Libyan breast cancer: Health services and biology. Diagnosis delay and prognostic value of DNA pploidy, S-phase fraction, and Ki-67 and Bcl-2 immunohistochemistry

The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnosis delay and its impact on the stage of disease. The study also evaluated a nuclear DNA content, immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 and bcl-2, and the correlation of these biological features with the clinicopathological features and patient outcome. 200 Libyan women, diagnosed during 2008–2009 were interviewed about the period from the first symptoms to the final histological diagnosis of breast cancer. Also retrospective preclinical and clinical data were collected from medical records on a form (questionnaire) in association with the interview. Tumor material of the patients was collected and nuclear DNA content analysed using DNA image cytometry. The expression of Ki-67 and bcl-2 were assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The studies described in this thesis show that the median of diagnosis time for women with breast cancer was 7.5 months and 56% of patients were diagnosed within a period longer than 6 months. Inappropriate reassurance that the lump was benign was an important reason for prolongation of the diagnosis time. Diagnosis delay was also associated with initial breast symptom(s) that did not include a lump, old age, illiteracy, and history of benign fibrocystic disease. The patients who showed diagnosis delay had bigger tumour size (p<0.0001), positive lymph nodes (p<0.0001), and high incidence of late clinical stages (p<0.0001). Biologically, 82.7% of tumors were aneuploid and 17.3% were diploid. The median SPF of tumors was 11% while the median positivity of Ki-67 was 27.5%. High Ki-67 expression was found in 76% of patients, and high SPF values in 56% of patients. Positive bcl-2 expression was found in 62.4% of tumors. 72.2% of the bcl-2 positive samples were ER-positive. Patients who had tumor with DNA aneuploidy, high proliferative activity and negative bcl-2 expression were associated with a high grade of malignancy and short survival. The SPF value is useful cell proliferation marker in assessing prognosis, and the decision cut point of 11% for SPF in the Libyan material was clearly significant (p<0.0001). Bcl-2 is a powerful prognosticator and an independent predictor of breast cancer outcome in the Libyan material (p<0.0001). Libyan breast cancer was investigated in these studies from two different aspects: health services and biology. The results show that diagnosis delay is a very serious problem in Libya and is associated with complex interactions between many factors leading to advanced stages, and potentially to high mortality. Cytometric DNA variables, proliferative markers (Ki-67 and SPF), and oncoprotein bcl-2 negativity reflect the aggressive behavior of Libyan breast cancer and could be used with traditional factors to predict the outcome of individual patients, and to select appropriate therapy.

Neurocognitive changes in early-stage Parkinson's disease : functional and structural brain correlates of memory and verbal functions

