973 resultados para Reprodução social
Resumo:
Nos últimos 30 anos, a problemática ambiental tem se apresentado, para a espécie humana, como um importante espaço de discussão acerca de novos valores éticos, políticos e existenciais regulatórios da vida individual e coletiva na biosfera terrestre. Em um primeiro momento, este recente despertar global para a temática do meio ambiente parece estar associado à exacerbação dos “problemas” (agora tidos como planetários) a ele vinculado. Contudo, por trás deste aparente jogo de causa-efeito, escondem-se motivações muito mais profundas e que são, de fato, aquelas que levaram a sociedade contemporânea a identificar conscientemente tais “problemas”. Este processo está intimamente relacionado à própria historicidade que envolve a construção social de uma problemática que, apesar de parecer inédita, é antiga e recorrente na história da humanidade. Além disso, as conseqüências desse aparente “despertar” não podem ser medidas somente em relação ao que representam em termos de eventuais avanços nas políticas de preservação ou, da mesma forma, quanto à capacidade de responder adequadamente aos chamados “novos riscos globais”. Exemplo disso é o fato de que, por trás destes macroprocessos ecológicos, estão em curso certas derivações não programadas relacionadas às populações e realidades locais e regionais. Neste sentido, os grupos sociais que vivem no que se costuma chamar de “meio rural” (expressão que, neste trabalho, insere-se dentro do conceito de agro-eco-sistema) não necessariamente irão aderir completamente as políticas ambientais pensadas pelos planejadores dos órgãos públicos, das instituições de pesquisa ou, ainda, das organizações não-governamentais. Em suma, existe aí uma “apropriação criativa” e que não pode ser facilmente medida ou antecipada Será justamente a reflexão sobre como está se dando este processo de interferência da problemática ambiental nos agro-eco-sistemas o objeto desta dissertação. Para tanto, optou-se, primeiro, por escolher um determinado espaço social e geográfico (o agro-eco-sistema da bacia do Rio Maquiné) para realizar as análises empíricas e, segundo, tomar como base analítica os pontos de vista de dois grupos sociais distintos: os agricultores familiares e seus mediadores sociais. Assim, pôde-se constatar que, nestes espaços, a problemática ambiental tem proporcionado, efetivamente, o desencadeamento de novos processos de reestruturação das relações homem-meio ambiente. Contudo, por outro lado, pôde-se, igualmente, perceber que este fenômeno possui um caráter paradoxal. Isto, porque há, neste caso, a imposição de uma série de novas normas legais, padrões produtivos e valores morais antes inexistentes e que agora tem que ser incorporadas pelas populações locais. Ao longo da pesquisa, feita segundo uma perspectiva ao mesmo tempo histórica e espacial, várias contradições que se seguiram à chegada dos novos “valores ecológicos” puderam ser identificadas. Neste sentido, um dos resultados mais interessantes foi perceber que (pelo menos no agro-eco-sistema estudado), tal como foram os processos envolvendo a chamada “modernização conservadora” da agricultura, também a introdução de políticas ambientais se mostrou amplamente desigual (no que diz respeito à diversidade social destes espaços e as oportunidades disponíveis aos agentes), desestruturante (principalmente no que tange aos modos de vida existentes) e pouco “democrática” (havendo uma completa desconsideração dos conhecimentos e experiências dos agricultores em relação ao ambiente onde eles próprios vivem, trabalham, se divertem e, obviamente, retiram aquilo que garante sua reprodução social ao longo do tempo).
Resumo:
Esta dissertação analisa as transformações sociais, econômicas e culturais que alteraram as estratégias de reprodução dos agricultores familiares da região Oeste de Santa Catarina. É um estudo de caso no município de Iporã d' Oeste, sobre a trajetória histórica da forma familiar de organização do trabalho e da produção. Pretende-se mostrar como indivíduos e famílias foram alterando seus processos produtivos e seu modo de vida, afim de alcançar a sobrevivência material e a reprodução social. As estratégias de reprodução desses agricultores, em função da crescente mercantilização, são, cada vez mais, dependentes e influenciadas pela relação que estabelecem com o ambiente social e econômico onde estão inseridos.
