La literatura hispanoamericana; estudios críticos.

Prólogo.--La renovación "modernista".--Rubén Darío.--José Enrique Rodó.--José Santos Chocano.--José María Eguren.--Rufino Blanco-Fombona.

Motivos de crítica hispanoamericanos.

Author's pseud., Lauxar, at head of title.

Semblanzas de America.

José Enrique Rodó.-José Asunción Silva.-Rubén Darío.-Julio Herrera y Reissig.-Ricardo Palma.-José Santos Chocano.-José Gómez Carrillo.-Almafuerte-Zorrilla de San Martín.-Carlos Reyles.-Manuel González Prada.-El romanticismo uruguayo.-Montalvo.

Noticia de algunos libros impresos en Sevilla durante los últimos años y participación de los publicados por los Excmos. Sres. Duque de T'Serclaes y Marqués de Jerez de los Caballeros

En preliminares: Los Bibliófilos sevillanos

Pistas fósiles asociadas a la discontinuidad fini-Messiniense en el margen norte de la Cuenca del Bajo Segura (SE España)

A detailed analysis of the Upper Messinian-Lower Pliocene at the northern border of the Bajo Segura Basin (BSB) has been carried out. Trace fossils of firm- and rockground were collected, aiding in the recognition of three ichnofacies: Glossifungites (types A and B), Entobia and Gnathichnus. The ichnological data provide evidence that the Pliocene flooding of the BSB, after the Messinian Salinity Crisis, was developed in two pulses. In the first one, the ingression penetrated only along the paleovalleys and produced a coastal trasgressive lag (P0). In the second one, the ingression overflowed the margins of the paleovalleys and extended throughout the entire northern margin, also producing a coastal transgressive lag in the base of the P2 system. The record of the Entobia and Gnathichnus ichnofacies in the clasts of both lags evidences a relatively fast deepening-upward trend in both the transgressions.

Registro del evento 8.2 ka en la plataforma continental de Alicante (SE, España)

High resolution seismic profiles of the Alicante continental shelf have been studied identifying a seismic prism which top at about -20 m below today sea-level. The prism is covered by recent sediments and can be interpreted as formed during a short interval of stand-by in the general transgression after the last glacial maximum. The -20 m level have been compared with the holocene Mediterranean sea-level-curve to propose an age of about 8 ka BP coinciding with the «8.2 ka cooling event» that was an abrupt, widespread climate instability. The prism top is deeper in the northern seismic profiles thus indicating a more subsidence that the southern coastal shelf where an erosion surface with rocky shoals configure the sea bottom.

La sección de San Miguel de Salinas (Cuenca del Bajo Segura): significado paleoambiental de las asociaciones de foraminíferos en relación con la Crisis de Salinidad del Messiniense

In the composite section of San Miguel de Salinas the following synthems are represented: MI (preevaporitic Messinan), MII (syn-evaporitic Messinian) and P (post-evaporitic Pliocene). The foraminiferal assemblages of these synthems have been studied in order to reveal the palaeoenvironmental changes related to the Mediterranean Salinity Crisis. The change between MI and MII synthems is characterized by the reduction of the foraminiferal biodiversity. Synthem MII records palaeoenvironmental stress related to the evaporitic deposition during the Salinity Crisis. Synthem P marks an abrupt increase of the foraminiferal biodiversity in coincidence with the Pliocene reflooding of the Mediterranean Sea.

El prisma sedimentario submarino ligado al Younger Dryas en la plataforma continental de Benidorm (Alicante, SE de España)

Con el objetivo de ampliar los conocimientos en relación a los cambios recientes del nivel en la plataforma continental de Alicante se ha procedido al estudio de diferentes perfiles sísmicos de alta resolución. En el presente trabajo se ha identificado un prisma sedimentario cuyo techo se ubica alrededor de los 60 metros por debajo del nivel del mar actual. Comparando los resultados con la curva de variaciones del nivel del mar de los últimos 20 milenios, se puede confirmar que éste se formó durante un periodo en que el nivel del mar permaneció relativamente constante o disminuyó levemente entre el final del Bølling Warming y tras el evento frío Younger Dryas. Un total de tres unidades sísmicas (1, 2 y 3 de base a techo) se pueden diferenciar en el prisma. La subunidad 1, depositada entre el final del Bølling Warming y antes del Younger Dryas, indicando una mayor ralentización de la tasa de ascenso del nivel del mar. La subunidad 2, formada durante el evento frío Younger Dryas, reflejando un episodio de detención del nivel del mar alrededor de los 60 metros, seguido de una caída relativa mismo. La subunidad 3, formada tras este periodo frío y que se caracteriza por un incremento de la tasa de ascenso del nivel del mar.

Guión de la excursión a la Cordillera Ibérica de la asignatura de Geología Histórica y Regional

Esta guía surge como documento complementario al campamento de prácticas de campo de la asignatura de Geología Histórica y Regional del Grado de Geología de la Universidad de Alicante. El objetivo principal de este campamento es el conocimiento de los materiales sedimentarios del Paleozoico, Triásico y Jurásico de la Cordillera Ibérica.