Resultaten påvisade små, men mätbara försämringar i minnes- och verbal förmåga hos personer som haft Parkinsons sjukdom under tre år. Jämfört med en kontrollgrupp uppvisade Parkinsonpatienter avvikande responser i hjärnans elektriska aktivitet under en korttidsminnesuppgift, och de presterade även sämre i olika typer av andra minnesuppgifter. Försämring i en specifik typ av minnesuppgift korrelerade med förminskad volym i höger hjärnhalva. Samband hittades också mellan sämre verbal förmåga och förminskad volym i djupa hjärnstrukturer. Förminskad hjärnvolym har tidigare påvisats hos dementa patienter i senare sjukdomsstadier. Forskningsresultaten bidrar med ny kunskap om kognitiva symptom och deras neurala bakgrund vid Parkinsons sjukdom. De tyder också på att tidig kognitiv funktionsnedsättning kan identifieras, vilket kan bidra till utvecklingen av sjukdomens behandling. Parkinsons sjukdom är den näst vanligaste neurogeriatriska sjukdomen efter Alzheimers sjukdom. Symptomen uppstår som följd av förminskad produktion av hjärnans transmittorämne dopamin. Parkinsons sjukdom har traditionellt betraktats som en progressiv motorisk sjukdom. Ny forskning tyder på att multipla hjärnsystem skadas, vilket resulterar i att även tankeprocesser påverkas. 75-80% uppskattas insjukna i demens 10-15 år efter diagnos, men det kognitiva sjukdomsförloppet och orsaken till demenssymptomen är tillsvidare okänd. I Finland uppskattas ca 10-12 000 personer ha Parkinsons sjukdom, varav ca 3 000 uppskattas ha demens. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tutkimuksessa todettiin lieviä muutoksia muisti- ja kielellisissä toiminnoissa alle kolme vuotta sairastaneilla Parkinson-potilailla. Potilailla havaittiin poikkeavia aivosähkötoiminnan vasteita lyhytkestoista muistia mittaavan tehtävän aikana. Potilaat suoriutuivat myös verrokkiryhmää heikommin useissa muistitehtävissä. Heikentynyt tahaton muisti liittyi pienempään aivokuoren harmaan aineen paikalliseen tilavuuteen. Heikompi kielellinen suoriutuminen liittyi pienempään harmaan aineen tilavuuteen aivojen syvissä rakenteissa. Pienentyneitä aivorakenteiden tilavuuksia on aiemmin todettu dementoituneilla Parkinson-potilailla sairauden myöhemmissä vaiheissa. Tutkimustulokset tuovat uutta tietoa Parkinsonin taudin kognitiivisista oireista ja niiden aivoperäisestä taustasta. Tulosten perusteella on mahdollista tunnistaa jo varhaisia kognitiivisia muutoksia, mikä voi mahdollistaa tehokkaamman hoidon kohdentamisen. Parkinsonin tauti on Alzheimerin taudin jälkeen toiseksi yleisin neurogeriatrinen sairaus. Oirekuva liittyy aivojen dopaminergisen järjestelmän rappeutumiseen. Perinteisesti liikehäiriösairaudeksi luokiteltu sairaus vaurioittaa lukuisia muita aivojärjestelmiä aiheuttaen muutoksia myös mm. ajattelutoiminnoissa. Pitkään sairastaneista 75–80 prosentilla esiintyy dementiaoireita, mutta oireiden syy ja kehityskaari tunnetaan toistaiseksi huonosti. Suomessa on arviolta 10–12 000 Parkinson-potilasta, joista noin 3 000 arvioidaan kärsivän dementiaoireista.

Quantitative Analysis of Novel Prostate Cancer Markers in Tissue

Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease affecting an increasing number of men all over the world, but particularly in the countries with the Western lifestyle. The best biomarker assay currently available for the diagnosis of the disease, the measurement of prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels from blood, lacks specificity, and even when combined with invasive tests such as digital rectal exam and prostate tissue biopsies, these methods can both miss cancers, and lead to overdiagnosis and subsequent overtreatment of cancers. Moreover, they cannot provide an accurate prognosis for the disease. Due to the high prevalence of indolent prostate cancers, the majority of men affected by prostate cancer would be able to live without any medical intervention. Their latent prostate tumors would not cause any clinical symptoms during their lifetime, but few are willing to take the risk, as currently there are no methods or biomarkers to reliably differentiate the indolent cancers from the aggressive, lethal cases that really are in need of immediate medical treatment. This doctoral work concentrated on validating 12 novel candidate genes for use as biomarkers for prostate cancer by measuring their mRNA expression levels in prostate tissue and peripheral blood of men with cancer as well as unaffected individuals. The panel of genes included the most prominent markers in the current literature: PCA3 and the fusion gene TMPRSS2-ERG, in addition to BMP-6, FGF-8b, MSMB, PSCA, SPINK1, and TRPM8; and the kallikrein-related peptidase genes 2, 3, 4, and 15. Truly quantitative reverse-transcription PCR assays were developed for each of the genes for the purpose, time-resolved fluorometry was applied in the real-time detection of the amplification products, and the gene expression data were normalized by using artificial internal RNA standards. Cancer-related, statistically significant differences in gene transcript levels were found for TMPRSS2-ERG, PCA3, and in a more modest scale, for KLK15, PSCA, and SPINK1. PCA3 RNA was found in the blood of men with metastatic prostate cancer, but not in localized cases of cancer, suggesting limitations for using this method for early cancer detection in blood. TMPRSS2-ERG mRNA transcripts were found more frequently in cancerous than in benign prostate tissues, but they were present also in 51% of the histologically benign prostate tissues of men with prostate cancer, while being absent in specimens from men without any signs of prostate cancer. PCA3 was shown to be 5.8 times overexpressed in cancerous tissue, but similarly to the fusion gene mRNA, its levels were upregulated also in the histologically benign regions of the tissue if the corresponding prostate was harboring carcinoma. These results indicate a possibility to utilize these molecular assays to assist in prostate cancer risk evaluation especially in men with initially histologically negative biopsies.

