Procesos: revista ecuatoriana de historia. 12 (S0LO LIBROS/Reseñas)

Presenta las reseñas de los siguientes libros: BAUD, MICHIEL, ET AL., ETNICIDAD COMO ESTRATEGIA EN AMÉRICA LATINA y EL CARIBE, ABYA-YALA, QUITO, 1996,215 PP. -- GARCÍA JORDÁN, PILAR (COORD.), LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE lA AMAZONÍA ANDINA (SIGLOS XIX-XX). PROCESOS DE OCUPACIÓN Y TRANSFORMACIÓN DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA Y ECUATORIANA ENTRE 1820 y 1960, ABYA-YALA, QUITO, 1995,365 PP. -- IBARRA, HERNÁN, LA OTRA CULTURA, IMAGINARIOS, MESTIZAJE Y MODERNIZACIÓN, MARKA/ABYA-YALA, QUITO, 1998, 144 PP. -- JIMÉNEZ DE VEGA, MERCEDES, LA MUJER EN LA HISTORIA DEL ECUADOR. LAS MUJERES TAMBIÉN HACEN HISTORIA, COMITÉ ECUATORIANO DE COOPERACIÓN CON LA COMISIÓN INTERAMERICANA DE MUJERES, QUITO, 1998, 248 PP. -- VERA, PEDRO JORGE, GRACIAS A LA VIDA, AUTOBIOGRAFÍA, 2A. ED., COLECCIÓN TESTIMONIOS, VOL. 8, CORPORACIÓN EDITORA NACIONAL, QUITO, 1998, 354 PP.

Gobernanza Ambiental en América Latina: hacia una agenda de investigación integradora (Tema Central)

América Latina juega un papel importante en relación con la Gobernanza Ambiental. El conocimiento generado por estudios empíricos y teóricos sobre los desafíos ambientales del presente pueden apoyar los renovados esfuerzos de la región por alcanzar un uso de los recursos naturales que sea equitativo y sustentable. A pesar de que los vínculos entre las dimensiones social y ambiental han sido explorados por la academia desde los años noventa, las nuevas tendencias de la Gobernanza Ambiental en América Latina requieren una aproximación analítica comprehensiva. Los autores argumentan que, a fin de potenciar las “perspectivas latinoamericanas” para la solución de los dilemas socioambientales, algunas corrientes de investigación deben juntarse en marcos analíticos integradores que puedan generar complejas preguntas relacionadas con las interacciones a múltiples niveles entre Estado, sociedad civil y actores de mercado.

El surgimiento de las organizaciones estatales de control ambiental en el Ecuador (1930‐1960)

Este trabajo pretende documentar los cambios en la organización y las políticas estatales respecto al ambiente a mediados del siglo XX. Para ello nos hemos concentrado en la revisión de los informes ministeriales entre 1925 y 1960, que es la época en que nacen silenciosamente las organizaciones e instituciones ambientales antes de la eclosión pública de discursos y preocupaciones ecológicas entre los años 1960 y 1990. En efecto, en 1959 se creó el Parque Nacional Galápagos, con la decisiva influencia de científicos naturalistas del mundo. Puede considerarse ese año como el inicio de una nueva etapa que incluirá la aprobación de la Ley de Prevención de la Contaminación (1976), el nacimiento de Fundación Natura (1978), la creación de la mayor parte de las áreas protegidas del país (1979), y la Ley Forestal y de Vida Silvestre (1981). El moderno enfoque ambiental del Estado surgió en ese período inmediatamente posterior. Al situarnos en el período anterior a la plena formalización de las políticas públicas ambientales, buscamos mostrar distintas vertientes y corrientes que confluirán en el proceso de “institucionalización” de las preocupaciones por la protección ambiental en el Estado ecuatoriano hacia los años 1950. El interés que guía esta indagación preliminar es el de mostrar el proceso de formación de los mecanismos de “gobierno” del patrimonio natural del país, es decir, los medios e instrumentos que sirven para regular tanto el acceso como el uso de dicho patrimonio para fines humanos. Tanto en políticas públicas como en ciencias sociales, se detecta un creciente interés en la consideración de los sistemas de “gobernanza” del patrimonio ambiental aunque el término es todavía objeto de muchas controversias y se usa para indicar combinaciones variables de mecanismos de participación social, presencia empresarial y regulación estatal.4 Por nuestra parte, este artículo se concentra en la formación de las organizaciones estatales encargadas de llevar a cabo la vigilancia, el control y la regulación de acceso y uso al patrimonio ambiental del país. La hipótesis general de la que partimos es que a partir de las primeras décadas del siglo XX se han ido desarrollando paulatinamente mecanismos que progresivamente desplazan una parte del control de los medios de manejo del patrimonio ambiental del país desde una serie de actores privados y comunitarios hacia el Estado. Aunque la parte del control ambiental que se desplaza es pequeña, no es en modo alguno desdeñable.

