Are there costs in the repeated mating activities of female Southern stink bugs Nezara viridula?

Mating is an energy demanding process, imposing risks to physical injuries, pathogen infection and predation. Nevertheless, repeated and multiple mating are widespread even in insect species where nuptial gifts are not involved. The effects of repeated mating, by the same male, are examined on the reproductive performance of female Southern green stink bug Nezara viridula (L.). Fecundity is reduced in females mated three or four times, although there is increased longevity. Females mated once or twice produce more egg clusters and concentrate egg-laying activity in the early part of adult life, whereas those mating more often lay eggs throughout the life span, with fewer egg clusters. Although fecundity is negatively affected by the number of matings, egg fertility remains unaffected.

The effects of predator odors in mammalian prey species: A review of field and laboratory studies

wPrey species show specific adaptations that allow recognition, avoidance and defense against predators. For many mammalian species this includes sensitivity towards predator-derived odors. The typical sources of such odors include predator skin and fur, urine, feces and anal gland secretions. Avoidance of predator odors has been observed in many mammalian prey species including rats, mice, voles, deer, rabbits, gophers, hedgehogs, possums and sheep. Field and laboratory studies show that predator odors have distinctive behavioral effects which include (1) inhibition of activity, (2) suppression of non-defensive behaviors such as foraging, feeding and grooming, and (3) shifts to habitats or secure locations where such odors are not present. The repellent effect of predator odors in the field may sometimes be of practical use in the protection of crops and natural resources, although not all attempts at this have been successful. The failure of some studies to obtain repellent effects with predator odors may relate to (1) mismatches between the predator odors and prey species employed, (2) strain and individual differences in sensitivity to predator odors, and (3) the use of predator odors that have low efficacy. In this regard, a small number of recent studies have suggested that skin and fur-derived predator odors may have a more profound lasting effect on prey species than those derived from urine or feces. Predator odors can have powerful effects on the endocrine system including a suppression of testosterone and increased levels of stress hormones such as corticosterone and ACTH. Inhibitory effects of predator odors on reproductive behavior have been demonstrated, and these are particularly prevalent in female rodent species. Pregnant female rodents exposed to predator odors may give birth to smaller litters while exposure to predator odors during early life can hinder normal development. Recent research is starting to uncover the neural circuitry activated by predator odors, leading to hypotheses about how such activation leads to observable effects on reproduction, foraging and feeding. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Metanotal gland of the genus Eidmanacris (Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae): taxonomic importance

The present study compares the metanotal gland through scanning electron microscopy in five species of Eidmanacris: E. corumbatai Garcia, 1998, E. alboannulata (Piza, 1960), E. dissimilis Desutter-Grandcolas, 1995, E. larvaeformis (Chopard, 1938) and Eidmanacris sp. The general external configuration of the gland was determined by the presence of two median projections with apical opening and a cluster of bristles just above these projections. Although there is a general pattern for this gland, each species has its own pattern, which can be defined mainly by the arrangement of the bristles and the position of the median projections. Our results suggest the taxonomical importance of these structures, which should be better analyzed when describing species of the genus Eidmanacris. In addition, while observing the reproductive behavior of these species, we concluded that the release of this gland secretion is important for the success of mating.

Another color morph of Sporophila Seedeater from the capuchinos group (Aves, Emberizidae)

The genus Sporophila (Cabanis, 1844) unites about 30 species of small seedeaters that predominantly inhabit open or semi-open areas in the Neotropical region. The taxonomy of this group is based on morphological studies from collected male specimens. The dynamic spatial and temporal variation in the male plumage and lack of knowledge of their vocalizations make it difficult to properly diagnose some species even today, so these two aspects account for the existing taxonomic dilemmas involving Sporophila. During a four-year field study, we investigated the natural history of a breeding population of Sporophila melanogaster (Pelzeln, 1870). This is an endemic species in Brazil, which reproduces in the high-altitude grasslands of the Atlantic Forest biome. We found four male specimens with clearly diagnosable plumage, distinct from the typical form of the species. Here we describe this previously unreported plumage form. Based on the evaluation of habitat use, vocalization, and reproductive behavior, we tested two hypotheses regarding its taxonomic status. We concluded that this is another case of an intra-specific color morph within the seedeaters of the "capuchinos" group.

