Cortical mapping of the neuronal circuits modulating the muscle tone. Introduction to the electrophysiological treatment of the spastic hand.

L’objectiu d’aquest estudi es investigar l’organització cortical junt amb la connectivitat còrtico-subcortical en subjectes sans, com a estudi preliminar. Els mapes corticals s’han fet per TMS navegada, i els punts motors obtinguts s’han exportant per estudi tractogràfic i anàlisi de las seves connexions. El coneixement precís de la localització de l’àrea cortical motora primària i les seves connexions es la base per ser utilitzada en estudis posteriors de la reorganització cortical i sub-cortical en pacients amb infart cerebral. Aquesta reorganització es deguda a la neuroplasticitat i pot ser influenciada per els efectes neuromoduladors de la estimulació cerebral no invasiva.

Does a shift in host plants trigger speciation in the Alpine leaf beetle Oreina speciosissima (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)?

Background: Within the Coleoptera, the largest order in the animal kingdom, the exclusively herbivorous Chrysomelidae are recognized as one of the most species rich beetle families. The evolutionary processes that have fueled radiation into the more than thirty-five thousand currently recognized leaf beetle species remain partly unresolved. The prominent role of leaf beetles in the insect world, their omnipresence across all terrestrial biomes and their economic importance as common agricultural pest organisms make this family particularly interesting for studying the mechanisms that drive diversification. Here we specifically focus on two ecotypes of the alpine leaf beetle Oreina speciosissima (Scop.), which have been shown to exhibit morphological differences in male genitalia roughly corresponding to the subspecies Oreina speciosissima sensu stricto and Oreina speciosissima troglodytes. In general the two ecotypes segregate along an elevation gradient and by host plants: Oreina speciosissima sensu stricto colonizes high forb vegetation at low altitude and Oreina speciosissima troglodytes is found in stone run vegetation at higher elevations. Both host plants and leaf beetles have a patchy geographical distribution. Through use of gene sequencing and genome fingerprinting (AFLP) we analyzed the genetic structure and habitat use of Oreina speciosissima populations from the Swiss Alps to examine whether the two ecotypes have a genetic basis. By investigating a wide range of altitudes and focusing on the structuring effect of habitat types, we aim to provide answers regarding the factors that drive adaptive radiation in this phytophagous leaf beetle.Results: While little phylogenetic resolution was observed based on the sequencing of four DNA regions, the topology and clustering resulting from AFLP genotyping grouped specimens according to their habitat, mostly defined by plant associations. A few specimens with intermediate morphologies clustered with one of the two ecotypes or formed separate clusters consistent with habitat differences. These results were discussed in an ecological speciation framework.Conclusions: The question of whether this case of ecological differentiation occurred in sympatry or allopatry remains open. Still, the observed pattern points towards ongoing divergence between the two ecotypes which is likely driven by a recent shift in host plant use.

Coculture of bladder urothelial and smooth muscle cells on small intestinal submucosa: potential applications for tissue engineering technology.