The creation of euro area financial safety nets. Bruegel Working Paper 2012/09, July 2012

The financial crisis has exposed the need to devise stronger and broader international and regional safety nets in order to deal with economic and financial shocks and allow for countries to adjust. The euro area has developed several such mechanisms over the last couple of years through a process of trial and error and gradual enhancement and expansion. Their overall architecture remains imperfect and leaves areas of vulnerabilities. This paper provides an overview of the recent financial stability mechanisms and their various shortcomings and tries to brush the outline of a more comprehensive safety net architecture that would coherently address the banking, sovereign and external imbalances crises against both transitory and more permanent shocks. It aims to provide a roadmap for further improvements of the current mechanism and the creation of new devices including a banking resolution mechanism and amore powerfulmechanismto provide financial assistance addressing both the sovereign and external dimensions of the shocks thereby reducing the need for the ECB to fill the current void.

When can we expect extremely high surface temperatures?

In the Essence project a 17-member ensemble simulation of climate change in response to the SRES A1b scenario has been carried out using the ECHAM5/MPI-OM climate model. The relatively large size of the ensemble makes it possible to accurately investigate changes in extreme values of climate variables. Here we focus on the annual-maximum 2m-temperature and fit a Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution to the simulated values and investigate the development of the parameters of this distribution. Over most land areas both the location and the scale parameter increase. Consequently the 100-year return values increase faster than the average temperatures. A comparison of simulated 100-year return values for the present climate with observations (station data and reanalysis) shows that the ECHAM5/MPI-OM model, as well as other models, overestimates extreme temperature values. After correcting for this bias, it still shows values in excess of 50°C in Australia, India, the Middle East, North Africa, the Sahel and equatorial and subtropical South America at the end of the century.

The gut microbiota elicits a profound metabolic reorientation in the mouse jejunal mucosa during conventionalisation

Objective: Proper interactions between the intestinal mucosa, gut microbiota and nutrient flow are required to establish homoeostasis of the host. Since the proximal part of the small intestine is the first region where these interactions occur, and since most of the nutrient absorption occurs in the jejunum, it is important to understand the dynamics of metabolic responses of the mucosa in this intestinal region.Design: Germ-free mice aged 8-10 weeks were conventionalised with faecal microbiota, and responses of the jejunal mucosa to bacterial colonisation were followed over a 30-day time course. Combined transcriptome, histology, (1)H NMR metabonomics and microbiota phylogenetic profiling analyses were used.Results: The jejunal mucosa showed a two-phase response to the colonising microbiota. The acute-phase response, which had already started 1 day after conventionalisation, involved repression of the cell cycle and parts of the basal metabolism. The secondary-phase response, which was consolidated during conventionalisation (days 4-30), was characterised by a metabolic shift from an oxidative energy supply to anabolic metabolism, as inferred from the tissue transcriptome and metabonome changes. Detailed transcriptome analysis identified tissue transcriptional signatures for the dynamic control of the metabolic reorientation in the jejunum. The molecular components identified in the response signatures have known roles in human metabolic disorders, including insulin sensitivity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Conclusion: This study elucidates the dynamic jejunal response to the microbiota and supports a prominent role for the jejunum in metabolic control, including glucose and energy homoeostasis. The molecular signatures of this process may help to find risk markers in the declining insulin sensitivity seen in human type 2 diabetes mellitus, for instance.