Comportamento reprodutivo de Synthesiomyia nudiseta van der Wulp (Diptera: Muscidae) sob condições de laboratório

Observations were carried out on the reproductive behavior of Synthesiomyia nudiseta females. The results of the biological parameters were: pre-oviposition period (15.5 ± 4.7 days), oviposition period (25.4 ± 14.7 days), number of eggs per oviposition (95.9 ± 18.4) rate of ovipositant females (97.5%), number of ovipositions (5.31 ± 3.2), number of eggs per females (509.7 ± 324.9), rate of hatching (68.0 ± 19.0), female longevity (53.2 ± 14.7 days), reproductive potential (67.4%) and reproductive investiment (4.1).

Moths behaving like butterflies. Evolutionary loss of long range attractant pheromones in Castniid Moths: A Paysandisia archon model

Background: In the course of evolution butterflies and moths developed two different reproductive behaviors. Whereas butterflies rely on visual stimuli for mate location, moths use the"female calling plus male seduction" system, in which females release long-range sex pheromones to attract conspecific males. There are few exceptions from this pattern but in all cases known female moths possess sex pheromone glands which apparently have been lost in female butterflies. In the day-flying moth family Castniidae ("butterfly-moths"), which includes some important crop pests, no pheromones have been found so far. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using a multidisciplinary approach we described the steps involved in the courtship of P. archon, showing that visual cues are the only ones used for mate location; showed that the morphology and fine structure of the antennae of this moth are strikingly similar to those of butterflies, with male sensilla apparently not suited to detect female-released long range pheromones; showed that its females lack pheromone-producing glands, and identified three compounds as putative male sex pheromone (MSP) components of P. archon, released from the proximal halves of male forewings and hindwings. Conclusions/Significance: This study provides evidence for the first time in Lepidoptera that females of a moth do not produce any pheromone to attract males, and that mate location is achieved only visually by patrolling males, which may release a pheromone at short distance, putatively a mixture of Z,E-farnesal, E,E-farnesal, and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienol. The outlined behavior, long thought to be unique to butterflies, is likely to be widespread in Castniidae implying a novel, unparalleled butterfly-like reproductive behavior in moths. This will also have practical implications in applied entomology since it signifies that the monitoring/control of castniid pests should not be based on the use of female-produced pheromones, as it is usually done in many moths.

Environmental color affects Nile tilapia reproduction

We investigated the effects of environmental color on the reproductive behavior of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Two environmental colors were tested by covering the aquarium (60 x 60 x 40 cm) with white (12 groups) or blue (13 groups) cellophane and observing reproductive behavior in groups of 2 males (10.27 ± 0.45 cm) and 3 females (10.78 ± 0.45 cm) each. After assignment to the respective environmental color (similar luminosity = 100 to 120 Lux), the animals were observed until reproduction (identified by eggs in the female's mouth) or up to 10 days after the first nest building. Photoperiod was from 6:00 h to 18:00 h every day. Food was offered in excess once a day and water quality was similar among aquaria. Daily observations were made at 8:00, 11:00, 14:00 and 17:00 h regarding: a) latency to the first nest, b) number of nests, c) gravel weight removed (the male excavates the nest in the bottom of the aquarium), d) nest area, and e) mouthbrooding incubation (indication of reproduction). The proportion of reproducing fish was significantly higher (6 of 13) in the group exposed to the blue color compared the group exposed to the white color (1 of 12; Goodman's test of proportions). Moreover, males under blue light removed significantly larger masses of gravel (blue = 310.70 ± 343.50 g > white = 130.38 ± 102.70 g; P = 0.01) and constructed wider nests (blue = 207.93 ± 207.80 cm² > white = 97.68 ± 70.64 cm²; P = 0.03) than the control (white). The other parameters did not differ significantly between light conditions. We concluded that reproduction in the presence of blue light was more frequent and intense than in the presence of white light.

Visual communication stimulates reproduction in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

Reproductive fish behavior is affected by male-female interactions that stimulate physiological responses such as hormonal release and gonad development. During male-female interactions, visual and chemical communication can modulate fish reproduction. The aim of the present study was to test the effect of visual and chemical male-female interaction on the gonad development and reproductive behavior of the cichlid fish Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Fifty-six pairs were studied after being maintained for 5 days under one of the four conditions (N = 14 for each condition): 1) visual contact (V); 2) chemical contact (Ch); 3) chemical and visual contact (Ch+V); 4) no sensory contact (Iso) - males and females isolated. We compared the reproductive behavior (nesting, courtship and spawning) and gonadosomatic index (GSI) of pairs of fish under all four conditions. Visual communication enhanced the frequency of courtship in males (mean ± SEM; V: 24.79 ± 3.30, Ch+V: 20.74 ± 3.09, Ch: 0.1 ± 0.07, Iso: 4.68 ± 1.26 events/30 min; P < 0.05, two-way ANOVA with LSD post hoc test), induced spawning in females (3 spawning in V and also 3 in Ch+V condition), and increased GSI in males (mean ± SEM; V: 1.39 ± 0.08, Ch+V: 1.21 ± 0.08, Ch: 1.04 ± 0.07, Iso: 0.82 ± 0.07%; P < 0.05, two-way ANOVA with LSD post hoc test). Chemical communication did not affect the reproductive behavior of pairs nor did it enhance the effects of visual contact. Therefore, male-female visual communication is an effective cue, which stimulates reproduction among pairs of Nile tilapia.

