MEIA SYSTEMS: Membrane Encrypted Information Applications Systems

Membrane computing is a recent area that belongs to natural computing. This field works on computational models based on nature's behavior to process the information. Recently, numerous models have been developed and implemented with this purpose. P-systems are the structures which have been defined,developed and implemented to simulate the behavior and the evolution of membrane systems which we find in nature. What we show in this paper is a new model that deals with encrypted information which provides security the membrane systems communication. Moreover we find non deterministic and random applications in nature that are suitable to MEIA systems. The inherent parallelism and non determinism make this applications perfect object to implement MEIA systems.

Métodos acotados de aplicación de reglas de evolución para la implementación de Sistemas P de Transición

La característica fundamental de la Computación Natural se basa en el empleo de conceptos, principios y mecanismos del funcionamiento de la Naturaleza. La Computación Natural -y dentro de ésta, la Computación de Membranas- surge como una posible alternativa a la computación clásica y como resultado de la búsqueda de nuevos modelos de computación que puedan superar las limitaciones presentes en los modelos convencionales. En concreto, la Computación de Membranas se originó como un intento de formular un nuevo modelo computacional inspirado en la estructura y el funcionamiento de las células biológicas: los sistemas basados en este modelo constan de una estructura de membranas que actúan a la vez como separadores y como canales de comunicación, y dentro de esa estructura se alojan multiconjuntos de objetos que evolucionan de acuerdo a unas determinadas reglas de evolución. Al conjunto de dispositivos contemplados por la Computación de Membranas se les denomina genéricamente como Sistemas P. Hasta el momento los Sistemas P sólo han sido estudiados a nivel teórico y no han sido plenamente implementados ni en medios electrónicos, ni en medios bioquímicos, sólo han sido simulados o parcialmente implementados. Por tanto, la implantación de estos sistemas es un reto de investigación abierto. Esta tesis aborda uno de los problemas que debe ser resuelto para conseguir la implantación de los Sistemas P sobre plataformas hardware. El problema concreto se centra en el modelo de los Sistemas P de Transición y surge de la necesidad de disponer de algoritmos de aplicación de reglas que, independientemente de la plataforma hardware sobre la que se implementen, cumplan los requisitos de ser no deterministas, masivamente paralelos y además su tiempo de ejecución esté estáticamente acotado. Como resultado se ha obtenido un conjunto de algoritmos (tanto para plataformas secuenciales, como para plataformas paralelas) que se adecúan a las diferentes configuraciones de los Sistemas P. ABSTRACT The main feature of Natural Computing is the use of concepts, principles and mechanisms inspired by Nature. Natural Computing and within it, Membrane Computing emerges as an potential alternative to conventional computing and as from the search for new models of computation that may overcome the existing limitations in conventional models. Specifically, Membrane Computing was created to formulate a new computational paradigm inspired by the structure and functioning of biological cells: it consists of a membrane structure, which acts as separators as well as communication channels, and within this structure are stored multisets of objects that evolve according to certain evolution rules. The set of computing devices addressed by Membrane Computing are generically known P systems. Up to now, no P systems have been fully implemented yet in electronic or biochemical means. They only have been studied in theory, simulated or partially implemented. Therefore, the implementation of these systems is an open research challenge. This thesis addresses one of the problems to be solved in order to deploy P systems on hardware platforms. This specific problem is focused on the Transition P System model and emerges from the need of providing application rules algorithms that independently on the hardware platform on which they are implemented, meets the requirements of being nondeterministic, massively parallel and runtime-bounded. As a result, this thesis has developed a set of algorithms for both platforms, sequential and parallel, adapted to all possible configurations of P systems.