PURPOSE: Small intestinal submucosa is a xenogenic, acellular, collagen rich membrane with inherent growth factors that has previously been shown to promote in vivo bladder regeneration. We evaluate in vitro use of small intestinal submucosa to support the individual and combined growth of bladder urothelial cells and smooth muscle cells for potential use in tissue engineering techniques, and in vitro study of the cellular mechanisms involved in bladder regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Primary cultures of human bladder urothelial cells and smooth muscle cells were established using standard enzymatic digestion or explant techniques. Cultured cells were then seeded on small intestinal submucosa at a density of 1 x 105 cells per cm.2, incubated and harvested at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. The 5 separate culture methods evaluated were urothelial cells seeded alone on the mucosal surface of small intestinal submucosa, smooth muscle cells seeded alone on the mucosal surface, layered coculture of smooth muscle cells seeded on the mucosal surface followed by urothelial cells 1 hour later, sandwich coculture of smooth muscle cells seeded on the serosal surface followed by seeding of urothelial cells on the mucosal surface 24 hours later, and mixed coculture of urothelial cells and smooth muscle cells mixed and seeded together on the mucosal surface. Following harvesting at the designated time points small intestinal submucosa cell constructs were formalin fixed and processed for routine histology including Masson trichrome staining. Specific cell growth characteristics were studied with particular attention to cell morphology, cell proliferation and layering, cell sorting, presence of a pseudostratified urothelium and matrix penetrance. To aid in the identification of smooth muscle cells and urothelial cells in the coculture groups, immunohistochemical analysis was performed with antibodies to alpha-smooth muscle actin and cytokeratins AE1/AE3. RESULTS: Progressive 3-dimensional growth of urothelial cells and smooth muscle cells occurred in vitro on small intestinal submucosa. When seeded alone urothelial cells and smooth muscle cells grew in several layers with minimal to no matrix penetration. In contrast, layered, mixed and sandwich coculture methods demonstrated significant enhancement of smooth muscle cell penetration of the membrane. The layered and sandwich coculture techniques resulted in organized cell sorting, formation of a well-defined pseudostratified urothelium and multilayered smooth muscle cells with enhanced matrix penetration. With the mixed coculture technique there was no evidence of cell sorting although matrix penetrance by the smooth muscle cells was evident. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that urothelial cells and smooth muscle cells maintain the expression of the phenotypic markers of differentiation alpha-smooth muscle actin and cytokeratins AE1/AE3. CONCLUSIONS: Small intestinal submucosa supports the 3-dimensional growth of human bladder cells in vitro. Successful combined growth of bladder cells on small intestinal submucosa with different seeding techniques has important future clinical implications with respect to tissue engineering technology. The results of our study demonstrate that there are important smooth muscle cell-epithelial cell interactions involved in determining the type of in vitro cell growth that occurs on small intestinal submucosa. Small intestinal submucosa is a valuable tool for in vitro study of the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions that are involved in regeneration and various disease processes of the bladder.

TWEAK, via its receptor Fn14, is a novel regulator of mesenchymal progenitor cells and skeletal muscle regeneration.

Inflammation participates in tissue repair through multiple mechanisms including directly regulating the cell fate of resident progenitor cells critical for successful regeneration. Upon surveying target cell types of the TNF ligand TWEAK, we observed that TWEAK binds to all progenitor cells of the mesenchymal lineage and induces NF-kappaB activation and the expression of pro-survival, pro-proliferative and homing receptor genes in the mesenchymal stem cells, suggesting that this pro-inflammatory cytokine may play an important role in controlling progenitor cell biology. We explored this potential using both the established C2C12 cell line and primary mouse muscle myoblasts, and demonstrated that TWEAK promoted their proliferation and inhibited their terminal differentiation. By generating mice deficient in the TWEAK receptor Fn14, we further showed that Fn14-deficient primary myoblasts displayed significantly reduced proliferative capacity and altered myotube formation. Following cardiotoxin injection, a known trigger for satellite cell-driven skeletal muscle regeneration, Fn14-deficient mice exhibited reduced inflammatory response and delayed muscle fiber regeneration compared with wild-type mice. These results indicate that the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway is a novel regulator of skeletal muscle precursor cells and illustrate an important mechanism by which inflammatory cytokines influence tissue regeneration and repair. Coupled with our recent demonstration that TWEAK potentiates liver progenitor cell proliferation, the expression of Fn14 on all mesenchymal lineage progenitor cells supports a broad involvement of this pathway in other tissue injury and disease settings.

Impact of the Advisa MRI pacing system on the diagnostic quality of cardiac MR images and contraction patterns of cardiac muscle during scans: Advisa MRI randomized clinical multicenter study results.

BACKGROUND: The Advisa MRI system is designed to safely undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Its influence on image quality is not well known. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) image quality and to characterize myocardial contraction patterns by using the Advisa MRI system. METHODS: In this international trial with 35 participating centers, an Advisa MRI system was implanted in 263 patients. Of those, 177 were randomized to the MRI group and 150 underwent MRI scans at the 9-12-week visit. Left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) cine long-axis steady-state free precession MR images were graded for quality. Signal loss along the implantable pulse generator and leads was measured. The tagging CMR data quality was assessed as the percentage of trackable tagging points on complementary spatial modulation of magnetization acquisitions (n=16) and segmental circumferential fiber shortening was quantified. RESULTS: Of all cine long-axis steady-state free precession acquisitions, 95% of LV and 98% of RV acquisitions were of diagnostic quality, with 84% and 93%, respectively, being of good or excellent quality. Tagging points were trackable from systole into early diastole (360-648 ms after the R-wave) in all segments. During RV pacing, tagging demonstrated a dyssynchronous contraction pattern, which was not observed in nonpaced (n = 4) and right atrial-paced (n = 8) patients. CONCLUSIONS: In the Advisa MRI study, high-quality CMR images for the assessment of cardiac anatomy and function were obtained in most patients with an implantable pacing system. In addition, this study demonstrated the feasibility of acquiring tagging data to study the LV function during pacing.

