Compilation of documents for the development of a state of art of the investigation of perdurability

A través del estudio y la investigación basados en bibliografía de diversas nacionalidades que data desde la década de los setenta hasta la actualidad, ha sido posible analizar la tendencia académica de las investigaciones acerca la Perdurabilidad. Esta recolección de estudios es una fuente de información para todos aquellos que deseen tener un entendimiento más profundo acerca de la teoría que sostiene el concepto de Perdurabilidad. A lo largo de esta investigación, el lector encontrará un conjunto de varios autores de distintas nacionalidades que abordaron el tema de la Perdurabilidad bajo alguna de sus concepciones (longevidad, resistencia, supervivencia); lo que permite tener una visión más amplia acerca de la importancia de ciertos estudios de acuerdo a su origen y contexto cultural. Es importante resaltar que esta investigación es netamente teórica con el propósito de aclarar el concepto de Perdurabilidad y facilitar futuras investigaciones acerca de este tema

Estado del arte del control en sistemas organizacionales y técnicos

La perdurabilidad empresarial es una de las preocupaciones sectoriales, regionales y nacionales estudiada desde diferentes ámbitos (económico, social y académico), convirtiéndose en uno de los objetivos multinivel que impulsa el desarrollo y crecimiento de un país. De otro lado, una de las metodologías que está orientada a garantizar el cumplimiento de los objetivos o comportamientos planificados se denomina “sistemas de control” cuya aplicación es interdisciplinaria, tiene su origen en los sistemas técnicos y se traslada a los sistemas organizacionales. Este trabajo desarrolla una revisión bibliográfica del control, desde la en los sistemas técnicos y desde la Psicología, Sociología y disciplinas sociales a los sistemas organizacionales, identificando dos corrientes. La primera corriente, denominada “clásica” en sistemas causales y la segunda, llamada “inteligente”. El trabajo describe en cada corriente la conceptualización, los propósitos, las metodologías, la estructura, la taxonomía y las críticas en los sistemas de control. El control es abordado con diferentes metodologías, dependiendo de la corriente y de la naturaleza de cada sistema, pero tiene un propósito transversal o interdisciplinario que consiste en generar comportamientos esperados o deseables en el sistema, incluyendo alcanzar objetivos establecidos. En cuanto al desarrollo y comprensión, hay un mayor avance en los sistemas técnicos enfocados básicamente hacia la autonomía del sistema, mientras que en los sistemas organizacionales se ha generado la inquietud de evolucionar o generar controles diferentes o eliminar el control, pero las organizaciones continúan aplicando los controles clásicos y generando resultados de no perdurabilidad empresarial.

Desarrollo y posicionamiento de productos mediante la relación estratégica comunitaria y el marketing

En este proyecto se determinara cómo se realiza el desarrollo y el posicionamiento de productos mediante la relación estratégica comunitaria y el marketing. A lo largo del tiempo se han venido observando diferentes cambios en el marketing. Anteriormente este era visto como un vínculo entre los procesos sociales y económicos más que como un conjunto de actividades que buscan satisfacer las necesidades del cliente. Por medio del marketing, las organizaciones se enfocaron en la importancia de ofrecer productos altamente competitivos los cuales satisficieran las necesidades de cada uno de los clientes con el fin de generar productos únicos, con una buena posición en el mercado y que no fueran remplazados por su competencia. Es por esto que ofrecían productos con estándares de alta calidad, disminuyendo costos de producción y tiempo para implementarlos en el mercado y satisfacer la demanda de los clientes. Hoy en día, los mercados están saturados es por esto que es de suma importancia que el cliente se encuentre satisfecho con el producto para que vuelva a comprarlo y se cree una relación perdurable y satisfactoria tanto para la compañía como para el cliente. Por este motivo las organizaciones que tengan la capacidad de innovar ya sea mejorando uno ya existente o creando uno totalmente nuevo serán más reconocidas por los consumidores, y así podrán desarrollar productos con precios elevados incrementando su rentabilidad. El marketing relacional tiene una visión un poco más amplia, la cual explica que así como la fidelización de los clientes es importante para una compañía, se debe tener en cuenta a todo el personal que trabaja en esta para mantenerlo satisfecho y crear confianza entre el vendedor y el cliente. En este proyecto utilizamos un enfoque cuantitativo siendo un estudio de tipo teórico-conceptual, seleccionando las bases de datos, las fuentes de información y los documentos más representativos o que proporcionen la máxima información. El proyecto se sitúa dentro del grupo de investigación en perdurabilidad empresarial, en la línea de gerencia, para lograr identificar oportunidades que privilegien a las organizaciones, y en el proyecto de relación de las organizaciones con el medio y marketing.

