Manual de comercio en que se halla la descripción de las monedas, pesas y medidas que se usan en los reinos de España .../

Mode of access: Internet.

El nuevo contador ó la aritmética simplificada con aplicación al sistema de monedas, pesas y medidas conforme al Real Decreto de 15 de Abril de 1848 y Ley de 19 de Julio de 1849 /

Mode of access: Internet.

Disertacion sobre las medidas militares que contiene la razon de preferir el uso de las nacionales al de las forasteras /

Mode of access: Internet.

El nuevo sistema legal de pesas y medidas puesto al alcance de todos /

Mode of access: Internet.

Balanza métrica, ó sea Igualdad de las pesas y medidas legales de Castilla, las de las cuarenta y nueve provincias de España, sus posesiones de Ultramar, isla de Cuba, Puerto-Rico y Filipinas, y las de Francia, Inglaterra y Portugal : todas con el sistema métrico y viceversa ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Tratado general de monedas, pesas, medidas y cambios de todas las naciones, reducidas a las que se usan en España /

Mode of access: Internet.

Tablas de reduccion de las pesas y medidas legales de Castilla á las métrico-decimales : formadas de orden del Gobierno /

Mode of access: Internet.

Real Decreto fijando los plazos en que ha de establecerse en la península é islas adyacentes el sistema métrico decimal de pesas y medidas /

Mode of access: Internet.

Esplicación [sic] del nuevo sistema legal de pesas y medidas : con tablas para la reducción de unas medidas á otras... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Validez de medidas antropométricas y percepciones ponderales declaradas por familiares de menores de 4 años

Objetivo: Evaluar la validez del peso y la talla declarados por las familias y las percepciones del peso de sus hijos/as para valorar la prevalencia de exceso de peso en menores de 4 años. Métodos: Estudio transversal mediante cuestionario autocumplimentado por familias de niñas/os de 3-45 meses de edad registrando peso y talla: 1) valores medidos en revisión pediátrica (valores de referencia); 2) valores declarados obtenidos en el domicilio; y 3) valores percibidos subjetivamente. Se usaron estándares de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resultados: La talla declarada se subestimó, resultando el peso/talla y el índice de masa corporal/edad declarados sobrevalorados. La prevalencia de exceso de peso medido (18,6%) y declarado (26,5%) presentó una concordancia moderada (Kappa: 0,47 [0,34-0,60]), con una sensibilidad del 70% y una especificidad del 84%. La percepción subjetiva (11,2%) mostró una sensibilidad del 30% y una especificidad del 93%. Conclusiones: La información declarada presenta escasa validez para estudios poblacionales, infraestima la talla y no reconoce adecuadamente el exceso de peso por distorsión de la percepción subjetiva. Resulta necesario validar cuestionarios y sensibilizar a las familias.

Relationship between birthweight and arterial elasticity in childhood

There is a considerable debate about the potential influence of fetal programming on cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. In the present prospective epidemiological cohort study, the relationship between birthweight and arterial elasticity in 472 children between 5 and 8 years of age was assessed. LAEI (large artery elasticity index), SAEI (small artery elasticity index) and BP (blood pressure) were assessed using the HDI/PulseWave CR-2000 CardioVascular Profiling System. Blood concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol and its fractions [LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol and HDL (high-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol] and triacylglycerols (triglycerides) were determined by automated enzymatic methods. Insulin was assessed by a chemiluminescent method, insulin resistance by HOMA (homoeostasis model assessment) and CRP (C-reactive protein) by immunonephelometry. Two linear regression models were applied to investigate the relationship between the outcomes, LAEI and SAEI, and the following variables: birthweight, gestational age, glucose, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, insulin, CRP, HOMA, age, gender, waist circumference, per capita income, SBP (systolic BP) and DBP (diastolic BP). LAEI was positively associated with birthweight (P=0.036), waist circumference (P<0.001) and age (P<0.001), and negatively associated with CRP (P=0.024) and SBP (P<0.001). SAEI was positively associated with birthweight (P=0.04), waist circumference (P=0.001) and age (P<0.001), and negatively associated with DBP (P<0.001). Arterial elasticity was decreased in apparently healthy children who had lower birthweights, indicating an earlier atherogenetic susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases in adolescence and adult life. Possible explanations for the results include changes in angiogenesis during critical phases of intrauterine life caused by periods of fetal growth inhibition and local haemodynamic anomalies