The effect of elevated muscle fluid volume on indices of muscle damage following an acute bout of eccentric exercise

The primary purpose of the current investigation was to develop an elevated muscle fluid level using a human in-vivo model. The secondary purpose was to determine if an increased muscle fluid content could alter the acute muscle damage response following a bout of eccentric exercise. Eight healthy, recreationally active males participated in a cross-over design involving two randomly assigned trials. A hydration trial (HYD) consisting of a two hour infusion of a hypotonic (0.45%) saline at a rate of 20mL/minVl .73m"^ and a control trial (CON), separated by four weeks. Following the infusion (HYD) or rest period (CON), participants completed a single leg isokinetic eccentric exercise protocol of the quadriceps, consisting of 10 sets of 10 repetitions with a one minute rest between each set. Muscle biopsies were collected prior to the exercise, immediately following and at three hours post exercise. Muscle analysis included determination of wet-dry ratios and quantification of muscle damage using toluidine blue staining and light microscopy. Blood samples were collected prior to, immediately post, three and 24 hours post exercise to determine changes in creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Creactive protein (CRP) levels. Results demonstrated an increased muscle fluid volume in the HYD condition following the infusion when compared to the CON condition. Isometric peak torque was significantly reduced following the exercise in both the HYD and CON conditions. There were no significant differences in the number of areas of muscle damage at any of the time points in either condition, with no differences between conditions. CK levels were significantly greater 24hour post exercise compared to pre, immediately and three hours post similarly in both conditions. LD in the HYD condition followed a similar trend as CK with 24 hour levels higher than pre, immediately post and three hours post and LD levels were significantly greater 24 hours post compared to pre levels in the CON condition, with no differences between conditions. A significant main effect for time was observed for CRP (p<0.05) for time, such that CRP levels increased consistently at each subsequent time point. However, CRP and IL-6 levels were not different at any of the measured time points when comparing the two conditions. Although the current investigation was able to successfully increase muscle fluid volume and an increased CK, LD and CRP were observed, no muscle damage was observed following the eccentric exercise protocol in the CON or HYD conditions. Therefore, the hypotonic infusion used in the HYD condition proved to be a viable method to acutely increase muscle fluid content in in-vivo human skeletal muscle.

Endothelin-1 and H2O2-induced signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells : modulation by CaMKII and Nitric oxide