Brachiopod assemblages from the Early-Middle Jurassic transition in the Eastern Subbetic (SE Spain): Systematic and palaeobiogeographic implications and palaeoenvironmental significance

New data on brachiopod assemblages recorded in the Eastern Subbetic area (Alicante, SE Spain) and attributed to the Early Bajocian (Humphriesianum Zone and/or immediately older) are provided. Eleven species have been distinguished and reported for the first time in the Subbetic domain of the Betic Cordillera. The description of the morphological evidences on each analysed taxa, especially in relation to their internal morphology, brings new implications in the systematics of the Middle Jurassic brachiopods. The analysis of faunistic affinity between the recorded assemblages and those from other palaeogeographic domains, shows that the Subbetic brachiopod fauna has a clear Mediterranean affinity, as proved by the different species belonging to the genera Striirhynchia, Septocrurella, Mondegia?, Karadagithyris, Linguithyris, Papodina?, Viallithyris?, and Zugmayeria?. It is also evidenced that the Early-Middle Jurassic transition in the Eastern Subbetic accounted, in qualitative terms, a remarkable interval of faunistic renewal in the brachiopod assemblages, strongly influenced by a complex tectonic and stratigraphic framework controlled by a period of intense extensional tectonics, globally framed in the evolution of the Atlantic Ocean.

Biostratigraphy and paleobiogeographic affinities of the Jurassic brachiopod assemblages from Sierra Espuña (Maláguide Complex, Internal Betic Zones, Spain)

The assemblages of Early Jurassic brachiopods (Pliensbachian - Toarcian) from Sierra Espuña (Murcia Province, SE Spain) are described. This is the only area in the Internal Zones of the Betic Cordillera, corresponding to the margins of the Alborán Terrane, where Jurassic brachiopods are known to occur. In the tectonic Unit of Morrón de Totana (more southward located) assemblage MT1 of Late Pliensbachian age has been characterized. This assemblage has been subdivided into three successive sub-assemblages: MT1a (Algovianum Zone), MT1b (Emaciatum Zone, Solare Subzone) and MT1c (Emaciatum Zone, Elisa Subzone). Northward, in the Perona tectonic Unit two distinct assemblages, P1 (Latest Sinemurian - Early Pliensbachian) and P2 (Early Toarcian, Serpentinum Zone) have been recognized. Differences between the assemblages from the two tectonic units are evident after the paleobiogeographical analysis. In the Morrón de Totana Unit, taxa with Mediterranean affinities occur. MT1 assemblage is very similar to assemblages previously known in the Eastern Subbetic as well as in other areas of the Mediterranean Province. In the Perona Unit the Mediterranean affinity of the assemblages is not so evident. P1 Assemblage consists of widely distributed taxa, lacking in the most characteristic elements of the Mediterranean Province which, however, are present in neighbouring Betic areas. P2 Assemblage belongs to the Spanish Province that develops in Western Tethys after the Early Toarcian Mass Extinction Event. The occurrence in this assemblage of Prionorhynchia aff. msougari Rousselle, until now only found in North Africa, indicates a closer connection of the Perona Unit with the African paleomargin of the Tethys than with the South Iberian paleomargin. The paleobiogeographical data suggest a more southern and marginal (close to epicontinental areas) position of the Perona Unit than the Morrón de Totana Unit.

Updating the marine biostratigraphy of the Granada Basin (central Betic Cordillera). Insight for the Late Miocene palaeogeographic evolution of the Atlantic – Mediterranean seaway

The marine stratigraphic record of the Granada Basin (central Betic Cordillera, Spain) is composed of three Late Miocene genetic units deposited in different sea-level contexts (from base to top): Unit I (sea-level rise), Unit II (high sea-level), and Unit III (low sea-level). The latter mainly consists of evaporites precipitated in a shallow-basin setting. Biostratigraphic analyses based on planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton indicate four late Tortonian bioevents (PF1-CN1, PF2, PF3, and PF4), which can be correlated with astronomically-dated events in other sections of the Mediterranean. PF1-CN1 (7.89 Ma) is characterized by the influx of the Globorotalia conomiozea group (including typical forms of Globorotalia mediterranea) and by the first common occurrence of Discoaster surculus; PF2 (7.84 Ma) is marked by the first common occurrence of Globorotalia suterae; PF3 (7.69 Ma) is typified by the influx of dextral Neogloboquadrina acostaensis; and PF4 (7.37 Ma) is defined by the influx of the Globorotalia menardii group II (dextral forms). The PF1 event occurred in the upper part of Unit I, whereas PF2 to PF4 events occurred successively within Unit II. The age of Unit III (evaporites) can only be estimated in its lower part based on the presence of dextral Globorotalia scitula, which, together with the absence of the first common occurrence of the G. conomiozea group (7.24 Ma), points to the latest Tortonian. Comparisons with data from the other Betic basins indicate that the evaporitic phase of the Granada Basin (7.37–7.24 Ma) is not synchronous with those from the Lorca Basin (7.80 Ma) and the Fortuna Basin (7.6 Ma). In the Bajo Segura Basin (easternmost Betic Cordillera), no evaporite deposition occurred during the late Tortonian. The evaporitic unit of the Granada Basin (central Betics) records the late Tortonian restriction of the Betic seaway (the marine connection between the Atlantic and Mediterranean). The diachrony in the restriction of the Betic seaway is related to differing tectonic movements in the central and eastern sectors of the Betic Cordillera.