Resumo:
Este estudo analisa o desenvolvimento sustentável dos agricultores familiares do Vale do Gurguéia no Estado do Piauí, ameaçados pela expansão da agricultura empresarial no cerrado piauiense. Nesse contexto de modernização agropecuária, pela ocupação capitalista — reconcentração de terra e avanço tecnológico — e pela (re)colonização da região, os tradicionais produtores familiares enfrentam os impactos e os riscos decorrentes dessa dinâmica de transformações socioeconômicas e institucionais, a partir da construção de novas identidades socioprofissionais no desenvolvimento de formas organizativas sustentáveis enquanto estratégias alternativas de sobrevivência e de reprodução social. Para tanto, esses agricultores desenvolvem relações socioculturais que se orientam tanto pela recriação de novos contextos interacionais e institucionais de sociabilidade quanto pela especialização de produtos e profissionalização. Nesse sentido, associações e cooperativas emergem como apoio à produção e à conquista de cidadania, espaço político de luta e inclusão social. A sustentabilidade da agricultura familiar é fundamental para o desenvolvimento rural dessa região, porque a sua inserção econômica e social na produção capitalista depende de políticas públicas agrícolas e agrárias conseqüentes. A conclusão do estudo mostra que a forma social de produção familiar na região constitui o setor com maior potencial inclusivo dos seus diferentes segmentos, ressignificados segundo os valores culturais locais no uso social da terra e na organização social, para além da reprodução mercantil simples.Enfim, as relações sociais com a terra, o trabalho e o mercado confirmam a existência de novas dinâmicas características da produção familiar em curso na região, quanto à apropriação e ao uso dos recursos disponíveis, instituindo novos e/ou recriando estratégias produtivas e padrões de interação social.
Resumo:
Over the last years we have seen a significant increase in scholarly production within the organization studies field in Brazil. However it is still not representative. The tendency to consume foreign and fashionable ideas unrestrainedly, to make use of imported, universal and non-contextualized explanations to inquiry phenomenon which are essentially local and particular, make it difficult to develop a true Brazilian tradition. This work is a result of an ambitious ethnographic adventure" of an acknowledged apprentice of sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's large body of knowledge. It is about taking reflexivity to the limit. It is about learning "through the body" in an effort - both theoretical and empirical - to investigate a Brazilian organizational phenomenon which reproduces the hierarchical side of our society and, under the disguise of the legitimacy offered by organizational discourse, help keeping the very structure of our society in a silent but powerful way. I also want this work to be an alert for the importance of contextualization as a means to avoid a recurring distortion of the scholarly production in administrative science: the mobilization of theoretical references in such a safe way that make explicitness totally unnecessary, the appropriation of concepts whose essence is strange to the nature of the very phenomenon which they aim to explain, and the insistence in the impersonal style, in third-voice narratives, as if it were possible to produce knowledge in social sciences with absolute impartiality. "
Resumo:
Passados dez anos da sua criação, é inconteste a relevância do Pronaf como fonte de recursos para o financiamento e para o fornecimento de liquidez para os agricultores familiares. Mas persistem dificuldades de acesso, particularmente ao Pronaf Investimento, justamente a modalidade que permite que estes agricultores realizem investimentos na sua estrutura produtiva, decisivos para a sua reprodução social. Com o objetivo de contribuir com o debate acerca do financiamento do desenvolvimento rural, este trabalho analisou o processo de intermediação financeira do Pronaf Investimento realizado através do Sistema BNDES, envolvendo o BRDE, cooperativas de crédito rural como instituições financeiras repassadoras e cooperativas de produção agropecuária como avalistas das operações de financiamento dos agricultores. Foi procedida uma avaliação do desempenho do Pronaf e, em seguida, relatadas as restrições ao acesso de Pronaf Investimento causadas pela insuficiência de limites operacionais por parte das cooperativas de crédito rural e sua relação com as regras do Sistema Financeiro Nacional derivadas do Acordo de Capital da Basiléia. Por fim, foram relatadas três operações de financiamento envolvendo cooperativas de crédito rural, cooperativas de produção agropecuária e o BRDE. As hipóteses inicialmente aventadas foram confirmadas. Os dirigentes das cooperativas de crédito rural apontaram a insuficiência de limites operacionais por parte das suas respectivas cooperativas como a mais significativa restrição ao acesso de Pronaf Investimento e as operações analisadas permitiram a superação destes limites, assim como a elevação do montante disponível de recursos de R$ 1,205 milhão de reais para R$ 4,855 milhões de reais. Portanto, pode-se afirmar que é possível superar a principal restrição ao acesso de Pronaf Investimento onde atuam cooperativas de crédito rural, qual seja, o limite operacional estabelecido pelas regras derivadas do Acordo de Capital da Basiléia, e que esta superação propicia um aumento do repasse de Pronaf Investimento, fator decisivo para o financiamento da agricultura familiar.