L’endothéline-1 (ET-1) est un peptide vasoactif extrêmement puissant qui possède une forte activité mitogénique dans les cellules du muscle lisse vasculaire (VSMCs). Il a été démontré que l’ET-1 est impliquée dans plusieurs maladies cardio-vasculaires, comme l’athérosclérose, l'hypertension, la resténose après l'angioplastie, l’insuffisance cardiaque et l'arythmie. L’ET-1 exerce ses effets via plusieurs voies de signalisation qui incluent le Ca2+, les protéines kinases activées par les mitogènes (MAPKs) y compris les kinases régulées par les signaux extracellulaires (ERK1/2) et la voie de la phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K)/protein kinase B (PKB). Plusieurs études ont démontré que les dérivés réactifs de l'oxygène (ROS) peuvent jouer un rôle important dans la signalisation d’ERK1/2 et de PKB induite par plusieurs facteurs de croissance et hormones. Nous avons précédemment montré que l'ET-1 produit des ROS qui agissent comme médiateur de la signalisation cellulaire induite par l’ET-1. Le peroxyde d’hydrogène (H2O2), une molécule qui appartient à la famille des ROS, peut activer les voies de la MAPK et de la PKB dans les VSMCs. Par ailleurs, nos résultats suggèrent également que le Ca2+ et la calmoduline (CaM) sont essentiels pour la phosphorylation d’ERK1/2, de p38 et de PKB induite par le H2O2 dans les VSMCs. La Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinases II (CaMKII) est une sérine/thréonine protéine kinase multifonctionnelle activée par le Ca2+/CaM. Il a été montré que la CaMKII est impliquée dans les voies de signalisation induite par le H2O2 dans les cellules endothéliales. Cependant, le rôle de la CaMKII dans la phosphorylation d’ERK1/2, de PKB et de la proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) induite par l’ET-1 et le H2O2, de même que son rôle dans l’effet hypertrophique et prolifératif de l’ET-1 dans les VSMCs demeure inexploré. Le monoxyde d’azote (NO) est une molécule vasoactive impliquée dans la régulation de plusieurs réponses hormonales. Le NO peut moduler la signalisation contrôlant la croissance cellulaire induite par plusieurs agonistes d’où son rôle protecteur dans le système vasculaire. Des études ont montré que le NO peut inhiber la voie de Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 et la voie de PKB induite par le facteur de croissance endothélial (EGF) et l’angiotensine II (Ang II). Beaucoup d’autres travaux ont mis en évidence un cross-talk entre les voies de signalisation activées par l’ET-1 et le NO. La capacité du NO à inhiber la signalisation intracellulaire induite par l’ET-1 dans les VSMCs demeure inconnue. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse vise à déterminer le rôle du système Ca2+-CaM-CaMKII dans la phosphorylation d’ERK1/2, de PKB et de Pyk2 induite par l’ET-1 et le H2O2 ainsi que son rôle dans la croissance et la prolifération cellulaire induites par l’ET-1 dans les VSMCs. Nous avons également testé le rôle du NO dans la phosphorylation d’ERK1/2, de PKB et de Pyk2 ainsi que la synthèse protéique induite par l’ET-1. Dans la première partie de notre étude, nous avons examiné le rôle de la CaMKII dans la phosphorylation d’ERK1/2 et de PKB induite par l’ET-1 dans les VSMCs en utilisant trois approches différentes i.e. l'usage d'inhibiteurs pharmacologiques, un peptide auto-inhibiteur de la CaMKII (CaMKII AIP) et la technique de siRNA. Nous avons démontré que la CaMKII est impliquée dans la phosphorylation d’ERK1/2 et de PKB induite par l’ET-1 dans les VSMCs. Des études précédentes ont montré à l’aide d’inhibiteurs pharmacologiques comme le KN-93 que l'Ang II et les agents induisant une augmentation de la concentration en Ca2+ intracellulaire comme l’ionomycine, provoquent la phosphorylation d’ERK1/2 via la CaM dans les VSMCs. Cependant, en utilisant différentes approches, nos études ont montré pour la première fois une implication de la CaMKII dans la phosphorylation d’ERK1/2 et de PKB induite par l’ET-1 dans les VSMCs. Nous avons également rapporté pour la première fois, un rôle crucial de la CaMKII dans la pathophysiologie vasculaire associée à l’ET-1 puisque l’activation de la CaMKII joue un rôle important dans l’hypertrophie et la croissance cellulaire. Dans la deuxième partie, à la lumière des études précédentes qui montraient que les ROS agissent comme médiateurs de la signalisation induite par l’ET-1 dans les VSMCs, nous avons examiné si la CaMKII est également impliquée dans l’activation des voies d’ERK1/2 et de PKB induite par le H2O2. En utilisant des approches pharmacologiques et moléculaires, nous avons montré, comme pour l’ET-1, que la CaMKII joue un rôle critique en amont de la phosphorylation d’ERK1/2, de PKB et de Pyk2 induite par le H2O2. Nous avons précédemment montré que la transactivation du récepteur de type I de l’insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1R) est nécessaire à l’activation de PKB induite par le H2O2. Pour cette raison, nous avons examiné l'effet de l'inhibition de la CaMKII par l’inhibiteur pharmacologique ou par le knock-down de la CaMKII sur la phosphorylation d’IGF-1R induite par le H2O2. Les résultats démontrent que la CaMKII joue un rôle critique en amont de la phosphorylation d’ERK1/2, de PKB et d’IGF-1R induite par le H2O2. Dans la troisième partie de notre étude, nous avons également examiné le mécanisme moléculaire par lequel le NO exerce ses effets anti-mitogéniques et anti-hypertrophiques dans la signalisation induite par l’ET-1. En testant l'effet de deux différents donneurs de NO (S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), sodium nitroprusside (SNP)) et un inhibiteur de NO synthase, le N (G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) dans la phosphorylation d’ERK1/2, de PKB et de Pyk2 induite par l’ET-1, nous avons observé que le NO a un effet inhibiteur sur la signalisation induite par l’ET-1 dans les VSMCs. Par ailleurs, le 8-Br-GMPc, un analogue du GMPc, a un effet similaire à celui des deux donneurs du NO, tandis que l’oxadiazole quinoxaline (ODQ), un inhibiteur de la guanylate cyclase soluble, inverse l'effet inhibiteur du NO. Nous concluons que le NO diminue la phosphorylation d’ERK1/2, de PKB et de Pyk2 induite par l’ET-1 d’une manière dépendante du GMPc. Le NO inhibe aussi les effets hypertrophiques de l’ET-1 puisque le traitement avec le SNAP diminue la synthèse des protéines induite par l’ET-1. En résumé, les études présentées dans cette thèse démontrent que l’ET-1 et le H2O2 sont des activateurs de la phosphorylation d’ERK1/2, de PKB et de Pyk2 dans les VSMCs et que la CaMKII s’avère nécessaire pour ce processus, en agissant en amont de l’activation de IGF-1R induite par le H2O2 dans les VSMCs. Elles montrent également que le NO inhibe la phosphorylation d’ERK1/2, de PKB et de Pyk2 induite par l’ET-1. Enfin, nos travaux suggèrent aussi que l’activation de la CaMKII stimule la synthèse des protéines et de l’ADN induites par l’ET-1 alors que le NO inhibe la synthèse des protéines induite par ET-1. Mots clés: Endothéline ; Peroxyde d'hydrogène ; CaMKII ; Monoxyde d’azote ; Système vasculaire ; PKB; ERK1/2; IGF-1R; Hypertrophie.