Multiple sclerosis and pregnancy: clinical and immunological aspects

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that affects most commonly young women in their childbearing age. Previous studies have shown that MS relapse rate usually reduces during pregnancy and increases again after delivery. Patients with MS and their treating physicians are interested to know more about the risks the disease can cause to pregnancy and how pregnancy affects the disease. The reasons for increased relapse rate after delivery are not entirely clear, but loss of pregnancy related immune tolerance and changes in the hormonal status at the time of delivery seem to be of relevance. Aims and methods: The aims of this study were to follow the natural course of MS during and after pregnancy, evaluate pregnancy related risks among MS patients, follow the inflammatory response of MS patients during and after pregnancy and clarify the risk of relevant co-morbidities known to affect other autoimmune diseases after pregnancy and compare these results to healthy controls. This study was a part of a prospective nation-wide follow-up study of 60 Finnish MS patients. All eligible MS patients were enrolled in the study during the years 2003-2005. A prospective followup continued from early pregnancy until six months postpartum. MS relapses, EDSS scores and obstetric details were recorded. Blood samples were obtained from the patients at early, middle, and late pregnancy, after delivery and one month, three months and six months postpartum. Results: MS patients were no more likely to experience pregnancy or delivery complications than the Finnish mothers in general. The need of instrumental assistance, however, was higher among mothers with MS. Disease activity followed the course seen in previous studies. The majority of mothers (90.2%) breastfed their babies. Contrary to previous results, breastfeeding did not protect MS patients from disease worsening after delivery in present study. Mothers with active pre-pregnancy disease chose to breastfeed less frequently and started medication instead. MS patients presented with higher prevalence of elevated thyroid autoantibodies postpartum than healthy controls, but the rate of thyroid hormonal dysfunction was similar as that of healthy controls. The mode of delivery nor the higher rate of tissue damage assessed with C-reactive protein concentration were not predictive of postpartum relapses. The prevalence of gestational diabetes was slightly higher among mothers with MS compared to Finnish mothers in general, but postpartum depression was observed in similar rates. MS patients presented with significantly lower serum concentrations of vitamin D during pregnancy and postpartum than healthy controls. Conclusions: Childbearing can be regarded as safe for mothers with MS as it is for healthy mothers in general. Breastfeeding can be recommended, but it should be done only after careful evaluation of the individual risk for postpartum disease activation. Considering MS patients tend to develop thyroid antibody positivity after delivery more often than healthy controls and that certain treatments can predispose MS patients to thyroid hormonal dysfunction, we recommend MS mothers to be screened for thyroid abnormalities during pregnancy and after delivery. Increased risk for gestational diabetes should be kept in mind when following MS mothers and glucose tolerance test in early pregnancy should be considered. Adequate vitamin D supplementation is essential for MS mothers also during pregnancy and postpartum period.

New [18F]Tracers for Alzheimer's Disease Imaging. Labeling Synthesis And Biological Testing

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Characteristic changes in an AD brain are the formation of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, though other alterations in the brain have also been connected to AD. No cure is available for AD and it is one of the leading causes of death among the elderly in developed countries. Liposomes are biocompatible and biodegradable spherical phospholipid bilayer vesicles that can enclose various compounds. Several functional groups can be attached on the surface of liposomes in order to achieve long-circulating target-specific liposomes. Liposomes can be utilized as drug carriers and vehicles for imaging agents. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a non-invasive imaging method to study biological processes in living organisms. In this study using nucleophilic 18F-labeling synthesis, various synthesis approaches and leaving groups for novel PET imaging tracers have been developed to target AD pathology in the brain. The tracers were the thioflavin derivative [18F]flutemetamol, curcumin derivative [18F]treg-curcumin, and functionalized [18F]nanoliposomes, which all target Aβ in the AD brain. These tracers were evaluated using transgenic AD mouse models. In addition, 18F-labeling synthesis was developed for a tracer targeting the S1P3 receptor. The chosen 18F-fluorination strategy had an effect on the radiochemical yield and specific activity of the tracers. [18F]Treg-curcumin and functionalized [18F]nanoliposomes had low uptake in AD mouse brain, whereas [18F]flutemetamol exhibited the appropriate properties for preclinical Aβ-imaging. All of these tracers can be utilized in studies of the pathology and treatment of AD and related diseases.