Gut bacteria-host metabolic interplay during conventionalisation of the mouse germfree colon

The interplay between dietary nutrients, gut microbiota and mammalian host tissues of the gastrointestinal tract is recognised as highly relevant for host health. Combined transcriptome, metabonome and microbial profiling tools were employed to analyse the dynamic responses of germfree mouse colonic mucosa to colonisation by normal mouse microbiota (conventionalisation) at different time-points during 16 days. The colonising microbiota showed a shift from early (days 1 and 2) to later colonisers (days 8 and 16). The dynamic changes in the microbial community were rapidly reflected by the urine metabolic profiles (day 1) and at later stages (day 4 onward) by the colon mucosa transcriptome and metabolic profiles. Correlations of host transcriptomes, metabolite patterns and microbiota composition revealed associations between Bacilli and Proteobacteria, and differential expression of host genes involved in energy and anabolic metabolism. Differential gene expression correlated with scyllo- and myo-inositol, glutamine, glycine and alanine levels in colonic tissues during the time span of conventionalisation. Our combined time-resolved analyses may help to expand the understanding of host-microbe molecular interactions during the microbial establishment.

Climatic risks and impacts in South Asia: extremes of water scarcity and excess

This paper reviews the current knowledge of climatic risks and impacts in South Asia associated with anthropogenic warming levels of 1.5°C to 4°C above pre-industrial values in the 21st century. It is based on the World Bank Report “Turn Down the Heat, Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts and the Case for Resilience” (2013). Many of the climate change impacts in the region, which appear quite severe even with relatively modest warming of 1.5–2°C, pose significant hazards to development. For example, increased monsoon variability and loss or glacial meltwater will likely confront populations with ongoing and multiple challenges. The result is a significant risk to stable and reliable water resources for the region, with increases in peak flows potentially causing floods and dry season flow reductions threatening agriculture. Irrespective of the anticipated economic development and growth, climate projections indicate that large parts of South Asia’s growing population and especially the poor are likely to remain highly vulnerable to climate change.

Environmental Fate of Neonicotinoids and Classification of Their Potential Risks to Hypogean, Epygean, and Surface Water Ecosystems in Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

High expectations, varying outcomes: Decentralization and participation in Brazil, Japan, Russia and Sweden

In the past 20 years, decentralization has been proposed as a strategy for enhancing public participation. Aid-providing organizations, such as the World Bank, stimulated decentralization processes in several countries in the hope that this would promote civic empowerment, diminish corruption, enhance efficiency, and improve public service delivery. This assumption forms the basis for a comparative analysis into the relation between decentralization and participation at the local level in Brazil, Japan, Russia and Sweden. A multi-level regression analysis using the data of the Democracy and Local Governance Project was undertaken in order to test the 'one size fits all' and the 'diversity in development' hypotheses. The results show that the second hypothesis was corroborated. Perceived autonomy had a different impact on openness to participation depending on the country considered; in one country (Japan), perceived autonomy diminished public officials' willingness to be open to public participation.

Underlying Event measurements in pp collisions at root s=0.9 and 7 TeV with the ALICE experiment at the LHC

We present measurements of Underlying Event observables in pp collisions at root s = 0 : 9 and 7 TeV. The analysis is performed as a function of the highest charged-particle transverse momentum p(T),L-T in the event. Different regions are defined with respect to the azimuthal direction of the leading (highest transverse momentum) track: Toward, Transverse and Away. The Toward and Away regions collect the fragmentation products of the hardest partonic interaction. The Transverse region is expected to be most sensitive to the Underlying Event activity. The study is performed with charged particles above three different p(T) thresholds: 0.15, 0.5 and 1.0 GeV/c. In the Transverse region we observe an increase in the multiplicity of a factor 2-3 between the lower and higher collision energies, depending on the track p(T) threshold considered. Data are compared to PYTHIA 6.4, PYTHIA 8.1 and PHOJET. On average, all models considered underestimate the multiplicity and summed p(T) in the Transverse region by about 10-30%.