Sexual selections in the northern fall field cricket, Gryllus pennsylvanicus: a manipulation of the adult sex ratio

The operational sex ratio has long been considered an important constraint on the structure of mating systems. The effects of an experimentally manipulated sex ratio on mating behavior and selection were investigated in a polygynous species, Gryllus pennsylvanicus, where the potential exists for spatial/temporal fluctuations in sex ratio of field populations. Four different sex ratios (males: females, 5:0, 5:2, 5:5, 5:10) were investigated. Observations were conducted in late summer over two field seasons, from 2400 h , to 1000 h EST. Several male characters thought to be associated with male reproduc.tive success were studied: calling duration, searching distance, weight, fighting behavior, courtship frequency, and mating success. Variance in male mating success was used as the indicator for the opportunity for sexual selection. Total selection was estimated as the univariate regression coefficient between relative fitness and the character of interest, while direct selection was estimated as standardized partial regression coefficients generated from a multiple regression of relative fitness on each character. The opportunity for sexual selection was highest at 5:2 and lowest at 5:10. The frequency of fighting behavior was highest at 5:2 and 5:5. Fighting ability (% wins) was determined to be an important correlate of male body weight. Direct selection for increased male body weight was detected at 5:2, while total selection for body weight was seen at 5:5. Selection on male body weight was not detected at 5: 10. Calling duration decreased as sex ratio became more female-biased. Total and direct selection were detected for increased calling at 5:2, only total selection for calling was seen at 5:5, whereas direct selection against calling was detected at 5: 10. Searching distance also decreased as sex ratio became more female-biased, however no form of selection was detected for searching at any of the sex ratios. Data are discussed in terms of sexual selection on male reproductive tactics, the mating system and maintenance of genetic variation in male reproductive behavior.