Determinants of Bone Strength and Predictors of Hip Fracture among Finnish Adults. Results from the Health 2000 Survey and the Mini-Finland Health Survey

The objective of this thesis was to identify the determinants of bone strength and predictors of hip fracture in representative samples of Finnish adults. A secondary objective was to construct a simple multifactorial model for hip fracture prediction over a 10-year follow-up period. The study was based on the Health 2000 Survey conducted during 2000 to 2001 (men and women aged 30 years or over, n=6 035) and the Mini-Finland Health Survey conducted during 1978 to 1980 (women aged 45 years or over, n=2 039). Study subjects participated in health interviews and comprehensive health examination. In the Health 2000 Survey, bone strength was assessed by means of calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS). The follow-up information about hip fractures was drawn from the National Hospital Discharge Register. In this study, age, weight, height, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25(OH)D), physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption as well as menopause and eventual HRT in women were found to be associated with calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS). Parity was associated with a decreased risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. Age, height, weight or waist circumference, quantitative ultrasound index (QUI), S-25(OH)D and fall-related factors, such as maximal walking speed, Parkinson’s disease, and the number of prescribed CNS active medication were significant independent predictors of hip fracture. At the population level, the incremental value of QUS appeared to be minor in hip fracture prediction when the fall-related risk factors were taken into account. A simple multifactorial model for hip fracture prediction presented in this study was based on readily available factors (age, gender, height, waist circumference, and fallrelated factors). Prospective studies are needed to test this model in patient-based study populations.

Complement system in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) consists 20% of keratinocytederived non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC), the incidence of which is increasing globally. cSCC is the most common metastatic skin cancer and it causes approximately 20% of skin cancer-related deaths. At present, there are no molecular markers for predicting which cSCC lesions are aggressive or metastasize rapidly. UV radiation is the most important risk factor for cSCC. During the development of cSCC, normal epidermal keratinocytes are transformed and form actinic keratosis (AK), which progresses to cSCC in situ (cSCCIS, Bowen’s disease) and finally to invasive and metastatic cSCC. Inflammatory factors and cells are a part of cancer microenvironment and cSCC can develop in the chronically irritated skin or in the context of chronic inflammation. The complement system is a central part of innate immunity and it regulates normal immunological and inflammatory processes. In this study, the role of complement system components and inhibitors were studied in the progression of cSCC in culture and in vivo. Elevated expression of complement factor H (CFH), complement factor I (CFI), complement component C3 and complement factor B (CFB) was noted in cSCC cells in culture. The analysis with immunohistochemistry (IHC) revealed that the expression of CFH, CFI, C3 and CFB was specifically noted in tumor cells in vivo. The staining intensity of CFH, CFI, C3 and CFB was also stronger in invasive cSCC than in AK or cSCCIS samples. The knockdown of CFH, CFI and CFB with specific siRNAs decreased cSCC cell viability and migration, whereas the knockdown of C3 reduced only cSCC cell migration. Moreover, the knockdown of CFI, C3 and CFB inhibited growth of cSCC xenograft tumors established in SCID mice in vivo. In these tumors, CFI, C3 and CFB knockdown decreased the number of proliferating cells. Moreover, the knockdown of CFI increased local inflammation and complement activation. This study provides evidence for the roles of CFH, CFI, C3 and CFB in the tumor progression indicating these as molecular biomarkers and putative therapeutic targets of cSCC.