Gene flow, risk assessment and the environmental release of transgenic plants

The release of genetically modified plants is governed by regulations that aim to provide an assessment of potential impact on the environment. One of the most important components of this risk assessment is an evaluation of the probability of gene flow. In this review, we provide an overview of the current literature on gene flow from transgenic plants, providing a framework of issues for those considering the release of a transgenic plant into the environment. For some plants gene flow from transgenic crops is well documented, and this information is discussed in detail in this review. Mechanisms of gene flow vary from plant species to plant species and range from the possibility of asexual propagation, short- or long-distance pollen dispersal mediated by insects or wind and seed dispersal. Volunteer populations of transgenic plants may occur where seed is inadvertently spread during harvest or commercial distribution. If there are wild populations related to the transgenic crop then hybridization and eventually introgression in the wild may occur, as it has for herbicide resistant transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Tools to measure the amount of gene flow, experimental data measuring the distance of pollen dispersal, and experiments measuring hybridization and seed survivability are discussed in this review. The various methods that have been proposed to prevent gene flow from genetically modified plants are also described. The current "transgenic traits'! in the major crops confer resistance to herbicides and certain insects. Such traits could confer a selective advantage (an increase in fitness) in wild plant populations in some circumstances, were gene flow to occur. However, there is ample evidence that gene flow from crops to related wild species occurred before the development of transgenic crops and this should be taken into account in the risk assessment process.

PERFORMANCE EVOLUTION OF PEER TO PEER NETWORKS

This thesis work concerns about the Performance evolution of peer to peer networks, where we used different distribution technique’s of peer distribution like Weibull, Lognormal and Pareto distribution process. Then we used a network simulator to evaluate the performance of these three distribution techniques.During the last decade the Internet has expanded into a world-wide network connecting millions of hosts and users and providing services for everyone. Many emerging applications are bandwidth-intensive in their nature; the size of downloaded files including music and videos can be huge, from ten megabits to many gigabits. The efficient use of network resources is thus crucial for the survivability of the Internet. Traffic engineering (TE) covers a range of mechanisms for optimizing operational networks from the traffic perspective. The time scale in traffic engineering varies from the short-term network control to network planning over a longer time period.Here in this thesis work we considered the peer distribution technique in-order to minimise the peer arrival and service process with three different techniques, where we calculated the congestion parameters like blocking time for each peer before entering into the service process, waiting time for a peers while the other peer has been served in the service block and the delay time for each peer. Then calculated the average of each process and graphs have been plotted using Matlab to analyse the results

Influência do estresse hídrico e salino na germinação de urochloa decumbens e urochloa ruziziensis

Studies of the germination response of seeds subjected to artificial stresses are provided tools for better understanding of the survivability and adaptation of these species in natural stress conditions such as drought or saline soils, common in agricultural and forest regions, contributing significantly to the development of management strategies. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of water and salt stress on germination of Urochloa decumbens and Urochloa ruziziensis. The test was conducted at the Faculty of Technology of São Paulo, campus of Capon Bonito. The seeds were sown with four replicates of 50 seeds in paper soaked in solutions with the potentials of 0.0, -0.2, -0.4 and -0.8 MPa, induced with polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) and NaCl. The germination test was conducted at 25 degrees C in the presence of light, evaluating the first test score at seven days after sowing, and weekly germination (normal seedlings) until 35 days. We calculated the index of germination rate. The results allowed the conclusion that water stress causes a greater reduction in force, speed of germination and cumulative germination of seeds of U. decumbens and U. ruziziensis than salt stress. The species U. decumbens showed higher tolerance to water and salt stresses.

Avaliação da Polpa de Citros Peletizada como Material para Cama de Frangos de Corte

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effects of broiler breeder genetic, diet type, and feeding program on maternal antibody transfer and development of lymphoid tissues in chicken progeny

Maternal antibody (MatAb) transfer is important for early chicken survivability. Diet composition and the amount of feed given to breeder pullets during rearing may affect the development of immunity and the transfer of MatAb to progeny, and could affect progeny performance and resistance to disease. The effects of broiler breeder nutrition and feeding management practices were evaluated for the transfer of MatAb to progeny and for spleen and bursa development at hatching in 2 genetic strains (A and B). In this experiment, the levels of MatAb against Newcastle disease virus were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in serum samples taken of pedigreed chicken progeny from hatching to 13 d of age. Chickens were fed corn-and wheat-based diets, as were their parents. The breeder feeding program and diet type altered the Newcastle disease virus MatAb found in progeny at hatching and affected how long these antibodies were maintained in circulation. Bursal follicle size at hatching was influenced by an interaction among all factors evaluated. Percentage of white pulp in the spleen was affected mainly by genetic strain and diet type, but responses varied according to the breeder feeding program. It was concluded that breeder feeding programs influence MatAb transfer and half-life, and may also affect the early development of lymphoid tissues.