Rhythmic Masticatory Muscle Activity during Sleep: Etiology and Clinical Perspectives

L’activité rythmique des muscles masticateurs (ARMM) pendant le sommeil se retrouve chez environ 60% de la population générale adulte. L'étiologie de ce mouvement n'est pas encore complètement élucidée. Il est cependant démontré que l’augmentation de la fréquence des ARMM peut avoir des conséquences négatives sur le système masticatoire. Dans ce cas, l'ARMM est considérée en tant que manifestation d'un trouble moteur du sommeil connue sous le nom de bruxisme. Selon la Classification Internationale des Troubles du Sommeil, le bruxisme est décrit comme le serrement et grincement des dents pendant le sommeil. La survenue des épisodes d’ARMM est associée à une augmentation du tonus du système nerveux sympathique, du rythme cardiaque, de la pression artérielle et elle est souvent en association avec une amplitude respiratoire accrue. Tous ces événements peuvent être décrits dans le contexte d’un micro-éveil du sommeil. Cette thèse comprend quatre articles de recherche visant à étudier i) l'étiologie de l’ARMM pendant le sommeil en relation aux micro-éveils, et à évaluer ii) les aspects cliniques du bruxisme du sommeil, du point de vue diagnostique et thérapeutique. Pour approfondir l'étiologie de l’ARMM et son association avec la fluctuation des micro-éveils, nous avons analysé le patron cyclique alternant (ou cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) en anglais), qui est une méthode d’analyse qui permet d’évaluer l'instabilité du sommeil et de décrire la puissance des micro-éveils. Le CAP a été étudié chez des sujets bruxeurs et des sujets contrôles qui ont participé à deux protocoles expérimentaux, dans lesquels la structure et la stabilité du sommeil ont été modifiées par l'administration d'un médicament (la clonidine), ou avec l'application de stimulations sensorielles (de type vibratoire/auditif) pendant le sommeil. Dans ces deux conditions expérimentales caractérisées par une instabilité accrue du sommeil, nous étions en mesure de démontrer que les micro-éveils ne sont pas la cause ou le déclencheur de l’ARMM, mais ils représentent plutôt la «fenêtre permissive» qui facilite l'apparition de ces mouvements rythmiques au cours du sommeil. Pour évaluer la pertinence clinique du bruxisme, la prévalence et les facteurs de risque, nous avons effectué une étude épidémiologique dans une population pédiatrique (7-17 ans) qui était vue en consultation en orthodontie. Nous avons constaté que le bruxisme est un trouble du sommeil très fréquent chez les enfants (avec une prévalence de 15%), et il est un facteur de risque pour l'usure des dents (risque relatif rapproché, RRR 8,8), la fatigue des muscles masticateurs (RRR 10,5), les maux de tête fréquents (RRR 4,3), la respiration bruyante pendant le sommeil (RRR 3,1), et divers symptômes liés au sommeil, tels que la somnolence diurne (RRR 7,4). Ces résultats nous ont amenés à développer une étude expérimentale pour évaluer l'efficacité d'un appareil d'avancement mandibulaire (AAM) chez un groupe d'adolescents qui présentaient à la fois du bruxisme, du ronflement et des maux de tête fréquents. L'hypothèse est que dans la pathogenèse de ces comorbidités, il y a un mécanisme commun, probablement lié à la respiration pendant le sommeil, et que l'utilisation d'un AAM peut donc agir sur plusieurs aspects liés. À court terme, le traitement avec un AAM semble diminuer l'ARMM (jusqu'à 60% de diminution), et améliorer le ronflement et les maux de tête chez les adolescents. Cependant, le mécanisme d'action exact des AAM demeure incertain; leur efficacité peut être liée à l'amélioration de la respiration pendant le sommeil, mais aussi à l'influence que ces appareils pourraient avoir sur le système masticatoire. Les interactions entre le bruxisme du sommeil, la respiration et les maux de tête, ainsi que l'efficacité et la sécurité à long terme des AAM chez les adolescents, nécessitent des études plus approfondies.