Molecular and cellular pathogenesis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is one of the most common human life-threatening monogenic disorders. The disease is characterized by bilateral, progressive renal cystogenesis and cyst and kidney enlargement, often leading to end-stage renal disease, and may include extrarenal manifestations. ADPKD is caused by mutation in one of two genes, PKD1 and PKD2, which encode polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2), respectively. PC2 is a non-selective cation channel permeable to Ca2+, while PC1 is thought to function as a membrane receptor. The cyst cell phenotype includes increased proliferation and apoptosis, dedifferentiation, defective planar polarity, and a secretory pattern associated with extracellular matrix remodeling. The two-hit model for cyst formation has been recently extended by the demonstration that early gene inactivation leads to rapid and diffuse development of renal cysts, while inactivation in adult life is followed by focal and late cyst formation. Renal ischemia/reperfusion, however, can function as a third hit, triggering rapid cyst development in kidneys with Pkd1 inactivation induced in adult life. The PC1-PC2 complex behaves as a sensor in the primary cilium, mediating signal transduction via Ca2+ signaling. The intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is impaired in ADPKD, being apparently responsible for the cAMP accumulation and abnormal cell proliferative response to cAMP. Activated mammalian target for rapamycin (mTOR) and cell cycle dysregulation are also significant features of PKD. Based on the identification of pathways altered in PKD, a large number of preclinical studies have been performed and are underway, providing a basis for clinical trials in ADPKD and helping the design of future trials.

Urine beta2-microglobulin is an early marker of renal involvement in LPI. (Virtsan beta2-mikroglobuliini on varhaisen vaiheen markkeri LPI-taudin munuaiskomplikaatioiden havaitsemisessa.)

Lysinurinen proteiini-intoleranssi (LPI) on suomalaiseen tautiperintöön kuuluva kationisten aminohappojen, arginiinin, ornitiinin ja lysiinin, kuljetushäiriö suolen ja munuaistubulusten basolateraalisilla kalvoilla. Arginiinin ja ornitiinin puute aiheuttaa häiriöitä ureasyklin toiminnassa, aterian jälkeistä hyperammonemiaa ja proteiiniaversiota. Lysiinin puute vaikuttaa mm. kasvuun ja puolustusmekanismeihin. Hoidossa keskeistä on vähäproteiininen ruokavalio ja L-sitrulliinilisä, joka parantaa ureasyklin toimintaa. Koska LPI-tauti on kuvattu vasta 1960-luvulla, sen luonnollinen kulku tunnetaan vielä huonosti. Tautiin liittyvistä komplikaatioista vakavimmat ovat toistaiseksi tuntemattomalla mekanismilla kehittyvä keuhkojen alveolaarinen proteinoosi ja munuaisongelmat. Suomalaisista LPI-potilaista noin kolmanneksella on havaittu merkkejä munuaisten vajaatoiminnasta, ja muutamilla potilailla munuaisongelmat ovat edenneet loppuvaiheen munuaistautiin (ESRD) saakka. Potilaiden munuaisongelmia tutkittiin viimeksi vuonna 2007. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoitus oli selvittää, onko LPI-potilaiden munuaisfunktio olennaisesti muuttunut seuranta-aikana 2007-2013. LPI-potilaiden seuranta on valtakunnallisesti keskitetty Turun yliopistollisen keskussairaalan (Tyks) lastenklinikan aineenvaihduntapoliklinikalle. Seurannassa on 41 potilasta, jotka käyvät Tyks:ssä 1—2 kertaa vuodessa. Tässä tutkimuksessa analysoitiin näiden LPI-potilaiden sairaskertomuksia ja laboratoriotutkimuksia. Kiinnostuksen kohteena olivat erityisesti verenpaine, munuaisten toimintatestit, virtsan proteiini- ja aminohappopitoisuudet ja plasman sitrulliinipituisuus. Munuaisten vajaatoiminnan kehitystä arvioitiin seuraamalla seerumin kystatiini C:n, kreatiniinipitoisuuksien ja virtsan beta2-mikroglobuliinipitoisuuksien muutoksia ajan funktiona. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että seuranta-ajan loppuun mennessä suurimmalla osalla potilaista oli merkkejä munuaisten vajaatoiminnasta ja osalle potilaista oli kehittynyt vakava munuaisvaurio, joka vaati dialyysihoitoa tai munuaissiirron. Munuaisongelmien määrä oli lisääntynyt seuranta-aikana, vaikka potilaiden munuaisfunktiota oli seurattu säännöllisesti ja riskitekijöitä hoidettu. Sitrulliiniannostuksella ei näyttänyt olevan yhteyttä munuaisten vajaatoiminnan kehittymiseen. Munuaissiirtopotilaista yksi potilas menetti siirrännäisen, muutoin elinsiirtopotilaiden munuaisfunktio on säilynyt tyydyttävänä. Lisäksi havaittiin, että virtsan beeta-2-mikroglobuliinimäärityksellä pystytään havaitsemaan munuaisten vajaatoiminta varhaisessa vaiheessa tässä potilasryhmässä.