Diseño de un Procesador de Membranas Paralelo para los Sistemas P de Transición

La computación con membranas surge como una alternativa a la computación tradicional. Dentro de este campo se sitúan los denominados Sistemas P de Transición que se basan en la existencia de regiones que contienen recursos y reglas que hacen evolucionar a dichos recursos para poder llevar a cada una de las regiones a una nueva situación denominada configuración. La sucesión de las diferentes configuraciones conforman la computación. En este campo, el Grupo de Computación Natural de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid lleva a cabo numerosas investigaciones al amparo de las cuales se han publicado numerosos artículos y realizado varias tesis doctorales. Las principales vías de investigación han sido, hasta el momento, el estudio del modelo teórico sobre el que se definen los Sistemas P, el estudio de los algoritmos que se utilizan para la aplicación de las reglas de evolución en las regiones, el diseño de nuevas arquitecturas que mejoren las comunicaciones entre las diferentes membranas (regiones) que componen el sistema y la implantación de estos sistemas en dispositivos hardware que pudiesen definir futuras máquinas basadas en este modelo. Dentro de este último campo, es decir, dentro del objetivo de construir finalmente máquinas que puedan llevar a cabo la funcionalidad de la computación con Sistemas P, la presente tesis doctoral se centra en el diseño de dos procesadores paralelos que, aplicando variantes de algoritmos existentes, favorezcan el crecimiento en el nivel de intra-paralelismo a la hora de aplicar las reglas. El diseño y creación de ambos procesadores presentan novedosas aportaciones al entorno de investigación de los Sistemas P de Transición en tanto en cuanto se utilizan conceptos que aunque previamente definidos de manera teórica, no habían sido introducidos en el hardware diseñado para estos sistemas. Así, los dos procesadores mantienen las siguientes características: - Presentan un alto rendimiento en la fase de aplicación de reglas, manteniendo por otro lado una flexibilidad y escalabilidad medias que son dependientes de la tecnología final sobre la que se sinteticen dichos procesadores. - Presentan un alto nivel de intra-paralelismo en las regiones al permitir la aplicación simultánea de reglas. - Tienen carácter universal en tanto en cuanto no depende del carácter de las reglas que componen el Sistema P. - Tienen un comportamiento indeterminista que es inherente a la propia naturaleza de estos sistemas. El primero de los circuitos utiliza el conjunto potencia del conjunto de reglas de aplicación así como el concepto de máxima aplicabilidad para favorecer el intra-paralelismo y el segundo incluye, además, el concepto de dominio de aplicabilidad para determinar el conjunto de reglas que son aplicables en cada momento con los recursos existentes. Ambos procesadores se diseñan y se prueban mediante herramientas de diseño electrónico y se preparan para ser sintetizados sobre FPGAs. ABSTRACT Membrane computing appears as an alternative to traditional computing. P Systems are placed inside this field and they are based upon the existence of regions called “membranes” that contain resources and rules that describe how the resources may vary to take each of these regions to a new situation called "configuration". Successive configurations conform computation. Inside this field, the Natural Computing Group of the Universidad Politécnica of Madrid develops a large number of works and researches that provide a lot of papers and some doctoral theses. Main research lines have been, by the moment, the study of the theoretical model over which Transition P Systems are defined, the study of the algorithms that are used for the evolution rules application in the regions, the design of new architectures that may improve communication among the different membranes (regions) that compose the whole system and the implementation of such systems over hardware devices that may define machines based upon this new model. Within this last research field, this is, within the objective of finally building machines that may accomplish the functionality of computation with P Systems, the present thesis is centered on the design of two parallel processors that, applying several variants of some known algorithms, improve the level of the internal parallelism at the evolution rule application phase. Design and creation of both processors present innovations to the field of Transition P Systems research because they use concepts that, even being known before, were never used for circuits that implement the applying phase of evolution rules. So, both processors present the following characteristics: - They present a very high performance during the application rule phase, keeping, on the other hand, a level of flexibility and scalability that, even known it is not very high, it seems to be acceptable. - They present a very high level of internal parallelism inside the regions, allowing several rule to be applied at the same time. - They present a universal character meaning this that they are not dependent upon the active rules that compose the P System. - They have a non-deterministic behavior that is inherent to this systems nature. The first processor uses the concept of "power set of the application rule set" and the concept of "maximal application" number to improve parallelism, and the second one includes, besides the previous ones, the concept of "applicability domain" to determine the set of rules that may be applied in each moment with the existing resources.. Both processors are designed and tested with the design software by Altera Corporation and they are ready to be synthetized over FPGAs.

