a planar passive micro-mixer. Microfluidic devices incorporating different blend of mixing geometries were conceived. The optimum design was chosen based on the results of the numerical simulations performed in COMSOL. The chosen design had sudden expansion and contraction along with teeth patterns along the channel walls to improve mixing. Mixing of two different dyes was performed to validate the mixing efficiency. Particle dispersion experiments were also carried out. The results indicated effective mixing. In addition, the same design was also found to be compatible with electrical power free pumping mechanism like suction. The proposed design was then used to carry out on-chip chemical cell lysis with human whole blood samples to establish its use with non-newtonian fluids. Complete lysis of the erythrocytes was observed leaving behind the white blood cells at the outlet.

Thermal Strain Analysis of a Flip-Chip Package by a Modified Hybrid Method

介绍一种可用于微电子封装局部应变场分析的实验/计算混合方法,该方法结合了有限元的整体/局部模型和实时的激光云纹干涉技术,利用激光云纹干涉技术所测得的应变场来校核有限元整体模型的计算结果,并用整体模型的结果作为局部模型的边界条件,对实验难以确定的封装结构局部位置的应力、应变场进行分析.用这种方法对可控坍塌倒装封装结构在热载荷作用下焊球内的应变场分布进行了分析,结果表明该方法能够提供封装结构内应力-应变场分布的准确和可靠的结果,为微电子封装的可靠性分析提供重要的依据. For the reliability analysis of electronic packages, strains in very localized areas, such as an interconnection or a corner, need to be determined. In this paper, a modified hybrid method of global/local modeling and real time moire interferometry is presented. In this method, a simplified, coarsely meshed global model is developed to get rough information about the deformation of the microelectronic package. In order to make sure the global model has been reasonably simplified and the material properties ...

Application of Optical Protein-chip in Detecting Phage M13KO7

Abstract: Avidin layer was bound on the substrate surface of Silicon wafer modified with aldehyde. The interaction between avidin and biotin was adopted for the immobilization of mouse monoclonal biotin-anti-M13 (antibody GP3)-labeled biotin. The surface was incubated in a solution containing phage M13KO7, which was trapped by the antibody GP3 with the interaction between phage M13KO7 and antibody GP3, resulting in a variation of layer thickness that was detected by imaging ellipsometry. The results showed a saturated layer of antibody GP3 with a thickness about 6.9 nm on the surface of the silicon wafer. The specific interaction between phage M13KO7 and antibody GP3 resulted in a variation of layer thickness. The layer of phage M13KO7 bound with antibody GP3 was 17.5 nm in the concentration of 1.1×1010 pfu/mL. Each variation of the layer thickness corresponded to a concentration of phage M13KO7 in the range of 0.1×1010–2.5×1010 pfu/mL, with the sensitivity of 109 pfu/mL. Compared with other methods, the optical protein-chip, requiring only short measurement time, label free, is a quantitative test, and can be visualized. This study could be significant on the interactions between the antibody and the virus, showing potential in the early diagnosis of virosis.

Micro-systems for Optical Protein-Chip

Protein-Chip as micro-assays for the determination of protein interaction, the analysis, the identification and the purification of proteins has large potential applications. The Optical Protein-Chip is able to detect the multi-interaction of proteins and multi-bio-activities of molecules directly and simultaneously with no labeling. The chip is a small matrix on solid substrate containing multi-micro-area prepared by microfabrication with photolithography or soft lithography for surface patterning, and processed with surface modification which includes the physical, chemical, and bio-chemical modifications, etc. The ligand immobilization, such as protein immobilization, especially the oriented immobilization with low steric hindrance and high bio-specific binding activity between ligand and receptor is used to form a sensing surface. Each area of the pattern is corresponding to only one bioactivity. The interval between the areas is non-bioactive and optically extinctive. The affinity between proteins is used to realize non-labeling microassays for the determination of protein identification and protein interaction. The sampling of the chip is non-disturbing, performed with imaging ellipsometry and image processing on a database of proteins.