Reminiscences of the Franco-German War of 1870 /

Reprint. Originally published in: Quaker campaigns in peace and war / by William Jones. London : Headley Brothers, 1899.

A instrução paulista à época da Guerra do Paraguai (1864-1870)

This study aimed to analyze the Paraguayan War's impact on public education in the province of São Paulo in the period that lasted the conflict (1864-1870). Between 1864 and 1870 the area now known as South America experienced its greatest armed conflict. Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay declared war against Paraguay. Brazilian governors began to conceive the Empire as superior to the Paraguayan nation, which for them, was a non-civilized country. They understood that to maintain civilization and follow the progress, they needed to develop their education. The Empire mobilized men of any part of its territory. Some left for the war voluntarily and others were forced. Along that current War, the recruitment had become increasingly difficult, leading entire families moving, teachers and students to leave the school and the city. The paulistas teachers have been turning to the patriotic past of the province in which he was proclaimed the independence of the Empire. Civilization and progress, present at the leaders speeches were reflected in the São Paulo social practices that culminate in the notion of patriotism, also reflected in the education of children and youth of the period.

Guerre défensive provoquée ou duel pour la prépondérance ? : nouveau regard sur les origines de la guerre franco-prussienne de 1870-71

La guerre franco-prussienne (ou franco-allemande) de 1870-71 fut un conflit majeur dont l’issue changea considérablement l’équilibre des puissances en Europe avec notamment l’émergence de l’Empire allemand. Pourtant, elle a été oubliée. Bien que depuis la fin du XIXe siècle, elle fut largement traitée par l’historiographie, la question des responsabilités relativement à son déclenchement demeure un sujet de débat. Tandis que certains historiens estiment que cette guerre fut sciemment provoquée par Bismarck afin de parachever l’unification allemande, d’autres croient que la responsabilité est partagée et que ce conflit était tout simplement inévitable dans le contexte du refroidissement des rapports franco-allemands depuis la défaite autrichienne de Königgrätz (Sadowa). Le présent mémoire entend se dissocier de ces interprétations en jetant un nouveau regard sur le rôle joué par Bismarck lors des « préliminaires » (Vorgeschichte) de 1870. En s’appuyant sur des sources primaires ainsi que sur ce que les historiographies allemande, française et anglo-saxonne nous apprennent, il sera démontré premièrement que la candidature Hohenzollern pour le trône d’Espagne n’a pas été « fabriquée » volontairement par le chef de la diplomatie prussienne afin de compléter l’unification allemande, mais qu’elle fut promue d’abord et avant tout pour des considérations de prestige politique. Deuxièmement, la fameuse dépêche d’Ems modifiée par Bismarck ne peut être considérée comme l’élément déclencheur de ce conflit, car la décision d’aller en guerre fut prise à Paris avant que les effets de la dépêche ne se fassent sentir. Enfin, par son besoin d’un succès politico-diplomatique qui aurait consolidé le Second Empire en faisant oublier les reculades antérieures, par son refus de se satisfaire du retrait de la candidature Hohenzollern et par les erreurs de sa politique étrangère en général, la France a adopté une position belliqueuse et s’est retrouvée seule dans une guerre qu’elle n’avait su ni prévenir, ni préparer. L’enjeu à Paris n’était finalement pas le règlement pacifique des différends avec la Prusse, mais la pérennisation de la prépondérance française sur le continent européen.

Electrodeposited α- and β-phase MoO3 films and investigation of their gasochromic properties

α- and β-Phase MoO3 are synthesized using an electrodeposition method on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates from sodium-molybdate (Na2MoO4) solutions. We show that it is possible to obtain both α- and β-MoO3 by manipulating the cyclic voltammetry (CV) parameters during electrodeposition. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy indicate that the applied potential range and sweep rate are strongly influential on the phase obtained and the surface morphology of the electrodeposited thin films. Gasochromic measurements were carried out on the annealed samples by exposing them to H2 gas. It was revealed that α-MoO3 thin films provided better response to H2 interaction than β-MoO3 films did. Additionally, porous films provided significantly larger responses than smooth films.

X-Band GaN Power HEMTs with Power Density of 2.23W/mm Grown on Sapphire by MOCVD

The growth,fabrication,and characterization of 0.2μm gate-length AlGaN/GaN HEMTs,with a high mobility GaN thin layer as a channel,grown on (0001) sapphire substrates by MOCVD,are described.The unintentionally doped 2.5μm thick GaN epilayers grown with the same conditions as the GaN channel have a room temperature electron mobility of 741cm2/(V·s) at an electron concentration of 1.52×1016 cm-3.The resistivity of the thick GaN buffer layer is greater than 108Ω·cm at room temperature.The 50mm HEMT wafers grown on sapphire substrates show an average sheet resistance of 440.9Ω/□ with uniformity better than 96%.Devices of 0.2μm×40μm gate periphery exhibit a maximum extrinsic transconductance of 250mS/mm and a current gain cutoff frequency of77GHz.The AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with 0.8mm gate width display a total output power of 1.78W (2.23W/mm) and a linear gain of 13.3dB at 8GHz.The power devices also show a saturated current density as high as 1.07A/mm at a gate bias of 0.5V.

