Determinação de Dados de Equilíbrio Líquido-Vapor para Sistemas Hidrocarbonetos e Desenvolvimento de uma Nova Célula Dinâmica

In the present work are established initially the fundamental relationships of thermodynamics that govern the equilibrium between phases, the models used for the description of the behavior non ideal of the liquid and vapor phases in conditions of low pressures. This work seeks the determination of vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for a series of multicomponents mixtures of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, prepared synthetically starting from substances with analytical degree and the development of a new dynamic cell with circulation of the vapor phase. The apparatus and experimental procedures developed are described and applied for the determination of VLE data. VLE isobarics data were obtained through a Fischer's ebulliometer of circulation of both phases, for the systems pentane + dodecane, heptane + dodecane and decane + dodecane. Using the two new dynamic cells especially projected, of easy operation and low cost, with circulation of the vapor phase, data for the systems heptane + decane + dodecane, acetone + water, tween 20 + dodecane, phenol + water and distillation curves of a gasoline without addictive were measured. Compositions of the equilibrium phases were found by densimetry, chromatography, and total organic carbon analyzer. Calibration curves of density versus composition were prepared from synthetic mixtures and the behavior excess volumes were evaluated. The VLE data obtained experimentally for the hydrocarbon and aqueous systems were submitted to the test of thermodynamic consistency, as well as the obtained from the literature data for another binary systems, mainly in the bank DDB (Dortmund Data Bank), where the Gibbs-Duhem equation is used obtaining a satisfactory data base. The results of the thermodynamic consistency tests for the binary and ternary systems were evaluated in terms of deviations for applications such as model development. Later, those groups of data (tested and approved) were used in the KijPoly program for the determination of the binary kij parameters of the cubic equations of state original Peng-Robinson and with the expanded alpha function. These obtained parameters can be applied for simulation of the reservoirs petroleum conditions and of the several distillation processes found in the petrochemistry industry, through simulators. The two designed dynamic cells used equipments of national technology for the determination Humberto Neves Maia de Oliveira Tese de Doutorado PPGEQ/PRH-ANP 14/UFRN of VLE data were well succeed, demonstrating efficiency and low cost. Multicomponents systems, mixtures of components of different molecular weights and also diluted solutions may be studied in these developed VLE cells

Physicochemical Characterization and Rheological Behavior Evaluation of the Liquid Crystalline Mesophases Developed with Different Silicones

This article presented physicochemical characterization and rheological behavior evaluation of the liquid crystalline mesophases developed with different silicones. There were prepared 5 ternary systems, which were carried out the determination of the relative density, the electric conductivity and polarized light microscopy analysis, being selected two systems to promote the Preliminary Stability Tests. The results showed that System 1 obtained the major liquid crystal formation and a higher stability. The temperature influences in the systems stability and phases structure. In hot oven, observed oneself the mixture of lamellar and hexagonal phase, for both systems.

Aplicação da espectroscopia de absorção de raios X no estudo do comportamento do íon Cu2+ em micelas inversas

This work deals with the application of X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy on the study of the behavior of Cu2+ ions in inverse micelles. The formation of copper nanoparticles in water-in-oil microemulsions in pseudo-ternary systems of cetyl trimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) surfactant, butanol co-surfactant, heptane as oil phase and aqueous solutions of CuSO4.5H2O, and NaBH4. The microemulsions were prepared with a fixed percentage (60 %) of oil phase and a variable water to tensoative proportion. It was observed an increase on Cu2+ reduction by the sodium borohydride in microemulsions with 13 % of aqueous phase, independent of the reaction time. For the microemulsions in which the aqueous phase is composed only by the CuSO4 solution, it was observed that the color of the solution depends on the water to surfactant ratio. These changes in color were attributed to a competition for the hidratation water between the polar head of the tensoative and Cu2+ ions with the eventual substitution of oxygen by bromine atoms in the first coordination shell of Cu2+ ions