Pain determinants of pain in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Pain is the most common symptom reported by ADPKD patients, afflicting approximately 60% of cases and may result from renal hemorrhage, calculi, urinary tract infections, cyst rupture, or due to stretching of the capsule or traction of the renal pedicle. We have recently investigated pain patterns in AD-PKD patients using a translated version of a pain questionnaire specific for AD-PKD population. The questionnaire revealed that 67% patients with ADPKD exhibited some type of pain. The findings of that study emphasized that pain appeared early in the course of ADPKD, when patients still exhibited preserved renal function. In the present study, a multivariate logistic regression analysis disclosed that renal volume (9-fold increased risk) and nephrolithiasis (4-fold increased risk) were the most important determinant factors for pain in ADPKD patients with preserved renal function, after adjustments for the presence of hypertension and duration of the disease.

Nykyiset ja tulevaisuuden alat Venäjän valmistavassa teollisuudessa

Kandidaatintyössä tutkitaan Venäjän valmistavan teollisuuden nykytilaa, miten se on muuttunut Venäjän lähihistoriassa ja mitkä valmistavan teollisuuden alat tulee kasvamaan Venäjällä lähitulevaisuudessa. Venäjän talous perustuu luonnonvaroihin, jotka muodostavat 90 % Venäjän kokonaisviennistä. Valmistavan teollisuuden osuutta on pyritty kasvattamaan koko Venäjän kohta 25-vuotisen historian ajan, mutta tulokset ovat toistaiseksi melko heikkoja. Syitä tähän ovat muun muassa epäonnistunut tutkimus- ja kehitystyö niin yritys- kuin tutkimuslaitostasolla, laajasta luonnonvarojen viennistä aiheutunut niin kutsuttu Hollannin tauti ja Venäjällä valmistavaan teollisuuteen kohdistuvan paikallisen sijoittamisen niukkuus.Valmistavassa teollisuudessa Venäjällä on ollut vaatimattomasta viennin osuudesta huolimatta jatkuvaa kasvua tietyillä aloilla Neuvostoliiton hajoamisesta saakka. Etenkin autoala on kasvanut nousevan elintason ja paranevan infrastruktuurin myötä. Neuvostoliitolta peritty laaja aseteollisuus, sekä sen tueksi kehitetty tutkimus- ja kehitysprosessi, on vastannut suurimmasta osasta valmistavan teollisuuden vientiä. Luonnonvaroihin perustuva korkean arvonlisäyksen jalostus on ollut tähän asti niukkaa Venäjällä. Valtio pyrkii kuitenkin uudistumaan ja vähentämään riippuvuuttaan luonnonvaroihin, joten esimerkiksi metallin ja öljyn jalostamisessa on näillä näkymin tapahtumassa merkittävää kasvua tulevaisuudessa.

Clinical and genetic markers in disease progression – a study among subjects with obstructive lung diseases

Asthma, COPD, and asthma and COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) are chronic pulmonary diseases with an obstructive component. In COPD, the obstruction is irreversible and the disease is progressive. The aim of the study was to define and analyze factors that affected disease progression and patients’ well-being, prognosis and mortality in Chronic Airway Disease (CAD) cohort. The main focus was on COPD and ACOS patients. Retrospective data from medical records was combined with genetic and prospective follow-up data. Smoking is the biggest risk factor for COPD and even after the diagnosis of the disease, smoking plays an important role in disease development and patient’s prognosis. Sixty percent of the COPD patients had succeeded in smoking cessation. Patients who had managed to quit smoking had lower mortality rates and less psychiatric diseases and alcohol abuse although they were older and had more cardiovascular diseases than patients who continued smoking. Genetic polymorphism rs1051730 in the nicotinic acethylcholine receptor gene (CHRNA3/5) associated with heavy smoking, cancer prevalence and mortality in two Finnish independent cohorts consisting of COPD patients and male smokers. Challenges in smoking cessation and higher mortality rates may be partly due to individual patient’s genetic composition. Approximately 50% of COPD patients are physically inactive and the proportion was higher among current smokers. Physically active and inactive patients didn’t differ from each other in regard to age, gender or comorbidities. Bronchial obstruction explained inactivity only in severe disease. Subjective sensation of dyspnea, however, had very strong association to inactivity and was also associated to low health related quality of life (HRQoL). ACOS patients had a significantly lower HRQoL than either the patients with asthma or with COPD even though they were younger than COPD patients, had better lung functions and smaller tobacco exposure.