Changements démographiques et inégalités éducatives à Ouagadougou

Depuis plusieurs décennies, des études empiriques réalisées sur plusieurs pays développés ou en émergence ont montré que la baisse de la taille de la famille favorise l’investissement dans l’éducation des enfants, expliquant qu’un nombre élevé d’enfants a un effet d’amenuisement des ressources familiales. Les retombées positives de la baisse de la fécondité sur l’éducation sont largement étudiées et connues. En dépit des résultats controversés des premières études portant sur les pays de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, les récentes études empiriques tendent à confirmer l’effet positif de la baisse de la taille de la famille dans le contexte africain, du moins en milieu urbain. Par contre, jusqu’à présent, très peu d’études semblent intéressées à analyser la répartition de ces retombées entre les enfants, et encore moins à comprendre comment ces dernières affecteraient la structure des inégalités éducatives existantes. Notre étude s’intéresse à explorer la potentielle dimension démographique des inégalités socioéconomiques, notamment les inégalités éducatives dans le contexte de la baisse de la fécondité. Elle vise à apporter des évidences empiriques sur le lien entre la réduction de la taille de la famille et les inégalités éducatives au sein des ménages dans le contexte d’Ouagadougou, Capitale du Burkina Faso, qui connait depuis quelques décennies la chute de la fécondité. Elle analyse aussi l’effet de cette réduction sur la transmission intergénérationnelle des désavantages éducatifs. Pour ce faire, nous proposons un cadre conceptuel pour comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels la relation entre la réduction de la taille de la famille et les inégalités éducatives se tisse. Ce cadre conceptuel s’appuie sur une recension des écrits de divers auteurs à ce sujet. Par la suite, nous procédons à des analyses empiriques permettant de tester ces liens en utilisant les données du projet Demtrend collectées. Les résultats empiriques sont présentés sous forme d’articles scientifiques. Les conclusions du premier article indiquent que la relation entre le nombre d’enfants de la famille et l’éducation varie selon le contexte socioéconomique. En effet, pour les générations qui ont grandi dans un contexte socioéconomique colonial et postcolonial, où le mode de production était essentiellement agricole et l’éducation formelle n’était pas encore valorisée sur le marché du travail, la relation est très faible et positive. Par contre, pour les récentes générations, nous avons observé que la relation devient négative et fortement significative. De plus, les résultats de cet article suggèrent aussi que la famille d’origine des femmes a une incidence significative sur leur comportement de fécondité. Les femmes dont la mère avait un niveau de scolarité élevé (et étaient de statut socioéconomique aisé) ont moins d’enfants comparativement à celles dont leurs parents avaient un faible niveau de scolarité (et pauvres). En retour, leurs enfants sont aussi les plus éduqués. Ce qui sous-tend à un éventuel effet de levier de la réduction de la taille de la famille dans le processus de transmission intergénérationnelle des désavantages éducatifs. Le second article fait une comparaison entre les ménages de grande taille et ceux de petite taille en matière d’inégalités éducatives entre les enfants au sein des ménages familiaux, en considérant le sexe, l’ordre de naissance et les termes d’interaction entre ces deux variables. Les résultats de cet article montrent que généralement les enfants des familles de petite taille sont plus scolarisés et atteignent un niveau d’éducation plus élevé que ceux des grandes familles. Toutefois, les filles ainées des petites familles s’avèrent moins éduquées que leurs pairs. Ce déficit persiste après avoir considéré seulement les ménages familiaux monogames ou encore après le contrôle de la composition de la fratrie. L’émancipation des femmes sur le marché du travail résultant de la réduction de la taille de la famille et la faible contribution des pères dans les activités domestiques expliqueraient en partie cette situation. Malheureusement, nous n’avons pas pu contrôler l’activité économique des mères dans les analyses. Finalement, dans le cadre du troisième et dernier article, nous avons examiné l’effet d’avoir été confié par le passé sur les inégalités éducatives au sein de la fratrie, en comparant ceux qui ont été confiés aux autres membres de leur fratrie qui n’ont jamais été confiés. Dans cet article, nous avons considéré l’aspect hétérogène du confiage en le différenciant selon le sexe, la relation de la mère avec le chef du ménage d’accueil et l’âge auquel l’enfant a été confié. Les résultats montrent qu’avoir été confié dans le passé influence négativement le parcours scolaire des enfants. Cependant, cet effet négatif reste fort et significatif que pour les filles qui ont été confiées après leurs 10 ans d’âge. Un profil qui correspond à la demande de main-d’œuvre en milieu urbain pour l’accomplissement des tâches domestiques, surtout dans le contexte de la baisse de la taille de la famille et l’émancipation des femmes sur le marché du travail.

Activation of the GPR30 receptor promotes lordosis in female mice

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Estrogens are important effectors of reproduction and are critical for upregulating female reproductive behavior or lordosis in females. In addition to the importance of transcriptional regulation of genes by 17beta-estradiol-bound estrogen receptors (ER), extranuclear signal transduction cascades such as protein kinase A (PKA) are also important in regulating female sexual receptivity. GPR30 (G-protein coupled receptor 30), also known as GPER1, a putative membrane ER (mER), is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds 17beta-estradiol with an affinity that is similar to that possessed by the classical nuclear ER and activates both PKA and extracellular-regulated kinase signaling pathways. The high expression of GPR30 in the ventromedial hypothalamus, a region important for lordosis behavior as well as kinase cascades activated by this receptor, led us to hypothesize that GPR30 may regulate lordosis behavior in female rodents. METHOD: In this study, we investigated the ability of G-1, a selective agonist of GPR30, to regulate lordosis in the female mouse by administering this agent prior to progesterone in an estradiol-progesterone priming paradigm prior to testing with stud males. RESULTS: As expected, 17beta-estradiol benzoate (EB), but not sesame oil, increased lordosis behavior in female mice. G-1 also increased lordosis behavior in female mice and decreased the number of rejective responses towards male mice, similar to the effect of EB. The selective GPR30 antagonist G-15 blocked these effects. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that activation of the mER GPR30 stimulates social behavior in a rodent model in a manner similar to EB.