Does magnesium chloride modify aldrin-induced neurotoxicity in rats?

Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) has been proposed for the treatment of seizures of different etiologies. The present study investigated the effect of MgCl2 on aldrin-induced seizures. Initially, 50 male rats received 60 mg aldrin/kg po and the effects were classified as muscular twitches, clonic convulsions or tonic-clonic convulsions. Another group of 40 rats dosed with 60 mg aldrin/kg po received 0, 4, 8, or 12 mg MgCl2/kg im. The percentage of tonic-clonic convulsant rats that resulted from MgCl2 treatment were 90% at 0 mg/kg; 50% at 4 mg/kg, 40% at 8 mg/kg and 20% at 12 mg MgCl2/kg. The percentage of survivors in the group receiving 12 mg MgCl2/kg was 80% while the control group had 20% survival. The clonic convulsions were not modified by MgCl2 treatment. Blood and brain concentrations of aldrin and dieldrin (metabolite of aldrin) did not differ among groups. The MgCl2 administration decreased the neuroexcitability induced by aldrin and increased survivability.

Estudo do valor adaptativo anual de fêmeas da raça Nelore utilizando modelos de regressão aleatória

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Ocorrência de micobactérias em amostras de leite bovino provenientes de tanques de expansão individuais e coletivos de propriedades rurais e do comércio informal na região sudeste do estado de São Paulo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Estudo da viabilidade de sedimentos formulados para a aplicação em estudos ecotoxicológicos e químicos: ênfase para os interferentes endócrinos 17alfa-etinilestradiol e 17beta-estradiol

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Survivable Traffic Grooming With Path Protection at the Connection Level in WDM Mesh Networks

Survivable traffic grooming (STG) is a promising approach to provide reliable and resource-efficient multigranularity connection services in wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) optical networks. In this paper, we study the STG problem in WDM mesh optical networks employing path protection at the connection level. Both dedicated-protection and shared-protection schemes are considered. Given network resources, the objective of the STG problem is to maximize network throughput. To enable survivability under various kinds of single failures, such as fiber cut and duct cut, we consider the general shared-risklink- group (SRLG) diverse routing constraints. We first resort to the integer-linear-programming (ILP) approach to obtain optimal solutions. To address its high computational complexity, we then propose three efficient heuristics, namely separated survivable grooming algorithm (SSGA), integrated survivable grooming algorithm (ISGA), and tabu-search survivable grooming algorithm (TSGA). While SSGA and ISGA correspond to an overlay network model and a peer network model, respectively, TSGA further improves the grooming results from SSGA and ISGA by incorporating the effective tabu-search (TS) method. Numerical results show that the heuristics achieve comparable solutions to the ILP approach, which uses significantly longer running times than the heuristics.

Approximation Algorithms for Survivable Multicommodity Flow Problems with Applications to Network Design

Multicommodity flow (MF) problems have a wide variety of applications in areas such as VLSI circuit design, network design, etc., and are therefore very well studied. The fractional MF problems are polynomial time solvable while integer versions are NP-complete. However, exact algorithms to solve the fractional MF problems have high computational complexity. Therefore approximation algorithms to solve the fractional MF problems have been explored in the literature to reduce their computational complexity. Using these approximation algorithms and the randomized rounding technique, polynomial time approximation algorithms have been explored in the literature. In the design of high-speed networks, such as optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks, providing survivability carries great significance. Survivability is the ability of the network to recover from failures. It further increases the complexity of network design and presents network designers with more formidable challenges. In this work we formulate the survivable versions of the MF problems. We build approximation algorithms for the survivable multicommodity flow (SMF) problems based on the framework of the approximation algorithms for the MF problems presented in [1] and [2]. We discuss applications of the SMF problems to solve survivable routing in capacitated networks.

Survivable Virtual Topology Routing under Shared Risk Link Groups in WDM Networks

Network survivability is one of the most important issues in the design of optical WDM networks. In this work we study the problem of survivable routing of a virtual topology on a physical topology with Shared Risk Link Groups (SRLG). The survivable virtual topology routing problem against single-link failures in the physical topology is proved to be NP-complete in [1]. We prove that survivable virtual topology routing problem against SRLG/node failures is also NP-complete. We present an improved integer linear programming (ILP) formulation (in comparison to [1]) for computing the survivable routing under SRLG/node failures. Using an ILP solver, we computed the survivable virtual topology routing against link and SRLG failures for small and medium sized networks efficiently. As even our improved ILP formulation becomes intractable for large networks, we present a congestion-based heuristic and a tabu search heuristic (which uses the congestion-based heuristic solution as the initial solution) for computing survivable routing of a virtual topology. Our experimental results show that tabu search heuristic coupled with the congestion based heuristic (used as initial solution) provides fast and near-optimal solutions.