Entre a cidade e a floresta: dissidência e anuência em The Scarlet Letter

Este artigo propõe uma leitura do romance The Scarlet Letter, de Nathaniel Hawthorne, enquanto viagem pelo espaço físico e ideológico norte-americano, através de uma análise dos diferentes momentos do percurso da letra A bordada por Hester Prynne. Movendo-se entre a cidade e a floresta, a personagem assume a sua individualidade e o desejo de afastamento da América puritana, mas, simultaneamente, ao longo da narrativa, percebe-se que a sua rebeldia é diluída num espírito comunitário e ideológico e que a letra A acaba por assumir aquele que provavelmente será o seu maior significado – a América. Esta leitura será feita juntamente com a análise dos artigos: “How the Puritans won the American Revolution” e “The Rites of Assent: Rhetoric, Ritual and the Ideology of American Consensus”, de Sacvan Bercovitch.

A letra escarlate como romance histórico: uma história de fragilidade humana e tristeza

The objective of this paper is to analyze the work of the American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804 - 1864), The Scarlet Letter (1850), in the light of the contributions of Literature and History of the American people in the context of New England. Accordingly, we highlight aspects that justify the inclusion of the work as a historical novel, especially based on the reading of The Historical Novel (1936-37) written by Georg Lukács. The diversity of voices and social interrelationships that come out of the main characters of the plot of the novel, as well as their contextual buildings, constituted as important traces to understanding the novel as being of historical value. During our study, we found out that it is in the plots of the novels that the characters reflect, at the same time, the specific conditions of their singularities, the general trends of the historical process and the social conditions from which they arise. We also could see that it is in their singularities that lie special tendencies of human beings. Our references to this study came from scholars as Howard (1964), Bakhtin (1998), Eagleton (2006), Todorov (2009), Zabel (1947), Sellers (1985), Cunlife (1986), Candido (1993) and Schwarz (1981)

Origini dell'ucronia. La letteratura contro la storia

L’ucronia (Alternate History) è un fenomeno letterario ormai popolare e molto studiato, ma non lo sono altrettanto lo sue origini e i suoi rapporti con la storia “fatta con i se” (Counterfactual History), che risale a Erodoto e a Tito Livio. Solo nell’Ottocento alcuni autori, per vie largamente autonome, fecero della storia alternativa un genere di fiction: Louis Geoffroy con Napoléon apocryphe (1836), storia «della conquista del mondo e della monarchia universale», e Charles Renouvier con Uchronie. L’utopie dans l’histoire (1876), storia «della civiltà europea quale avrebbe potuto essere» se il cristianesimo fosse stato fermato nel II secolo. Questi testi intrattengono relazioni complesse con la letteratura dell’epoca di genere sia realistico, sia fantastico, ma altresì con fenomeni di altra natura: la storiografia, nelle sue forme e nel suo statuto epistemico, e ancor più il senso del possibile - o la filosofia della storia - derivato dall’esperienza della rivoluzione e dal confronto con le teorie utopistiche e di riforma sociale. Altri testi, prodotti in Inghilterra e negli Stati Uniti nello stesso periodo, esplorano le possibilità narrative e speculative del genere: tra questi P.s’ Correspondence di Nathaniel Hawthorne (1845), The Battle of Dorking di George Chesney (1871) e Hands Off di Edward Hale (1881); fino a una raccolta del 1931, If It Had Happened Otherwise, che anticipò molte forme e temi delle ucronie successive. Queste opere sono esaminate sia nel contesto storico e letterario in cui furono prodotte, sia con gli strumenti dell’analisi testuale. Una particolare attenzione è dedicata alle strategie di lettura prescritte dai testi, che subordinano i significati al confronto mentale tra gli eventi narrati e la serie dei fatti autentici. Le teorie sui counterfactuals prodotte in altri campi disciplinari, come la storia e la psicologia, arricchiscono la comprensione dei testi e dei loro rapporti con fenomeni extra-letterari.

Hell, Heaven and Alchemy in Hawthorne’s “Scarlet Letter" according to Gnosticism

According to Gnosticism, the original sin which prompted man to be expelled from Heaven was the sin against the Holy Spirit. This offence would be strictly connected to sexuality, consisting mainly on fornication and adultery. The disobedient behavior towards the Lord’s Laws, then, made God banish sinners to a place where they should suffer until they could be redeemed by their own good deeds and saintly conduct. In The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, the main characters have to suffer the consequences of their sin and struggle against their own nature to achieve redemption and be purified.

Selections from the world's greatest short stories; illustrative of the history of short story writing;

Patient Griselda, from the "Decameron" of Boccaccio. Rewritten in English by the editor.--Aladdin, or The wonderful lamp, from "The Arabian nights".--Rip Van Winkle, by Washington Irving.--A passion in the desert, by Honoré de Balzac. Rewritten in English by the editor.--A child's dream of a star, by Charles Dickens.--A Christmas carol, by Charles Dickens.--A princess's tragedy, from "Barry Lyndon", by W.M. Thackeray.--The gold-bug, by Edgar Allan Poe.--The great stone face, by Nathaniel Hawthorne.--The necklace, and The string, by Guy de Maupassant. Rewritten in English by the editor.--The man who would be king, by Ruyard Kipling.--How Gavin Birse put it to Mag Lownie, from "A window in Thrums", by J.M. Barrie.--On the stairs, from "Tales of mean streets", by Arthur Morrison.

Should old acquaintance, formerly American pilgrimage,

Expanded from the author's radio program "American pilgrimage."

Franklin Pierce papers [microform]

Calendar published by the Library of Congress in 1917.

Literary essays.

Goethe and his influence -- The genius of Wordsworth -- Shelley and his poetry -- Mr. Browning -- The poetry of the Old Testament -- Arthur Hugh Clough -- The poetry of Matthew Arnold -- Tennyson -- Nathaniel Hawthorne.

The poet's poet, and other essays.

5th edition.

American magazine of useful and entertaining knowledge.

Vol. 2, no. 7 (Mar. 1836)-v. 2, no. 12 (Aug. 1836) were edited anonymously by Nathaniel Hawthorne, who, with his sister, Elizabeth, wrote or revised almost the entire contents.

The theology of modern fiction, being the twenty-sixth Fernley lecture delivered in Liverpool, July, 1896,

George Eliot.--Nathaniel Hawthorne.--Thomas Hardy.--George MacDonald and the Scottish school.--Mark Rutherford.

Hours in a library.

1st ser. is 2d ed., 1877.

Hours in a library,

Reprinted from the Cornhill magazine, Fraser's magazine, and the Fortnightly review.

Character and characteristic men,

"The first six of the essays, with the exception of that on Intellectual character, were published in Harper's magazine, between July and November, 1857, and the paper on Agassiz was also contributed to that periodical."-Pref.

Hours in a library.

Bibliographical footnotes.