HW Implementation of a Optimized Algorithm for the Application of Active Rules in a Transition P-system

P systems or Membrane Computing are a type of a distributed, massively parallel and non deterministic system based on biological membranes. They are inspired in the way cells process chemical compounds, energy and information. These systems perform a computation through transition between two consecutive configurations. As it is well known in membrane computing, a configuration consists in a m-tuple of multisets present at any moment in the existing m regions of the system at that moment time. Transitions between two configurations are performed by using evolution rules which are in each region of the system in a non-deterministic maximally parallel manner. This work is part of an exhaustive investigation line. The final objective is to implement a HW system that evolves as it makes a transition P-system. To achieve this objective, it has been carried out a division of this generic system in several stages, each of them with concrete matters. In this paper the stage is developed by obtaining the part of the system that is in charge of the application of the active rules. To count the number of times that the active rules is applied exist different algorithms. Here, it is presents an algorithm with improved aspects: the number of necessary iterations to reach the final values is smaller than the case of applying step to step each rule. Hence, the whole process requires a minor number of steps and, therefore, the end of the process will be reached in a shorter length of time.

Mapping area variability in social and behavioural difficulties among Glasgow pre-schoolers : linkage of a survey of pre-school staff with routine monitoring data

Funded by The Scottish Government

Mapping area variability in social and behavioural difficulties among Glasgow pre-schoolers : linkage of a survey of pre-school staff with routine monitoring data

Funded by The Scottish Government

The use of amenities in high density neighbourhoods by older urban Australians residents

Like other major cities, Brisbane (Australia) has adopted policies to increase residential densities to meet the liveability goal of decreasing car dependence. This objective hinges on urban neighbourhoods being amenity-rich spaces, reducing the need for residents to leave their neighbourhood for everyday living. While older people are attracted to urban settings, there has been little empirical evidence linking liveability satisfaction with older people's use of urban neighbourhoods. Using a case study approach employing qualitative (diaries, in-depth interviews) and quantitative (Global Positioning Systems and Geographical Information Systems mapping) methods,this paper explores the effect of the neighbourhood environment and its influence on liveability for older urban people. Reliance on motor vehicles and issues with availability and access to local amenities inhibit local participation for older people. Highlighting these issues furthers our understanding of the landscape planning and design factors that make urban neighbourhoods more liveable for older residents.

The lived world of older urban Australians: relating everyday living to GPS tracking data

Neighbourhood like the concept of liveability is usually measured by either subjective indicators using surveys of residents’ perceptions or by objective means using secondary data or relative weights for objective indicators of the urban environment. Rarely, have objective and subjective indicators been related to one another in order to understand what constitutes a liveable urban neighbourhood both spatially and behaviourally. This paper explores the use of qualitative (diaries, in-depth interviews) and quantitative (Global Positioning Systems, Geographical Information Systems mapping) liveability research data to examine the perceptions and behaviour of 12 older residents living in six high density urban areas of Brisbane. Older urban Australians are one of the two principal groups highly attracted to high density urban living. The strength of the relationship between the qualitative and quantitative measures was examined. Results of the research indicate a weak relationship between subjective and objective indicators. Linking the two methods (quantitative and qualitative) is important in obtaining a greater understanding of human behaviour and the lived world of older urban Australians and in providing a wider picture of the urban neighbourhood.

Understanding neighbourhood liveability for older urban Australians

As with other major developed cities, the sub-tropical and fastest growing Australian capital city of Brisbane has adopted policies designed to increase residential densities and meet the liveability and sustainability goal of decreasing car dependence and greenhouse gas emissions. This goal hinges on a pedestrian friendly environment and walkable proximity to satisfy everyday needs. While older people are particularly attracted to sub-tropical urban environments, there has been little empirical evidence linking liveability satisfaction and perceived and actual use of older people’s urban neighbourhood. Using qualitative (diaries and in-depth interviews) and quantitative (Global Positioning Systems and Geographical Information Systems mapping) liveability research data this paper explores whether high density supports liveability and is sustainable for older people living in a sub-tropical urban environment. This paper links satisfaction and perceived use of the sub-tropical urban Brisbane environment with actual mapped characteristics and use. Linking the two methods (both quantitative and qualitative) is important in obtaining a greater understanding of human behaviour and the lived world of older urban Australians and in providing a wider picture of sub-tropical urban neighbourhoods for a significant population group within those neighbourhoods. What emerges from the research is an uneven standard of design, provision of amenities and maintenance of the public realm which negatively impacts on local neighbourhood participation by older urban Australians. By highlighting these issues this research furthers the understanding of design factors which make the sub-tropical urban neighbourhood more liveable and sustainable for older people and will inform actionable and implementable policies, programs and designs.

