970 resultados para Obstáculos epistemológicos


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Estudiar las concepciones y obstáculos epistemológicos que han aparecido en el desarrollo histórico de los conceptos de límite y continuidad. Descubrir las concepciones que tienen los alumnos sobre estos dos conceptos. Encontrar las relaciones existentes entre ambas concepciones (históricas y de los alumnos). Analizar la transposición didáctica del saber matemático al saber escolar a través de los textos utilizados en el bachillerato y Curso de Orientación Universitaria y su evolución desde la década de los 50 hasta nuestros días, como posibles instrumentos generadores de las concepciones de los alumnos. Establecimiento de las dos hipótesis de trabajo. Temporalización de la investigación en dos cursos académicos. Curso 94-95: análisis de la transposición didáctica de los conceptos límite y continuidad, análisis de los libros de texto desde los 50ïs con la metodología de Schubring (1987). Elaboración de un precuestionario para conocer las concepciones de los alumnos y posteriormente elaboración del cuestionario definitivo. Curso 95-96 presentación del cuestionario a los alumnos, análisis de los datos. Estudio del desarrollo histórico de los conceptos. Búsqueda de las relaciones existentes entre las concepciones de los alumnos y las históricas. En el cuestionario donde se planteaban situaciones problemáticas referidas a ambos conceptos se pusieron de manifiesto los siguientes aspectos: el criterio más utilizado en la aplicación de límites es el de límite por la derecha o por la izquierda, clasificado como conocimiento escolar. La idea de aproximarse corresponde a las concepciones de Dálembert y Cauchy. El tercer criterio de justificación más utilizado es el de sustituir valores, que correspondería a la concepción de Euler-Lagrange. Para la continuidad, el criterio más usado es el plantear que una función es continua si se puede dibujar su gráfica sin levantar el lápiz del papel, próxima a la concepción intuitivo-geométrica. El segundo criterio - que se manifiesta como erróneo- es el afirmar que una función es continua si esta definida en todo punto. El tercer criterio más usado es próximo a la concepción de Cauchy. La dificultad que entrañan ambos conceptos hace que se presenten muchas respuestas erróneas entre los alumnos. El análisis de los libros de texto muestra diferencias notables entre ellos. Después de un primer periodo donde la atención estaba puesta en el rigor de la definiciones, se continuó con un énfasis en la formalización de la matemática moderna. Superado este periodo los autores tratan de presentar los conceptos conectados con situaciones y apelando a la intuición. Para el límite y la continuidad existe una evolución desde la consideración de ambos conceptos ligados al de función, pasando por un largo periodo en que tienen entidad propia, hasta la última reforma en que se enfatiza el carácter instrumental de los mismos. La transposición didáctica desde el saber matemático al saber contenido en los libros de texto son fuente de las concepciones detectadas en el saber escolar, a través del análisis de las respuestas al cuestionario. Durante el aprendizaje de los citados conceptos, los alumnos desarrollan una serie de concepciones que están relacionadas con las que han surgido en el desarrollo histórico y además aparecen otras inducidas por la propia enseñanza.

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O objetivo do presente trabalho e o de propor um modelo teórico de atuação para a Psicologia Organizacional calcado nos seguintes fundamentos: a visão dialética da interação indivíduo/organização proporcionada pela reavaliação do conceito de inclusão parcial nos papéis de Floyd Allport; a recuperação da memória dos acontecimentos passados que influenciam a dinâmica a teoria da competência comunicativa de Juergen Habermas e o método dos grupos operativos de Pichon Riviere. A trajetória percorrida para a concretização deste propósito partiu dos pressupostos de Kuhn, através da formulação de uma hipótese inicial de que os problemas enfrentados pela Psicologia Organizacional decorrem de crenças que orientam a produção de conhecimentos na área. Com a finalidade de comprovar-se a afirmação anterior estabeleceu-se uma análise das diversas correntes responsáveis pelas principais contribuições teóricas no campo categorizando-as nos seguintes paradigmas: burocrático, sistema aberto, relações humanas, humanista e da contingência e indicando-se, simultaneamente, os obstáculos epistemológicos apresentados pelos respectivos paradigmas. A seguir buscou-se, nas contribuições dos teóricos ligados ao movimento filosófico - denominado Escola de Frankfurt - aquelas julgadas as mais significativas à compreensão dos fenômenos, objeto da Psicologia Organizacional. Estas contribuições constituiram-se, assim, em sustentação para o modelo proposto. Como consequência da adoção do paradigma frankfurteano obteve-se uma reorientação no campo e no objeto da Psicologia Organizacional, permitindo-se, também, vislumbrar com maior clareza uma articulação com os campos de atuação da Psicologia do Trabalho e da Psicologia Institucional.

