A Detailed Analysis of Transcriptional Regulators Affecting the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Heat-shock Gene SSA1

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains a family of hsp70 related genes. One member of this family, SSA1, encodes a 70kD heat-shock protein which in addition to its heat inducible expression has a significant basal level of expression. The first 500 bp upstream of the SSA1 start point of transcription was examined by DNAse I protection analysis. The results reveal the presence of at least 14 factor binding sites throughout the upstream promoter region. The function of these binding sites has been examined using a series of 5' promoter deletions fused to the recorder gene lacZ in a centromere-containing yeast shuttle vector. The following sites have been identified in the promoter and their activity in yeast determined individually with a centromere-based recorder plasmid containing a truncated CYC1 /lacZ fusion: a heat-shock element or HSE which is sufficient to convey heat-shock response on the recorder plasmid; a homology to the SV40 'core' sequence which can repress the GCN4 recognition element (GCRE) and the yAP1 recognition element (ARE), and has been designated a upstream repression element or URE; a 'G'-rich region named G-box which can also convey heatshock response on the recorder plasmid; and a purine-pyrimidine alternating sequence name GT-box which is an activator of transcription. A series of fusion constructs were made to identify a putative silencer-like element upstream of SSA1. This element is position dependent and has been localized to a region containing both an ABF1 binding site and a RAP1 binding site. Five site-specific DNA-binding factors are identified and their purification is presented: the heat-shock transcription factor or HSTF, which recognizes the HSE; the G-box binding factor or GBF; the URE recognition factor or URF; the GT-box binding factor; and the GC-box binding factor or yeast Sp1.

Fermentação alcoólica de hidrolisado de farelo de mandioca usando levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae álcool resistente

A matriz energética mundial é baseada em fontes fósseis e renováveis. No Brasil, o bioetanol é gerado principalmente a partir da cana-de-açúcar. Res��duos agroindustriais (fontes celulósicas ou amiláceas) despontam como biomassas alternativas à cana-de-açúcar, para aumentar a competitividade deste combustível renovável frente aos de origem fóssil e também favorecer a sustentabilidade e a segurança alimentar e energética, pois s��o ricos em polissacarídeos não diretamente fermentescíveis, abundantes (problema ambiental) e apresentam baixo valor comercial. O farelo de mandioca é um exemplo de res��duo s��lido gerado na produção de fécula (amido) e farinha de mandioca que ainda contém, em média, 75% de amido. Consequentemente, deve ser previamente hidrolisado e posteriormente fermentado por leveduras do gênero Saccharomyces para gerar etanol. O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir bioetanol a partir de hidrolisados enzimáticos de farelo de mandioca, usando levedura álcool resistente (AR). Primeiramente, a concentração de açúcares obtida a partir da hidrólise enzimática foi verificada através de um planejamento fatorial completo (24), com triplicata no ponto central, a fim de investigar a influência dos seguintes fatores na hidrólise: concentração de α-amilase (Termamyl 2X), tempo de liquefação, concentração de glucoamilase (AMG 300L) e o tempo sacarificação. A condição de hidrólise mais favorável foi a do ensaio com 0,517 mL de AMG/g amido, 0,270 mL de Termamyl/g amido, 1h de tempo de liquefação e 2h de tempo de sacarificação. O caldo resultante da condição escolhida alcançou altas concentrações de glicose (160 g/L). Os ensaios de fermentação alcoólica foram realizados em duplicata em biorreator de 3L, em regime de batelada, a 30C, 100 rpm e pH 5,5. Cerca de 3 g/L (massa seca) de uma linhagem de levedura álcool tolerante, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen BY4741, crescida por 12h em meio YEDP (2% de glicose) foram usados como inóculo. O mosto consistiu de um litro de hidrolisado (160 g/L de glicose) fortificado com extrato de levedura (1%) e peptona de carne (1%), além da adição de um antiespumante (Tween 80) na concentração de 0,05% (m/v). Em 30 horas de fermentação, a média da concentração de etanol obtida foi de 65 g/L. A eficiência foi de 87,6% e o rendimento e a produtividade foram 0,448 e 2,16 g/L.h, respectivamente. Os resultados indicaram a aplicabilidade do farelo de mandioca como matéria-prima para a produção de bioetanol

Prevalent positive epistasis in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolic networks

Epistasis refers to the interaction between genes. Although high-throughput epistasis data from model organisms are being generated and used to construct genetic networks(1-3), the extent to which genetic epistasis reflects biologically meaningful interactions remains unclear(4-6). We have addressed this question through in silico mapping of positive and negative epistatic interactions amongst biochemical reactions within the metabolic networks of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using flux balance analysis. We found that negative epistasis occurs mainly between nonessential reactions with overlapping functions, whereas positive epistasis usually involves essential reactions, is highly abundant and, unexpectedly, often occurs between reactions without overlapping functions. We offer mechanistic explanations of these findings and experimentally validate them for 61 S. cerevisiae gene pairs.