Analyse fonctionnelle de la polycystine-1 et de son domaine intracellulaire dans le développement de la polykystose rénale autosomique dominante

La polykystose rénale autosomique dominante (PKRAD) est la maladie génétique rénale la plus commune touchant 1/500 personnes. Elle se caractérise principalement par la formation de kystes rénaux dans tous les segments du néphron, entraînant l’insuffisance rénale, et par des manifestations extrarénales kystiques (foie, pancréas, rate) et non-kystiques (anomalies cardiaques, vasculaires et cérébrales). Deux gènes, PKD1 et PKD2, sont responsables de 85 et 15% des cas respectivement. Ces gènes encodent les polycystine-1 (PC-1) et -2 (PC-2) qui forment un complexe à la membrane plasmique et ciliaire des cellules épithéliales rénales. PC-1 est une protéine transmembranaire de 4302 acides aminés possédant un court domaine intracellulaire incluant un motif coiled-coil impliqué dans l’interaction entre PC-1 et PC-2 in-vitro. L’importance du coiled-coil est démontrée par des mutations affectant spécifiquement ce motif chez des patients PKRAD. Le mécanisme pathogénétique responsable de la PKRAD est indéterminé. Chez la souris, la PKRAD se développe suite à l’ablation (Pkd1-/-) ou lors de la surexpression (SBPkd1TAG) de Pkd1, ce qui suggère un effet de dosage. Des anomalies ciliaires sont aussi souvent associées à PKRAD. Mon objectif était de déterminer in-vivo le mécanisme pathogénétique de la polycystine-1 dans le développement des symptômes PKRAD rénaux et extrarénaux et plus spécifiquement, le rôle du motif coiled-coil dans le mécanisme de kystogenèse. Pour ce faire, nous avons généré deux constructions, Pkd1 sauvage (Pkd1TAG) et Pkd1 tronquée de son motif coiled-coil (Pkd1ΔCoiled-coil), par recombinaison homologue à partir du BAC-Pkd1 sauvage comprenant la séquence murine entière de Pkd1. Trois lignées de souris Pkd1TAG générées par microinjection démontrent un niveau d’expression de Pkd1 qui corrèle avec le nombre de copie du transgène (2, 5 et 15 copies). Les souris Pkd1TAG reproduisent la PKRAD en développant des kystes rénaux dans toutes les parties du néphron et des cils primaires plus longs que les contrôles non transgéniques. Les analyses physiologiques supportent que les souris Pkd1TAG développent une insuffisance rénale et démontrent une augmentation du volume urinaire de même qu’une diminution de l’osmolalité, de la créatinine et des protéines urinaires. De plus, les souris Pkd1TAG développent des kystes hépatiques, des anomalies cardiaques associées à des dépôts de calcium et des anévrismes cérébraux. La sévérité du phénotype augmente avec l’expression de Pkd1 appuyant l’hypothèse d’un mécanisme de dosage. Nous avons aussi déterminé que l’expression du transgène Pkd1TAG complémente le phénotype létal-embryonnaire des souris Pkd1-/-. D’autre part, nous avons générés 4 lignées de souris Pkd1ΔCoiled-coil (2 et 15 copies du transgène) dont le nombre de copies corrèle avec le niveau d’expression du transgène. Ces souris Pkd1ΔCoiled-coil, contrairement aux Pkd1TAG de même âge, ne développent pas de kystes et possèdent des cils primaires de longueur normale. Afin d’évaluer le rôle du motif coiled-coil en absence de polycystine-1 endogène, nous avons croisé les souris Pkd1ΔCoiled-coil avec les souris Pkd1-/-. Contrairement aux souris Pkd1-/- qui meurent in-utéro, les souris Pkd1ΔCoiled-coil; Pkd1-/- survivent ~10 à 14 jours après la naissance. Elles démontrent des kystes rénaux et pancréatiques sévères, un retard de croissance et des anomalies pulmonaires. Tous les segments du néphron sont affectés. Mon projet démontre que la surexpression de Pkd1 est un mécanisme pathogénique de la PKRAD tant au niveau rénal qu’extrarénal. De plus, il démontre que le motif coiled-coil est un élément déterminant dans la kystogenèse/PKRAD in-vivo.