The influence of birthweight on arterial blood pressure of children

Background & aims.This study examined the relationship between birthweight and blood pressure in childhood. Methods.Prospective cohort study involving 472 Brazilian children ranging in age from 5 to 8 years. Birthweight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol and fractions (LDL-c, HDL-c), and triglycerides were determined. Total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c, and triglycerides were assessed by automated enzymatic methods. Blood pressure was measured with the HDI/Pulse Wave™ CR-2000 equipment. Multiple regression models were used to investigate the relationship between birthweight and SBP and DBP, controlling for the following variables: gender, age, BMI, total cholesterol, triglycerides, per capita income, and maternal education. Results.When adjusting for gender and BMI, we found a systolic blood pressure increase of 2.9 (95per cent CI = −5.33 to −0.56) mmHg per kilogram birthweight reduction. The unadjusted association was insignificant. Conclusion.Our data suggest that low birthweight is one of the factors contributing to blood pressure elevation at early ages. A way to prevent these diseases is by implementing public policies focused on good nutrition and adequate prenatal care for pregnant women

Prevalence of endometrial cancer and hyperplasia in non-symptomatic overweight and obese women

Background: Obesity is a public health problem and it is necessary to identify if non-symptomatic obese women must be submitted to endometrial evaluation. Aims: To determine the prevalence of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer in non-symptomatic overweight or obese women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 193 women submitted to an endometrial biopsy using a Pipelle de Cornier. The findings were classified as normal, hyperplasia or cancer, and the results were compared to body mass index (BMI; kg/m2). For the purpose of statistical analysis, women were divided into two groups: women of reproductive age and postmenopausal women, and according to BMI as overweight or obese. Results: The prevalence of endometrial cancer and hyperplasia was 1.0% and 5.8% in women of reproductive age and 3.0% and 12.1% in postmenopausal women, respectively. According to logistic regression, being in the postmenopause increased the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer to 1.19 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.36-3.90), while being postmenopausal and severely obese increased the odds ratio (OR) to 1.58 (95%CI: 0.30-8.23) and being postmenopausal and morbidly obese increased the OR to 2.72 (95%CI: 0.65-11.5). No increase in risk was found in women of reproductive age who were either overweight or obese. Discussion: Our results show that non-symptomatic, severe or morbidly obese postmenopausal women have a high risk of developing endometrial hyperplasia or cancer; however, no such risk was found for women of reproductive age.

Programa interativo de sa??de ocupacional

Em seu campus laboratorial de Xer??m, Duque de Caxias/RJ, o INMETRO herdou, do antigo Instituto Nacional de Pesos e Medidas, um t??mido servi??o de assist??ncia m??dica ??? composto por um m??dico e uma assistente social ??? insuficiente para atender aos seus 1.200 servidores e respectivos dependentes. Assim foi criado o Programa Interativo de Sa??de Ocupacional do INMETRO, baseado na explora????o de parcerias, na educa????o para a sa??de e no interc??mbio com ag??ncias governamentais. O check up anual tem se mostrado um dos itens mais importantes do programa, fundamental para o desenvolvimento de uma abordagem preventiva da sa??de. Os servidores t??m manifestado elevado grau de satisfa????o com a melhoria substancial da sua qualidade de vida, refletindo-se na qualidade dos servi??os da institui????o. Os servidores t??m-se envolvido intensamente nos eventos educativos promovidos no ??mbito do programa, como a Semana da Sa??de, com impacto sobre a comunidade em geral

Auditoria interna como instrumento de controle social na administra????o p??blica

Sob o ponto de vista constitucional os controles interno e externo somam-se a fim de promover responsabiliza????o permanente dos gestores p??blicos em torno dos princ??pios constitucionais da administra????o p??blica: legalidade, impessoalidade, moralidade, publicidade e efici??ncia. Neste artigo a argumenta????o segue no sentido de incrementar as discuss??es acerca da import??ncia de que em todos os n??veis da administra????o p??blica e nos tr??s poderes ??? Legislativo, Executivo e Judici??rio ??? seja implantada a auditoria interna, como unidade respons??vel pela an??lise do sistema de controle interno e a interlocu????o com o controle externo. Embora a administra????o p??blica no Brasil ainda se estruture hibridamente sob o sistema burocr??tico e o sistema gerencial, o fato ?? que os administradores p??blicos possuem na auditoria interna importante mecanismo gerencial que, como regra, contribui para detectar e propor a corre????o dos desperd??cios e procedimentos equivocados, principalmente antecipando-se a essas ocorr??ncias. Neste artigo, ?? apresentado ainda o exemplo da cria????o da auditoria interna no Instituto de Pesos e Medidas do Estado de S??o Paulo (Ipem-SP), sua interlocu????o com o Controle Externo e os resultados no ??mbito da autarquia.