De novo origination of a new protein-coding gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Origination of new genes is an important mechanism generating genetic novelties during the evolution of an organism. Processes of creating new genes using preexisting genes as the raw materials are well characterized, such as exon shuffling, gene duplicat

Study on DNA Damage Induced by Neon Beam Irradiation in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Yeast strain Saccharornyces cerevisiae was irradiated with different doses of 85 MeV/u Ne-20(10+) to investigate DNA damage induced by heavy ion beam in eukaryotic microorganism. The survival rate, DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and DNA polymorphic were tested after irradiation. The results showed that there were substantial differences in DNA between the control and irradiated samples. At the dose of 40 Cy, the yeast cell survival rate approached 50%, DNA double-strand breaks were barely detectable, and significant DNA polymorphism was observed. The alcohol dehydrogenase II gene was amplified and sequenced. It was observed that base changes in the mutant were mainly transversions of T-->G and T-->C. It can be concluded that heavy ion beam irradiation can lead to change in single gene and may be an effective way to induce mutation.

Predicting gene function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Clare, A. and King R.D. (2003) Predicting gene function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 2nd European Conference on Computational Biology (ECCB '03). (published as a journal supplement in Bioinformatics 19: ii42-ii49)

Cytocidal amino acid starvation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans acetolactate synthase (ilv2{Delta}) mutants is influenced by the carbon source and rapamycin.

The isoleucine and valine biosynthetic enzyme acetolactate synthase (Ilv2p) is an attractive antifungal drug target, since the isoleucine and valine biosynthetic pathway is not present in mammals, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ilv2Delta mutants do not survive in vivo, Cryptococcus neoformans ilv2 mutants are avirulent, and both S. cerevisiae and Cr. neoformans ilv2 mutants die upon isoleucine and valine starvation. To further explore the potential of Ilv2p as an antifungal drug target, we disrupted Candida albicans ILV2, and demonstrated that Ca. albicans ilv2Delta mutants were significantly attenuated in virulence, and were also profoundly starvation-cidal, with a greater than 100-fold reduction in viability after only 4 h of isoleucine and valine starvation. As fungicidal starvation would be advantageous for drug design, we explored the basis of the starvation-cidal phenotype in both S. cerevisiae and Ca. albicans ilv2Delta mutants. Since the mutation of ILV1, required for the first step of isoleucine biosynthesis, did not suppress the ilv2Delta starvation-cidal defects in either species, the cidal phenotype was not due to alpha-ketobutyrate accumulation. We found that starvation for isoleucine alone was more deleterious in Ca. albicans than in S. cerevisiae, and starvation for valine was more deleterious than for isoleucine in both species. Interestingly, while the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway inhibitor rapamycin further reduced S. cerevisiae ilv2Delta starvation viability, it increased Ca. albicans ilv1Delta and ilv2Delta viability. Furthermore, the recovery from starvation was dependent on the carbon source present during recovery for S. cerevisiae ilv2Delta mutants, reminiscent of isoleucine and valine starvation inducing a viable but non-culturable-like state in this species, while Ca. albicans ilv1Delta and ilv2 Delta viability was influenced by the carbon source present during starvation, supporting a role for glucose wasting in the Ca. albicans cidal phenotype.

Mise en évidence d'une apocytochrome c peroxydase anaérobie chez "Saccharomyces cerevisiae"

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Detection and localisation of protein-protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a split-GFP method

An alternative method for monitoring protein-protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been developed. It relies on the ability of two fragments of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) to reassemble and fluoresce when fused to interacting proteins. Since this fluorescence can be detected in living cells, simultaneous detection and localisation of interacting pairs is possible. DNA sequences encoding N- and C-terminal EGFP fragments flanked by sequences from the genes of interest were transformed into S. cerevisicie JPY5 cells and homologous recombination into the genome verified by PCR. The system was evaluated by testing known interacting proteins: labelling of the phosphofructokinase subunits, Pfk1p and Pfk2p, with N- and C-terminal EGFP fragments, respectively, resulted in green fluorescence in the cytoplasm. The system works in other cellular compartments: labelling of Idh1p and Idh2p, (mitochondrial matrix), Sdh3p and Sdh4p (mitochondrial membrane) and Pap2p and Mtr4p (nucleus) all resulted in fluorescence in the appropriate cellular compartment. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.