Étude de la sortie du virus herpès simplex de type 1 (HSV 1) hors du noyau

Le virus herpès simplex de type 1 (HSV 1) affecte la majorité de la population mondiale. HSV 1 cause de multiples symptômes délétères dont les plus communs sont les lésions orofaciales usuellement appelées feux sauvages. Le virus peut aussi causer des effets plus sérieux comme la cécité ou des troubles neurologiques. Le virus réside de façon permanente dans le corps de son hôte. Malgré l’existence de nombreux traitements pour atténuer les symptômes causés par HSV 1, aucun médicament ne peut éliminer le virus. Dans le but d’améliorer les connaissances concernant le cycle viral de HSV 1, ce projet cible l’étude du transport du virus dans la cellule hôte. Ce projet aura permis la collecte d’informations concernant le modus operandi de HSV 1 pour sortir des compartiments cellulaires où il séjourne. Les différentes expérimentations ont permis de publier 3 articles dont un article qui a été choisi parmi les meilleurs papiers par les éditeurs de « Journal of Virology » ainsi qu’un 4e article qui a été soumis. Premièrement, un essai in vitro reproduisant la sortie de HSV 1 du noyau a été mis sur pied, via l’isolation de noyaux issus de cellules infectées. Nous avons démontré que tout comme dans les cellules entières, les capsides s’évadent des noyaux isolés dans l’essai in vitro en bourgeonnant avec la membrane nucléaire interne, puis en s’accumulant sous forme de capsides enveloppées entre les deux membranes nucléaires pour finalement être relâchées dans le cytoplasme exclusivement sous une forme non enveloppée. Ces observations appuient le modèle de transport de dé-enveloppement/ré-enveloppement. Deuxièmement, dans le but d’identifier des joueurs clefs viraux impliqués dans la sortie nucléaire du virus, les protéines virales associées aux capsides relâchées par le noyau ont été examinées. La morphologie multicouche du virus HSV 1 comprend un génome d’ADN, une capside, le tégument et une enveloppe. Le tégument est un ensemble de protéines virales qui sont ajoutées séquentiellement sur la particule virale. La séquence d’ajout des téguments de même que les sites intracellulaires où a lieu la tégumentation sont l’objet d’intenses recherches. L’essai in vitro a été utilisé pour étudier cette tégumentation. Les données recueillies suggèrent un processus séquentiel qui implique l’acquisition des protéines UL36, UL37, ICP0, ICP8, UL41, UL42, US3 et possiblement ICP4 sur les capsides relâchées par le noyau. Troisièmement, pour obtenir davantage d’informations concernant la sortie de HSV 1 des compartiments membranaires de la cellule hôte, la sortie de HSV 1 du réseau trans golgien (TGN) a aussi été étudiée. L’étude a révélé l’implication de la protéine kinase D cellulaire (PKD) dans le transport post-TGN de HSV 1. PKD est connue pour réguler le transport de petits cargos et son implication dans le transport de HSV 1 met en lumière l’utilisation d’une machinerie commune pour le transport des petits et gros cargos en aval du TGN. Le TGN n’est donc pas seulement une station de triage, mais est aussi un point de rencontre pour différentes voies de transport intracellulaire. Tous ces résultats contribuent à une meilleure compréhension du processus complexe de maturation du virus HSV 1, ce qui pourrait mener au développement de meilleurs traitements pour combattre le virus. Les données amassées concernant le virus HSV 1 pourraient aussi être appliquées à d’autres virus. En plus de leur pertinence dans le domaine de la virologie, les découvertes issues de ce projet apportent également de nouveaux détails au niveau du transport intracellulaire.