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The purpose of this work is to approach and understand the Social Representations (SR) (MOSCOVICI, 2003) about Physics and Chemistry from people who are major in these courses, as well as their Social Representations about teaching . We took as principle that approaching these representations it would be possible to relate their symbolic contents, in order to show how people who are following the first segments of bachelor degree courses in Physics and Chemistry become teachers, taking into account a psychosocial view. Two source of data was used during this research: Free-association Technique FA (ABRIC, 1994); and Multiple Classification Procedure (MCP) (ROAZZI, 1995). The analytical treatment of the collected data from FA was done according to the proposition of Grize, Vergés and Silem (1987 apud ABRIC, 1994, p. 66). MCP data were analyzed through MSA (Multidimensional Scalogram Analysis) and SSA (Singular Spectrum Analysis) methods associated with the Facet Theory (BILSKY, 2003). The discourses of MCP discussing groups at the moment of explanations were studied by Content Analysis as it was proposed by Bardin (1977) and Franco (2005). Indicative of an approach to the relations with knowledge (CHARLOT, 2000), the connections which aroused from the analyses showed that the group of future majors in Physics thought that this scientific field was based on a rationalist conception, influencing the idealization sense of the phenomena to be explained by Physics. Thus, Physics as school content started to require the student of the fundamental and high school to think abstractly as a cognitive skill of learning. The identifying elements observed in the relations between SR about Physics and Teaching aroused from the antagonism between future majors and their teacher, as well as from the speculation between their fundamental and high school students and themselves, mainly when they had to face the act of teaching due to the obstacles imposed by the own educational system, and by the weakness of the initial preparation. The group of future majors in Chemistry, through its discourses, showed these relations when they conceived empiricist Chemistry and said that teaching was the way of transmission of this knowledge, and didactics of Chemistry teaching was the direction to learning through pedagogic methods in order to lead the students to discoveries. The psychosocial contents which were built and showed from the symbolic relations in the studied SR achieved the relation of identity. This relation revealed identifying elements for these people, resulting from the traffic between their condition as students of Chemistry, and as teachers regarding their work, what placed the current relational contents in the teaching space, named as Knowledge changing and Adaptability . In order to study emerging questions in the discussing environment about formation and teaching professionalization, we focused the psychosocial view on this traffic and managed to observe epistemological practical and pedagogic obstacles that limited a configuration of the teaching work as a professional activity, especially from the particular conditions which led the relations of senses to Physics , Chemistry and Teaching ; and Chemistry and Physics as it was seen in this research. Generally speaking, we noted that these obstacles can denounce such obstacles concerning to the pedagogic doings which mainly impair the learning process of fundamental and high school students

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This study describes about graduation s students difficulties of to draw functions graph. Specifically, we intend to observe their abilities evolution, as well as their difficulties during Calculus I subject in engineering course. For that, we show them publications about the elaboration of graphs and its difficulties in obstacle terms and some researches witch contain this subject and that it was done during postgraduate studies in mathematical education. It shows by research methodology aspects related to French didatic s mathematic and some theories of cognitive psychology considering the high value between theoretical-methodological relation that was evidenced in both theoretical conceptions about ways to understand and teach mathematic. This methodology is based on didactic engineering purpose, that consist in preliminaries analysis, conception and didactic sequence analysis prior, trials by application followed analysis up and conclusion. We had also used pedagogicals actions and analysis of results achieved, to classify types of errors made by the 2005 s students during second semester, from conceptions related to the episthemologic and didactics obstacles

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Brazilian Psychiatry Reform, through Psychosocial Care Strategy, has intended to build insane people care practices from community care services which contemplates the subjects complete lives. However, to change the traditional care ways demands the facing of a series of epistemological, political and cultural obstacles. One of the current challenges deals with patients aggravation processes, with management ways, with devices and with professionals, as well as with the assistance network. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate how these aggravation processes has been constituted in Natal mental healthcare network, understanding its effects in the work teams and patients. Theoretical and methodological perspective used was Institutional analysis was, subsidizing the usage of concept-tools as the implication analysis, selfmanagement and self-analysis, and restitution. The research was carried out at the Natal East Sanitary District Mental Healthcare Clinic, with the participation of technicians and patients. The research procedures were: literature and document research on the attendance and the analyzed theme; attendance registers analysis; participating observation of the institutional routine for three months and field log entries; talking groups, one with the team and one with the patients. Two main discussion points are shown: 1. The mental healthcare clinic organization logic and the intersector politics; 2. The work and management processes developed at the mental healthcare clinic. The analysis show diversity in the attended demands in the service, which has favored the patients aggravation, this device and the substitute network processes. The work processes are apart from the political sphere and from the managements processes. In this sense, we show the need to reevaluate the clinic device as well as the management models adopted in the Brazilian Psychiatry Reform context