Resumo:
This study aims to the evaluate the determinants for rural households northeastern be pluriactive, in 2011. For this, at first, we conducted a review of national and international literature in order to get beyond the theoretical part which refers to the study of pluriactivity identify possible determinants of the phenomenon. In this rescue, it was the observed determinants could be macroeconomic in nature and / or microeconomics. Therefore, it became necessary to describe the characteristics of the region under study, the Northeast. In order to identify the determinants were two estimated Probit models, one based on the literature review and the second with a variable characteristic of the Northeast, the transfers. For this, we used the PNAD in 2011. The results indicate both the microeconomic determinants are : gender, race, age, years of education, hours worked, number of family members, per capita income, transfer the macroeconomic in nature: living conditions (water, energy, sanitation ), housing location. In addition to identifying the determinants, the Econometric model allows to know the probability of each variable on the dependent variable, which stood out: the transfer variable, gender, per capita income, number of family members, housing conditions and housing location. Therefore, it is concluded that it is the set of determinants (macro and micro) allow rural families become northeastern pluriactive. However, one can not fail to consider may also have other determinants were not captured due to the availability of data, which may be indications for future studies. In summary, the pluriactivity in the Brazilian Northeast is a phenomenon distinct from found in Europe and southern Brazil. It is a pluriactivity survival that is part of the strategies of rural households in the Northeast to ensure their social reproduction amid the poverty of the region
Resumo:
The objective of the present work is to verify the effects of Rural Social welfare in the family agriculture of the microrregião Serra de São Miguel-RN. The study based on available bibliography on the theme, in secondary data and in a rising amostral accomplished in three municipal districts (Encanto, São Miguel and Riacho de Santana) of the microrregião. The universe of the study was the establishments of the family agriculture appeared in the Agricultural Census of 2006, in those municipal districts. The unit of considered analysis was the rural family, with the interviews being applied close to the farmers' families with and without retired rural. The sample was of 94 present families in the family establishments. The results demonstrate that the Rural Precaution reaches a significant covering degree in the rural area of the researched municipal districts, with an average of 1,57 beneficiaries for home in the families with retired. The data of the research attest that the family agriculture in the microrregião Serra de São Miguel-RN it has few favorable conditions for his/her development, once, besides the shortage of lands and of the climatic factor of the area, the returned public politics the family farmers' totality - like PRONAF and PAA -, it has been unable to give effective answers for the improvement of the life conditions in the rural way, have seen the minimum amount of families reached by those politics, be in function of the drawing or of the atmosphere where they are done. In this context, he/she stands out the importance of the Rural Precaution that, in function of the application of the constitutional devices that you/they guaranteed his/her universalization, it has been the only relevant public politics that, in fact, it has been reaching her/it all their beneficiary potentials. Given the general situation of the family agriculture of the microrregião and of the specific characteristics of the researched family establishments, the hypothesis was corroborated that the rural retirement doesn't contribute directly to the increase / making possible of the family agriculture. In spite of 57,4% of the families with retired have declared to use resources of the retirement in the costing of the rural activity carried out by the family, the annual medium value of the expense just located around 7,02% of the annual value of the retirements gained by the families in the year of 2010. Data the low levels in that the social reproduction of the great majority of the family establishments of the microrregião, the maintenance of the families is operated represents the main destiny of the resources precautions. It was also confirmed the hypothesis that the Rural Precaution constitutes the main monetary contribution of the families with retired. For more than 93% of the families with retired, the retirements doing 50% or more of the total of the family monetary income, and in the composition of the rural income of the families with retired and pensioners, the originating from income the rural retirements are equal to 65,24% of the total of the annual income obtained by the families. It is ended, because, that the rural precaution, given to the adversities for the development of the family agriculture, of the operational inefficacy of the public politics and of the few opportunities of generation of existent income in the local savings, it is the main responsible for the reduction of the poverty and, consequently, for the improvements of the conditions of life of the families of and with seniors in the rural way of the microrregião Serra de São Miguel-RN
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The purpose of this study was investigate the sexual division of the work in a chain of fast food, in Natal, RN. These aspects were analyzed with the ways of organization of the work, being made a case study. The main objective of this survey was to analyze the influence of gender relations in the insertion of men and women in the job market and to analyze the question of feminine submission in the professional world. These questions were analyzed considering the current period of the worldwide capitalism, from the characteristics of productive process and the growth of the service sectors. The research was made with a group of workers on the production sectors; attendance, management and human resources at restfood store, where six clerks were interviewed. Through our research, it is possible to perceive the permanence of the sexual division at the job in the interior of the productive processes at Restfood, that puts the woman in a subordinate position in relation to the man. This result can be confirmed if we considerate that the women, on this chain of food, occupy in first place the function of waitress and on this, trere s no functional progression, while her workmates (the men) for occupying other functions can progress inside the company. It was also evidenced that in a context of globalization of the capital, deregulation and disrespect of labor laws, the capital acts without any respect to workers. That was what we observed at the interviewer speech; the scarcity of the conditions of work and the constant disrespect of the labor laws. This way, we could evidence that the scarcity of work conditions hit men and women, but it has a crueler face with the women, and this one reproduces itself, day by day in the process of social reproduction, through family life, insertion in the world of the work, information and received social education. So, the capital explores all of them, but the gender relations create to the capital, the possibility of a different degree of exploration, becoming this way, the women main victims herself
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This work problematizes the inflections of the offensive of the capital on the work, having as a social-historical context the relation between the productive restructuring and the social reproduction of the working families classes. Part of the presupposition that the reproduction of the capital, to raise deep transformations in the productions, organization of the work and in the social relationships, it also produces determinations in the life and work conditions, in the affectionate relationships and in the family coexistence expressing, so, a subjective way. Thereby, the conditions of reproductions of the work in the scenery aimed by the contemporary capitalism have been demonstrating the crescent impoverishment of the workers, the alimentary insecurity, the shortage of the work, the weakness of the political organization and the regression of the State in the conduction of public policy that characterize the daily violation of human and social rights. In this approach, we seek to contemplate the several configurations of affectionate-sexual coexistence expressed by the family, articulating it to the contemporary work division, pondering about the forms of satisfaction of the needs engendered by the group for preservation of their bonds, in face to the daily adversity which translates to the growing responsibility to assist social d mands and in the impediments to the enrichment of the individuality and human diversity.