Effect of 830 nm low-level laser therapy applied before high-intensity exercises on skeletal muscle recovery in athletes

Our aim was to investigate the immediate effects of bilateral, 830 nm, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on high-intensity exercise and biochemical markers of skeletal muscle recovery, in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial set in a sports physiotherapy clinic. Twenty male athletes (nine professional volleyball players and eleven adolescent soccer players) participated. Active LLLT (830 nm wavelength, 100 mW, spot size 0.0028 cm(2), 3-4 J per point) or an identical placebo LLLT was delivered to five points in the rectus femoris muscle (bilaterally). The main outcome measures were the work performed in the Wingate test: 30 s of maximum cycling with a load of 7.5% of body weight, and the measurement of blood lactate (BL) and creatine kinase (CK) levels before and after exercise. There was no significant difference in the work performed during the Wingate test (P > 0.05) between subjects given active LLLT and those given placebo LLLT. For volleyball athletes, the change in CK levels from before to after the exercise test was significantly lower (P = 0.0133) for those given active LLLT (2.52 U l(-1) +/- 7.04 U l(-1)) than for those given placebo LLLT (28.49 U l(-1) +/- 22.62 U l(-1)). For the soccer athletes, the change in blood lactate levels from before exercise to 15 min after exercise was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the group subjected to active LLLT (8.55 mmol l(-1) +/- 2.14 mmol l(-1)) than in the group subjected to placebo LLLT (10.52 mmol l(-1) +/- 1.82 mmol l(-1)). LLLT irradiation before the Wingate test seemed to inhibit an expected post-exercise increase in CK level and to accelerate post-exercise lactate removal without affecting test performance. These findings suggest that LLLT may be of benefit in accelerating post-exercise recovery.

Effect of 830 nm low-level laser therapy in exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue in humans

This study aimed to investigate the effect of 830 nm low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on skeletal muscle fatigue. Ten healthy male professional volleyball players entered a crossover randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Active LLLT (830 nm wavelength, 100 mW output, spot size 0.0028 cm(2), 200 s total irradiation time) or an identical placebo LLLT was delivered to four points on the biceps humeri muscle immediately before exercises. All subjects performed voluntary biceps humeri contractions with a load of 75% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force until exhaustion. After active LLLT the mean number of repetitions was significantly higher than after placebo irradiation [mean difference 4.5, standard deviation (SD) +/- 6.0, P = 0.042], the blood lactate levels increased after exercises, but there was no significant difference between the treatments. We concluded that 830 nm LLLT can delay the onset of skeletal muscle fatigue in high-intensity exercises, in spite of increased blood lactate levels.

Comparison between cold water immersion therapy (CWIT) and light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) in short-term skeletal muscle recovery after high-intensity exercise in athletes-preliminary results