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Pós-graduação em Educação Escolar - FCLAR

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Esse estudo teve como objetivos: 1. Investigar os resultados da aprendizagem dos alunos, decorrente de uma experiência de avaliação, usando como recurso facilitador o quadro de escrever. 2. Utilizar procedimentos que possibilitem a participação do aluno nas atividades avaliativas desenvolvidas no quadro de escrever. Foi desenvolvida em uma turma do 1º ano do Ensino Médio, em escola pública federal do estado do Pará. Os resultados indicam que o uso do quadro de escrever de forma interativa, facilita a aprendizagem dos alunos quando considerados aspectos didático-pedagógicos inerentes às tendências em Educação Matemática, tais como a avaliação diagnóstica, a interação social, o contrato didático, o erro e os obstáculos epistemológicos. Por fim, conclui-se que o quadro de escrever deve ser ressignificado na prática pedagógica do professor de matemática.

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This study presents the results of a study on the development of the concept of force and their possible applications in physics teaching. The historical study has focused on Aristotelian natural philosophy, medieval theories of strength in impressed and on classical Newtonian mechanics. The Newtonian concept of force was also an object lesson of physics analyzed in this study. In this lesson, conducted in a preuniversity course, spontaneous conceptions or alternative conceptions of students about the concept of force proved very entrenched, resulting in studies on the Model Change on Conceptual and epistemological obstacles in view Bachelardian. The theoretical frameworks adopted led us to trace parallels between spontaneous conceptions revealed by the students and some views about the concept of force found in the study of history. The results show that while some old conceptions have been replaced by scientifically Newtonian concept of force, they are still present in the students' ideas and resist to changes even after the study of Newton's laws. Like main result shows that the history of science can be a great ally for the deconstruction of alternative conceptions, particularly when these concepts were previously presented and overcome the course of history of the development of a concept

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In addition to the comments summarized herein, regarding the difficulties in understanding scientific phenomena by the human mind (epistemological obstacles), this paper presents and proposes a methodological framework for transdisciplinarity and reflectivity as an interactive method through critical reflection to be used as an antidote against prejudice and a lack of transparency of researcher that are often seen as impeding proper understanding of the true, specifically in the human processes that occur with people living in rural areas. Then, three examples of research are presented, which – in different time periods – a polyocular view was applied to conduct investigations outlined by guidelines in the framework related to the proposal summarized within this work.

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En Argentina, la reflexión académica sobre la cuestión social tomó como prioridad a las villas miseria. Asimismo, el eje centro-periferia resultó clave en la articulación del imaginario social hegemónico sobre las villas. En la asociación entre villas y periferias, las representaciones se organizaron de acuerdo a una distancia física, pero también moral respecto de un centro urbano. Dichas conexiones entre periferia, villas y espacios relegados, suponen una serie de obstáculos epistemológicos. El primero de ellos reside en las dificultades propias de una lectura moral sobre los territorios urbanos relegados. El segundo responde a una lógica sociocéntrica: si la villa fue retratada en función de la realidad histórico-social de las principales urbes industrializadas del país, ¿hasta qué punto es aplicable dicho concepto en ciudades de menor tamaño, con una tradición urbana diferente? Producto de un estudio etnográfico sobre las ocupaciones de tierras y la conformación de asentamientos en Comodoro Rivadavia, el artículo pretende analizar cómo los imaginarios urbanos sobre la “villa" afecta los discursos locales sobre el modo en que la cuestión social se expresa en el territorio. En los relatos sobre los asentamientos, la villa es una categoría que solamente es invocada cuando se pretende evaluar moralmente a determinados espacios urbanos relegados.

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Son varias las creencias en el uso del concepto de función matemática. En esta investigación se estudian los antecedentes, avances, concepciones, creencias y dificultades en torno a este concepto, y se hace un recorrido de su evolución histórica. Se realiza un análisis de algunos obstáculos epistemológicos entorno a este concepto, partiendo de algunas investigaciones que han trabajado en torno a la temática en cuestión. Desde esta perspectiva se toma como muestra un grupo de estudiantes de las carreras económico administrativas de la Universidad de Medellín correspondiente al semestre lectivo 2012-2 y se les aplica un cuestionario, a partir de sus respuestas, estas son analizadas para establecer así la incidencia de sus concepciones y creencias, en el uso del concepto de función en este grupo de estudiantes. Así mismo, y a partir de las respuestas obtenidas desde el instrumento, se plantea la relación de este concepto con la enseñanza y el aprendizaje, haciendo uso de los registros de representación semiótica como elementos de relevancia para una mejor comprensión de estos temas.