Efficiency of uniparental male and female care against egg predators in two closely related syntopic harvestmen

Although the benefits of maternal care have been investigated in many species, the caring role of males in species with exclusive paternal care has received less attention. We experimentally quantified the protective role of paternal care in the harvestman Iporangaia pustulosa. Additionally, we compared the effectiveness of paternal care against predation in this species with a syntopic harvestman with maternal care, Acutisoma proximum. We demonstrated that nearly one-third of the unprotected Iporangaia clutches disappeared entirely in 12 days, while the other two-thirds suffered a mean reduction of 55% in egg number. Conversely, 50% of the control clutches did not suffer any reduction, and only one was entirely consumed by predators. We also demonstrated that the mucus coat that covers Iporangaia clutches has an important deterrent role against predation by conspecifics: 58.3% of the clutches without mucus were attacked and three of them were entirely consumed, whereas only three clutches with mucus were attacked, suffering a reduction of up to three eggs. Iporangaia males were as efficient as Acutisoma females in protecting eggs. However, unattended Acutisoma eggs were attacked 20% more frequently than unattended Iporangaia eggs. Unattended Iporangaia eggs are protected by a mucus coat that prevents or decreases predation rate, whereas Acutisoma eggs are more susceptible to predation, probably because they lack this mucus coat. Thus, besides the fact that Iporangaia males efficiently protect the offspring against egg predators, females also contribute to egg protection by providing a mucus coat that deters egg predators. (C) 2009 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Neuronal Expression of Cd36, Cd44, and Cd83 Antigen Transcripts Maps to Distinct and Specific Murine Brain Circuits

Cells recruited by the innate immune response rely on surface-expressed molecules in order to receive signals from the local environment and to perform phagocytosis, cell adhesion, and others processes linked to host defense. Hundreds of surface antigens designated through a cluster of differentiation (CD) number have been used to identify particular populations of leukocytes. Surprisingly, we verified that the genes that encode Cd36 and Cd83 are constitutively expressed in specific neuronal cells. For instance, Cd36 mRNA is expressed in some regions related to circuitry involved in pheromone responses and reproductive behavior. Cd44 expression, reanalyzed and detailed here, is associated with the laminar formation and midline thalamic nuclei in addition to striatum, extended amygdala, and a few hypothalamic, cortical, and hippocampal regions. A systemic immune challenge was able to increase Cd44 expression quickly in the area postrema and motor nucleus of the vagus but not in regions presenting expressive constitutive expression. In contrast to Cd36 and Cd44, Cd83 message was widely distributed from the olfactory bulb to the brain stem reticular formation, sparing the striatopallidum, olivary region, and cerebellum. Its pattern of expression nevertheless remained strongly associated with hypothalamic, thalamic, and hindbrain nuclei. Unlike the other transcripts, Cd83 mRNA was rapidly modulated by restraint stress. Our results indicate that these molecules might play a role in specific neural circuits and present functions other than those attributed to leukocyte biology. The data also suggest that these surface proteins, or their associated mRNA, could be used to label neurons in specific circuits/regions. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:906-924, 2009. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

O uso de modelos compartimentais do tipo hospedeiro-macroparasita na dinâmica de doenças infecciosas causadas por helmintos diretamente transmitidos

Neste trabalho, nos propomos a estudar o desenvolvimento teórico de alguns modelos matemáticos básicos de doenças infecciosas causadas por macroparasitas, bem como as dificuldades neles envolvidas. Os modelos de transmissão, que descrevemos, referem-se ao grupo de parasitas com transmissão direta: os helmintos. O comportamento reprodutivo peculiar do helminto dentro do hospedeiro definitivo, no intuito de produzir estágios que serão infectivos para outros hospedeiros, faz com que a epidemiologia de infecções por helmintos seja fundamentalmente diferente de todos os outros agentes infecciosos. Uma característica importante nestes modelos é a forma sob a qual supõe-se que os parasitas estejam distribuídos nos seus hospedeiros. O tamanho da carga de parasitas (intensidade da infecção) em um hospedeiro é o determinante central da dinâmica de transmissão de helmintos, bem como da morbidade causada por estes parasitas. Estudamos a dinâmica de parasitas helmintos de ciclo de vida direto para parasitas monóicos (hermafroditas) e também para parasitas dióicos (machos-fêmeas) poligâmicos, levando em consideração uma função acasalamento apropriada, sempre distribuídos de forma binomial negativa. Através de abordagens analítica e numérica, apresentamos a análise de estabilidade dos pontos de equilíbrio do sistema. Cálculos de prevalências, bem como de efeitos da aplicação de agentes quimioterápicos e da vacinação, no controle da transmissão e da morbidade de parasitas helmintos de ciclo de vida direto, também são apresentados neste trabalho.

Interações econômicas entre capital humano e fecundidade

O primeiro artigo desta tese procura medir o impacto do programa Bolsa Familia sobre a gravidez juvenil, discutindo também a utilização de programas de transferência condicional de renda para a diminuição da fecundidade em áreas de pobreza. O segundo artigo realiza um exercício contrafactual para estimar o impacto de aumentos no investimento em educação sobre o consumo, considerando não só o aumento da produtividade, mas também o impacto da nova educação sobre a fecundidade das pessoas.