基于遥感、地理信息系统和人工神经网络的呼中林区森林蓄积量估测

利用遥感图像光谱信息良好的综合性和现势性以及地理信息系统(GIS)强大的空间分析功能,结合人工神经网络(ANN)可优化求解非线性复杂系统的功能,对呼中林区森林蓄积量进行了估测.结果表明:中红外波段与森林蓄积量间存在明显的负相关关系,说明中红外波段对估测森林蓄积量具有一定潜力;可见光波段和光谱变换第一主成分与森林蓄积量间也存在负相关关系;地形因子中海拔对研究区森林蓄积量的影响最大,坡度和坡向对蓄积量的影响较小.基于最佳的ANN网络参数、适当的GIS提取信息和遥感波段,呼中林区森林蓄积量的预测值和实测值的相关系数达0.973,经主成分变换后,数据量被有效降低,而预测精度只有少量下降(R2=0.934).

Recuerdos de la Guerra del Paraguay

UANL

Campaña de Humayta: Pasaje del Río Paraná el 16 de abril de 1866, Batalla del Estero Ballaco el 2 de mayo de 1866, combate del paso Sidra el 20 de mayo de 1866, Batalla de Tuyuti el 24 de mayo de 1866

UANL

Outgoing longwave radiation due to directly transmitted surface emission

A frequently used diagram summarizing the annual- and global-mean energy budget of the earth and atmosphere indicates that the irradiance reaching the top of the atmosphere from the surface, through the midinfrared atmospheric window, is 40 W m−2; this can be compared to the total outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) of about 235 W m−2. The value of 40 W m−2 was estimated in an ad hoc manner. A more detailed calculation of this component, termed here the surface transmitted irradiance (STI), is presented, using a line-by-line radiation code and 3D climatologies of temperature, humidity, cloudiness, etc. No assumption is made as to the wavelengths at which radiation from the surface can reach the top of the atmosphere. The role of the water vapor continuum is highlighted. In clear skies, if the continuum is excluded, the global- and annual-mean STI is calculated to be about 100 W m−2 with a broad maximum throughout the tropics and subtropics. When the continuum is included, the clear-sky STI is reduced to 66 W m−2, with a distinctly different geographic distribution, with a minimum in the tropics and local peaks over subtropical deserts. The inclusion of clouds reduces the STI to about 22 W m−2. The actual value is likely somewhat smaller due to processes neglected here, and an STI value of 20 W m−2 (with an estimated uncertainty of about ±20%) is suggested to be much more realistic than the previous estimate of 40 W m−2. This indicates that less than one-tenth of the OLR originates directly from the surface.

A Guerra do Paraguai em perspectiva histórica

A Guerra do Paraguai ou da Tríplice Aliança não pode ser entendida fora do contexto mundial da época. Obviamente, não é possível reconstruir todos e cada um dos elementos desse passado. Temos de nos dar por satisfeitos com os fatos essenciais e universais que, como grandes linhas mestras, dão sentido e explicitam os fenômenos que o historiador, como cientista social, estuda num momento determinado. Para os propósitos deste trabalho, o contexto vai ser determinado pela revisão crítica do significado histórico da Pax Britannica, Free Trade (livre câmbio, livre comércio) e imperialismo, sob hegemonia da Inglaterra.

A história (re)contada em Um farol no pampa, de Letícia Wierzchowski

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A Guerra do Paraguai conforme Roa Bastos

This paper analyzes texts on the Paraguayan War (1864) written by Roa Bastos, Alexandro Maciel, Omar Prego Gadeia, Eric Nepomuceno, published in the book O livro da Guerra Grande (2002), translated from the Spanish Los Conjurados del Quilombo del Gran Chaco (2001).

Historiografía didáctica brasileña en el siglo XIX : Joaquim Manuel de Macedo y sus Lecciones

El Proceso de Independencia brasileño ocurrido en 1822 ha impuesto a la intelectualidad de la Nación recién Formada la Necesidad de Pensar y Construir su Historia Relación pecado con los designios de Portugal. Dos Espacios concibieron e irradiaron los Conocimientos Acerca de la Historia brasileña: el Colegio de Pedro II (1837) y el Instituto Histórico y Geográfico Brasileño (1838). En ESE contexto Joaquim Manuel de Macedo escribio la obra "Liçoes de Historia do Brasil" (1861) Presentando ONU Método para Enseñar y estudiar la Historia Nacional. Propongo En Esta Reflexión ONU Diálogo con la historiografía didáctica brasileña en el siglo XIX desde la Obra "Liçoes" de Macedo y Tomando Como directriz los Contenidos Relacionados a la Guerra del Paraguay.