Conceptions of ‘community’ among older adults living in high-density urban areas : an Australian case study

Aim The aim of this study was to explore the social networks of community and its connection to location for older people living in inner city high density (ICHD). Method Using a case study approach employing qualitative (diaries, in-depth interviews) and quantitative (global positioning systems and geographical information systems mapping) methods, this paper explores the everyday interaction and social networks and where they manifest spatially for a group of older ICHD Australians. Results Social networks in two community territories were found to be of particular importance to participants in terms of influencing feelings of well-being, support, social inclusion and cohesion. These two territories include the building where older people reside and the area immediately surrounding the building. Conclusion This study highlights the importance of recognising the spatial aspect to better understand the social networks of community and their effects on well-being and social cohesion for ICHD older people.

Origin of noise in two dimensionally doped Silicon and Germanium

We present the study of low-frequency noise, or 1/f noise, in degenerately doped Si: P and Ge: P delta-layers at low temperatures. For the Si: P d-layers we find that the noise is several orders of magnitude lower than that of bulk Si: P systems in the metallic regime and is one of the lowest values reported for doped semiconductors. Ge: P d-layers as a function of perpendicular magnetic field, shows a factor of two reduction in noise magnitude at the scale of B-phi, where B-phi is phase breaking field. We show that this is a characteristic feature of universal conductance fluctuations.

Analog methods of nonlinear vibration analysis

This thesis presents methods by which electrical analogies can be obtained for nonlinear systems. The accuracy of these methods is investigated and several specific types of nonlinear equations are studied in detail.

In Part I a general method is given for obtaining electrical analogs of nonlinear systems with one degree of freedom. Loop and node methods are compared and the stability of the loop analogy is briefly considered.

Parts II and III give a description of the equipment and a discussion of its accuracy. Comparisons are made between experimental and analytic solutions of linear systems.

Part IV is concerned with systems having a nonlinear restoring force. In particular, solutions of Duffing's equation are obtained, both by using the electrical analogy and also by approximate analytical methods.

Systems with nonlinear damping are considered in Part V. Two specific examples are chosen: (1) forced oscillations and (2) self-excited oscillations (van der Pol’s equation). Comparisons are made with approximate analytic solutions.

Part VI gives experimental data for a system obeying Mathieu's equation. Regions of stability are obtained. Examples of subharmonic, ultraharmonic, and ultrasubharmonic oscillat1ons are shown.

Evolución de la visión sistémica en el pensamiento urbano del siglo XX. La integración de las disciplinas hacia la ciudad sustentable

La evolución del concepto de sistema promovió la consolidación de un enfoque que se comenzó a introducir en la revisión de diferentes objetos de estudio especialmente complejos, como los fenómenos sociales, gracias a sus características inter y trans disciplinarias. Este enfoque “sistémico” se promueve desde el campo de la biología y su metodología se incorporó al estudio de asuntos tan diversos como los temas ambientales, la ecología, la investigación en comunicaciones y muchos fenómenos sociales entre los que se encuentra el crecimiento de las ciudades. En el caso de los problemas urbanos, el enfoque sistémico surge como alternativa frente a la propuesta de la escuela funcionalista moderna. A partir de los años 60, las investigaciones urbanas comienzan a utilizar la visión sistémica como forma de aproximarse conceptualmente a lo físico urbano y avanzar en la comprensión de la complejidad de relaciones entre los componentes físicos de la estructura urbana, las racionalidades y acuerdos para el aprovechamiento del territorio natural de soporte, los bienes ambientales, los servicios públicos y los patrones de consumo, entre otros, una forma de metabolismo que permite asumir la ciudad como un ecosistema, soporte conceptual para la puesta en marcha de acciones que contribuyan a la sostenibilidad urbana. El seguimiento a esta visión sistémica y su incorporación como una herramienta de análisis e intervención urbana, sirve en primera instancia para llevar a cabo una reflexión crítica sobre la evolución del pensamiento urbano del siglo XX especialmente a partir de la segunda posguerra.