Antimony oxide based glasses

Glass formation has been investigated in binary systems based on antimony oxide as the main glass former: (100-x)Sb2O3-xWO3, (5 < x < 65), (100 - x)Sb2O3-xSbPO(4), (5 < x < 80) and (100 - x)Sb2O3-x[Sb(PO3)(3)](n), (10 < x < 40). Ternary systems derived from the Sb2O3-WO3 binary glass have also been studied: Sb2O3-WO3-BaF2 Sb2O3-WO3-NaF and Sb2O3-WO3-[Sb(PO3)(3)](n). Glass transition temperature ranges from 280 degreesC to 380 degreesC. It increases as the concentration in tungsten oxide or antimony phosphate increases. Refractive index is larger than 2. Tungsten-containing glasses are yellow in transmission and turn green at the largest WO3 content. Optical transmission and temperatures of glass transition, T-g, onset of the crystallization. T-x, and maximum of crystallization, T-p, have been measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). These glasses have potential photonic applications. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of silver additions on the aging characteristics of the Cu-10.4at.%Al alloy

The influence of additions of 1.3, 2.5, 3.8, 5.1, and 6.3 at.% Ag on the aging behavior of the Cu-10.4at.%Al alloy was studied using microhardness measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The results indicated that with silver additions it is possible to obtain a response to age hardening, and that for large aging times there is a decrease in the alloy hardness, with a process that leads to Ag and Al segregation. © 1998 Elsevier Science S.A.

Effect of thermal treatments on tensile strength of commercially cast pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloys

Heating titanium structures is assumed to relieve tensions induced by the casting process as well as possibly optimizing some mechanical properties. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of thermal treatments on tensile strength of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) and Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Thirty dumbbell rods, with diameters of 3.0 mm at the central segment and lengths of 42 mm, were cast for each metal using the Rematitan System. CP Ti and Ti-6Al-4V specimens were randomly divided into three groups of ten: a control group that received no thermal treatment and two test groups. One (T1) was heated at 750°C for 2 h and the other (T2) was annealed at 955°C for 1 h and aged at 620°C for 2 h. Tensile strength was measured with a universal testing machine (MTS model 810). Tensile strength means and standard deviations were statistically compared using a Kruskal-Wallis test at a α = 0.05 significance level. No statistically significant differences in tensile strength were observed among CP Ti groups. For the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, the control and T1 groups revealed statistically higher tensile strengths when compared to the T2 group, with no significant difference between the control and T1 groups. © 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.

Avaliação energética de um sistema de refrigeração por absorção utilizando gás de aterro e gás natural

The current technological development made by the absorption refrigeration system is an economic and ambient alternative in comparison to the vapor cycle, possessing an advantage that uses thermal energy that is less noble. Chillers of absorption are used widely in the air conditioned industries, because they can be set in motion through hot water vapors that burn natural gas, solar energy, biomasses amongst others instead of electricity. These systems allow it to reduce the tips of electric demand and balance the rocking of energy demand. This work has had a main objective to simulate a absorption refrigeration cycle with lithium-water bromide solution using biogas of sanitary landfill, and mixtures of this with natural gas. These results shown to the energy viability of the system burning biogas and its mixtures with natural gas in the generator, when compared with equipments that uses traditional fuels (natural gas, oil diesel, amongst others), for operation the commercial chillers with 15 kW of the refrigeration capacity and temperature of the water in the entrance of 14°C and the exit of 7°C.