Paleoenvironmental changes during the late Miocene (Messinian)–Pliocene transition (Bajo Segura Basin, southeastern Spain): sedimentological and ichnological evidence

A detailed sedimentological and paleontological analysis of the uppermost Miocene (Messinian)–Pliocene boundary at the northern border of the Bajo Segura Basin, southeastern Spain, was carried out in order to describe the evolution of the regional paleocoastline during the Pliocene reflooding of the Mediterranean immediately after the sea-level fall related to the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Multiple trace fossils typical of firm- and hardgrounds were recognized, allowing identification of Glossifungites (two different types), Entobia, and Gnathichnus ichnofacies. Trace-fossil analysis showed that lithology and media consistency exerted considerable control on the development of the different ichnocoenoses and that there was a clear decrease in hydrodynamic energy from a coastal to a shallow-water shelf environment related to progressive sea-level rise. Ichnological and sedimentological data provide evidence that the definitive flooding of the Mediterranean was rapid and synchronous throughout the northern margin of the Bajo Segura Basin. The following model for the Pliocene transgression in the study area is therefore proposed: (1) the marine ingression penetrated along the incised paleovalleys carved as a consequence of the fall in sea level, where the first two Pliocene systems were deposited (P0–P1); (2) during the maximum flooding surface of the transgression, the sea overflowed the margins of the paleovalleys and extended throughout the entire northern margin of the basin; and (3) the third Pliocene system was deposited, forming the lower part of a highstand systems tract (P2).

Nannoplankton and planktonic foraminifera biostratigraphy of the eastern Betics during the Tortonian (SE Spain)

El final del Serravalliense y principio del Tortoniense es un periodo de fuerte actividad tectónica en la Cordillera Bética. Además, existe un debate sobre la existencia de sedimentos de edad Tortoniense inferior al no existir claras atribuciones fósiles en esa edad. Estos sedimentos se asignan a dicha edad por criterios indirectos, tanto estratigráficos como por la ausencia de contenido fósil más antiguo o más reciente. En este trabajo se describe la sección compuesta de Les Moreres-Albatera, que es probablemente una de las secciones más completas de edad Tortoniense en la bibliografía de la Cordillera Bética, pese a tener un importante hiato de cerca de 1 Millón de años ligado a un evento tectónico intra-Tortoniense. La sección presenta dos unidades litológicas calizas a la base (El Castellà) y al techo (Las Ventanas) y dos unidades intermedias margosas, la inferior, llamada Les Moreres, y la superior, Galería de los Suizos se encuentran separadas por el conglomerado de la Raya del Búho. Se han identificado las biozonas de nanofósiles calcáreos CN5b/NN7 a CN9a/NN11a (Okada & Bukry, 1980; Martini, 1971) y de foraminíferos planctónicos de MMi9 a MMi12a (Lourens et al., 2004). La biostratigrafía de los primeros ha permitido identificar un hiato que incluye la parte alta de las biozonas CN7/NN9 hasta la parte baja de CN9a/NN11a (Okada & Bukry, 1980; Martini, 1971). La integración de los datos biostratigráficos con los paleomagnéticos en la sección Albatera permite la calibración del límite de los magnetocrones C4r.1r/C4n.2n.

Registro de excentricidad de alta frecuencia en los sedimentos continentales de la Cuenca de Guadix (Cordillera Bética, España)

Los sedimentos continentales (Plioceno-Cuaternario) que afloran en el sector central de la Cuenca de Guadix (Sur de España) muestran una ciclicidad de 100 ka consistente en la alternancia de depósitos de abanicos aluviales y sedimentos fluvio-lacustres. Durante el Plioceno y el Pleistoceno la Cuenca de Guadix era endorreica, y se caracterizaba por la existencia de un sistema axial fluvial y una orla marginal de abanicos aluviales transversales. En la zona de estudio, estos sistemas estaban relacionados lateralmente, ocupando de forma alterna el valle axial en el sector central de la Cuenca de Guadix. La edad estimada para la alternancia, ca. 100 ka, cae en la banda de excentricidad de alta frecuencia de Milankovitch. Estas fases podrían interpretarse como el resultado de máximos de excentricidad (inviernos más largos y fríos, con mayor volumen de precipitaciones que favorecerían las progradaciones de los abanicos) o de excentricidad mínima (períodos más secos y fríos, con una cubierta vegetal más escasa en las áreas fuente y, por tanto, un mayor aporte de sedimento por precipitaciones muy concentradas en el tiempo al sistema aluvial). Se muestra cómo los datos paleomagnéticos no son lo suficientemente precisos para proporcionar una buena correlación de las fases de progradación con la curva de excentricidad de Laskar et al. (2004), por lo que se pone en duda su precisión a la hora de determinar el significado climático de la ciclicidad.