In the last years, phototherapy has becoming a promising tool to improve skeletal muscle recovery after exercise, however, it was not compared with other modalities commonly used with this aim. In the present study we compared the short-term effects of cold water immersion therapy (CWIT) and light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) with placebo LEDT on biochemical markers related to skeletal muscle recovery after high-intensity exercise. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial was performed with six male young futsal athletes. They were treated with CWIT (5A degrees C of temperature [SD +/- 1A degrees]), active LEDT (69 LEDs with wavelengths 660/850 nm, 10/30 mW of output power, 30 s of irradiation time per point, and 41.7 J of total energy irradiated per point, total of ten points irradiated) or an identical placebo LEDT 5 min after each of three Wingate cycle tests. Pre-exercise, post-exercise, and post-treatment measurements were taken of blood lactate levels, creatine kinase (CK) activity, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. There were no significant differences in the work performed during the three Wingate tests (p > 0.05). All biochemical parameters increased from baseline values (p < 0.05) after the three exercise tests, but only active LEDT decreased blood lactate levels (p = 0.0065) and CK activity (p = 0.0044) significantly after treatment. There were no significant differences in CRP values after treatments. We concluded that treating the leg muscles with LEDT 5 min after the Wingate cycle test seemed to inhibit the expected post-exercise increase in blood lactate levels and CK activity. This suggests that LEDT has better potential than 5 min of CWIT for improving short-term post-exercise recovery.

Age-related changes in muscle fiber type frequencies and cross-sectional areas in straightbred and crossbred rabbits

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The Effects of a 785-nm AlGaInP Laser on the Regeneration of Rat Anterior Tibialis Muscle After Surgically-Induced Injury

Objective: This study aims to investigate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on muscle regeneration. For this purpose, the anterior tibialis muscle of 48 male Wistar rats received AlGaInP laser treatment (785 nm) after surgically-induced injury.Background Data: Few studies have been conducted on the effects of LLLT on muscle regeneration at different irradiation doses.Materials and Methods: The animals were randomized into four groups: uninjured rats (UN); uninjured and laser-irradiated rats (ULI); injured rats (IN); and injured and laser-irradiated rats (ILI). The direct contact laser treatment was started 24 h after surgery. An AlGaInP diode laser emitting 75 mW of continuous power at 785 nm was used for irradiation. The laser probe was placed at three treatment points to deliver 0.9 J per point, for a total dose of 2.7 J per treatment session. The animals were euthanized after treatment sessions 1, 2, and 4. Mounted sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and used for quantitative morphological analysis, in which the number of leukocytes and fibroblasts were counted over an area of 4480 mu m(2). The data were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Bonferroni t-test.Results: Quantitative data showed that the number of both polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocytes in the inflammatory infiltrate at the injury site was smaller in the ILI(1), ILI(2), and ILI(4) subgroups compared with their respective control subgroups (IN(1), IN(2), and IN(4)) for sessions 1, 2, and 4, respectively (p < 0.05). on the other hand, the number of fibroblasts increased after the fourth treatment session (p < 0.05). With regard to the regeneration of muscle fibers following injury, only after the fourth treatment session was it possible to find muscle precursor cells such as myoblasts and some myotubes in the ILI(4) subgroup.Conclusion: During the acute inflammatory phase, the AlGaInP laser treatment was found to have anti-inflammatory effects, reducing the number of leukocytes at the injury site and accelerating the regeneration of connective tissue.

Chemical composition and tenderness of longissimus dorsi muscle from non- castrated Murrah buffaloes slaughtered at different weights

Buffalo meat production has been arising interest breeder and emerges as alternative to consumer, more and more demanding of the quality products. Thus, this research was conducted to study the chemical composition and tenderness of Longissimus dorsi muscle from 10 non-castrated Murrah buffaloes slaughtered at different weights. The research was carried in feedlot of School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. Animals were divided in two groups, received diet ad libitum and slaughtered when reached 450 and 500 kg of live weight. The experiment design was completely randomized, with five repetitions to each treatment. Meat sample from Longissimus dorsi muscle, taken between 12(th) and 13(th) ribs, were carried analysis of moisture, crude protein, fat, ash, Longissimus muscle area (LMA), fat thickness (FT), marbling, calorie and tenderness. It did not have significant difference between the groups. Average values at of 76.0; 20.7; 2.1 and 1.2 of moisture, crude protein, fat and ash respectively, were obtained. Calorie, tenderness, LMA, FT and marbling were obtained at average values of 132 kca1/100g; 3.94 kgf; 34.2 cm(2); 5.9 mm and 2 points, respectively. Values obtained for tenderness are similar in the literature and has been proving that buffalo meat is tender (< 5kgf). Positive correlation was observed between the protein percentage and the shear force of the meat. The buffalo meat is excellent alternative source of red protein of high biological value to feeding of Brazilian consumers.

A Preliminary and Qualitative Metallomics Study of Mercury in the Muscle of Fish from Amazonas, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)