Um estudo da dependência do índice de refração linear com a composição dos vidros teluretos dos sistemas TeO2-Li2O-TiO2 e TeO2-Li2O-WO3

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Novas estratégias no estudo da eletro-oxidação de etanol: nanocatalisadores multimetálisos e análises dos produtos de reação

Pós-graduação em Química - IQ

Titanato de Bário e cálcio: influência da substituição parcial d modificador de rede nas propriedades fotoluminescentes

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Propriedades elétricas e modelagem da barreira de potencial do sistema varistor à base de SnO2-TiO2

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Propriedades estruturais e espectroscópicas de complexos de difenilfosfinatos dos sistemas ternários 'LA'-'CE'-'EU'/'LA'-CE'-'TB'

Pós-graduação em Química - IQ

Water activity of aqueous solutions of ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block copolymers and maltodextrins

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The Aerosol OT + n-butanol + n-heptane + water system: Phase behavior, structure characterization, and application to Pt70Fe30 nanoparticle Synthesis

A phase diagram of the pseudo-ternary Aerosol OT (AOT) + n-butanol/n-heptane/water system, at a mass ratio of AOT/n-butanol = 2, is presented. Conductivity measurements showed that within the vast one-phase microemulsion region observed, the structural transition from water-in-oil to oil-in-water microemulsion occurs continuously without phase separation. This pseudo-ternary system was applied to the synthesis of carbon-supported Pt 70Fe30 nanoparticles, and it was found that nanoparticles prepared in microemulsions containing n-butanol have more Fe than those prepared in ternary microemulsions of AOT/n-heptane/water under similar conditions. It was verified that introducing n-butanol as a cosurfactant into the AOT/n-heptane/water system lead to complete reduction of the Fe ions that allowed obtaining alloyed PtFe nanoparticles with the desired composition, without the need of preparing functionalized surfactants and/or the use of inert atmosphere. © 2007 American Chemical Society.

Ternäre polymerhaltige Lösungen - Phasenverhalten und Grenzflächenspannung

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen zum Phasen- und Grenzflächenverhalten von ternären Systemen des Typs Lösungsmittel/Fällungsmittel/Polymer durchgeführt. Diese Art der Mischungen ist vor allem für die Planung und Durchführung der Membranherstellung von Bedeutung, bei der die genaue Kenntnis des Phasendiagramms und der Grenzflächenspannung unabdingbar ist. Als Polymere dienten Polystyrol sowie Polydimethylsiloxan. Im Fall des Polystyrols kam Butanon-2 als Lösungsmittel zum Einsatz, wobei drei niedrigmolekulare lineare Alkohole als Fällungsmittel verwendet wurden. Für Polydimethylsiloxan eignen sich Toluol als Lösungsmittel und Ethanol als Fällungsmittel. Durch Lichtstreumessungen, Dampfdruckbestimmungen mittels Headspace-Gaschromatographie (VLE-Gleichgewichte) sowie Quellungsgleichgewichten lassen sich die thermodynamischen Eigenschaften der binären Subsysteme charakterisieren. Auf Grundlage der Flory-Huggins-Theorie kann das experimentell bestimmte Phasenverhalten (LLE-Gleichgewichte) in guter Übereinstimmung nach der Methode der Direktminimierung der Gibbs'schen Energie modelliert werden. Zieht man die Ergebnisse der Aktivitätsbestimmung von Dreikomponenten-Mischungen mit in Betracht, so ergeben sich systematische Abweichungen zwischen Experiment und Theorie. Sie können auf die Notwendigkeit ternärer Wechselwirkungsparameter zurückgeführt werden, die ebenfalls durch Modellierung zugänglich sind.Durch die aus den VLE- und LLE-Untersuchungen gewonnenen Ergebnissen kann die sog. Hump-Energie berechnet werden, die ein Maß für die Entmischungstendenz darstellt. Diese Größe eignet sich gut zur Beschreibung von Grenzflächenphänomenen mittels Skalengesetzen. Die für binäre Systeme gefundenen theoretisch fundierten Skalenparameter gelten jedoch nur teilweise. Ein neues Skalengesetz lässt erstmals eine Beschreibung über die gesamte Mischungslücke zu, wobei ein Parameter durch eine gemessene Grenzflächenspannung (zwischen Fällungsmittel/Polymer) ersetzt werden kann.