Measurement of prompt J/psi and beauty hadron production cross sections at mid-rapidity in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV

The ALICE experiment at the LHC has studied J/psi production at mid-rapidity in pp collisions at root s = 7 TeV through its electron pair decay on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity L-int = 5.6 nb(-1). The fraction of J/psi from the decay of long-lived beauty hadrons was determined for J/psi candidates with transverse momentum p(t) > 1,3 GeV/c and rapidity vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9. The cross section for prompt J/psi mesons, i.e. directly produced J/psi and prompt decays of heavier charmonium states such as the psi(2S) and chi(c) resonances, is sigma(prompt J/psi) (p(t) > 1.3 GeV/c, vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9) = 8.3 +/- 0.8(stat.) +/- 1.1 (syst.)(-1.4)(+1.5) (syst. pol.) mu b. The cross section for the production of b-hadrons decaying to J/psi with p(t) > 1.3 GeV/c and vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9 is a sigma(J/psi <- hB) (p(t) > 1.3 GeV/c, vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.9) = 1.46 +/- 0.38 (stat.)(-0.32)(+0.26) (syst.) mu b. The results are compared to QCD model predictions. The shape of the p(t) and y distributions of b-quarks predicted by perturbative QCD model calculations are used to extrapolate the measured cross section to derive the b (b) over bar pair total cross section and d sigma/dy at mid-rapidity.

Traduzione di ten' oblaka na drugom beregu di zachar prilepin

Questa è la traduzione dal russo all'italiano del racconto "Ten' oblaka na drugom beregu" (L'ombra di una nuvola sull'altra riva), parte della raccolta di racconti "Vos'merka" dello scrittore Zachar Prilepin, una delle figure di maggior spicco nella scena letteraria russa contemporanea. La raccolta in questione non è mai stata tradotta verso l'italiano. Ho scelto questo racconto perché mi è sembrato particolarmente esemplificativo delle tematiche e del linguaggio dell'autore. Il mio lavoro include, oltre alla traduzione, anche un'introduzione, nella quale contestualizzo Prilepin all'interno del panorama letterario contemporaneo; e una nota alla traduzione, nella quale parlo più specificatamente di quel determinato racconto.

Proposta di traduzione del fumetto “>>” di Oleg Tiščenkov

L'elaborato consiste in una proposta di traduzione del libro “>>”. Si tratta di una raccolta di vignette di Oleg Tiščenkov, disegnatore e fumettista ormai affermato in Russia. La traduzione è introdotta da una breve panoramica sulla storia del fumetto in questo Paese e da una presentazione dell’autore e della sua opera. Segue un commento nel quale si dà una definizione di fumetto come testo multimediale e si affrontano sinteticamente le principali difficoltà che presenta tale genere testuale a livello traduttivo. A partire dagli aspetti generali della questione, si passa poi a una riflessione più dettagliata sulle problematiche del testo scelto.

Mondi leggeri – traduzione di un racconto di Tat’jana Tolstaja

Il presente elaborato è una proposta di traduzione del racconto «Legkie miry» [Mondi leggeri] della scrittrice contemporanea russa Tat’jana Tolstaja. Il racconto venne pubblicato sul sito della rivista «Snob» nel maggio 2013. Il libro di cui fa parte il racconto, invece, è stato presentato nelle maggiori librerie di Mosca e San Pietroburgo nel giugno 2014. «Legkie miry» esce dopo qualche anno dall’ultima pubblicazione dell’autrice e intende, in chiave ironica e non, mostrare la realtà americana degli anni Novanta vista con gli occhi di un’insegnante dell’epoca sovietica. Avventure dolceamare con la casa appena comprata, stanze magiche e mondi leggeri, molteplici sfaccettature di due studenti in particolare, operai che sistemano la casa, o fanno finta. Ma anche lunghi viaggi verso nord dell’America, per raggiungere il posto di lavoro, cantautori russi irrinunciabili compagni di viaggio, mirtilli raccolti e regalati, e l’appena percettibile nostalgia di casa, di Mosca.