Resumo:
Nos últimos trinta anos de desenvolvimento capitalista, ocorreram transformações significativas nas diversas instâncias do ser social, com destaque para o mundo do trabalho e da reprodução social. Desenvolve-se o toyotismo, ideologia orgânica da nova produção capitalista, 'momento predominante' da reestruturação produtiva do capital. Sob o toyotismo, tende a constituir-se, pelo menos como 'promessa frustrada' do capital, o que iremos denominar 'compressão psicocorporal'. Esta constitui-se como um elemento da nova disposição sócio-subjetiva instaurada pelo toyotismo que caracteriza uma nova experiência do corpo, tanto no processo de trabalho quanto no processo sócio-reprodutivo.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
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At the semiarid regions of developing countries the rural population has always been vulnerable to the climatic variations e its consequences. The effects of the semiarid climate, together with other biophysics, social and political-economic factors, impair the agricultural production, generating a situation of food insecurity and poverty in the rural areas. With the occurrence of climate change, natural resources of the semiarid regions can became scarcer, what would directly affect the agricultural production and those who depend on it. Therefore, the present study sought to study one of the most susceptible areas to the effects of the semiarid climate and desertification of Rio Grande do Norte, the potiguar s Serido. The study aimed to analyze the socioeconomic and environmental factors that put farmers in a position of vulnerability to the effects of climate; assess their perceptions about climate variations that have already occurred and their knowledge about climate change and global warming, also to identify which adaptation strategies to climate they have adopted at the rural establishment. The survey was conducted in 29 communities of four counties of the potiguar s Serido Caico, Parelhas, Lagoa Nova and Acari. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with local leaders and 241 questionnaires were applied with the family farmers. It was found that in addition to environmental factors such as the scarcity of water resources and climatic conditions, other factors such as the environmental degradation, the small size of the properties, the lack of technical assistance and financial resources and also the low education levels reduce the resilience capacity of family farming to the effects of the Semiarid climate. With the occurrence of climate change, the challenges for family farming at Serido will intensify. If farmers cannot adapt, the impacts may preclude this category of agricultural production causing serious harm to food security and further increasing the vulnerability situation of these populations. Although the farmers perceived changes in climate, the lack resources and information appears as the main reasons preventing the adoption of adaptation strategies. The lack of knowledge about climate change and global warming and the impacts that these phenomena may cause are also limiting factors for adaptation. It is therefore essential to identify the factors that influence the adoption of adaptation strategies, and seek alternatives to living with the semiarid that can strengthen the resilience of family farming and social reproduction that allow agricultural segment, even in a climate change scenario
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The conservation unities emerged in response to the environmental damages. In the Atlantic Forest of the Brazilian Northeast, the most of the damages come from the sugar-cane agro-industry, especially by the deforestation for the introduction of sugar-cane fields and installation of the industry structure. Besides the damages over the biodiversity, there are critical social problems that affect the communities which survive using directly or indirectly the biome from the Atlantic Forest. The objective of this research is to analyze the social impacts on the fishermen of Baía Formosa/RN generated by the changes and socio-environmental transformations occurred starting the installation of a sugar-cane factory and the creation of a conservation area in the municipality of Baía Formosa/RN community. The research is based on a qualitative and diachronic perspective, for both approach, it was used the method of oral history in conjunction with the literature search and some technical and research tools such as direct observation, interview, records images and recordings . The results show that social and symbolic practices of the community in the conservation unit Mata Estrela last more strongly presented. Today fewer natural resources are used, due to factors such as limit access to forest and disappearance of some natural resources by deforestation. It is believed that the loss of free access to space for the community is the most significant negative impact, as promoted changes in the relationship of the community with the Star Forest that contributed to the fading of their social and symbolic practices. The loss of free access caused the decline in the practice of agriculture, which resulted in the loss of one of the means of social reproduction of the community
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)