DITRANS - a multi-agent system for integrated diagnosis of power transformers

This paper describes the development and the implementation of a multi-agent system for integrated diagnosis of power transformers. The system is divided in layers which contain a number of agents performing different functions. The social ability and cooperation between the agents lead to the final diagnosis and to other relevant conclusions through integrating various monitoring technologies, diagnostic methods and data sources, such as the dissolved gas analysis.

Dosimetria numa população de profissionais expostos a radiações ionizantes

Mestrado em Radiações Aplicadas às Tecnologias da Saúde - Área de especialização: Proteção Contra as Radiações.

Exposição de profissionais de saúde a radiações ionizantes : confiança dos profissionais nas leituras de dosimetria individual

Resumo - O avanço tecnológico e científico no campo da Medicina tem favorecido a aplicação das radiações ionizantes nas áreas da Medicina Nuclear, Radiologia, Radioterapia e noutras especialidades relacionadas com a medicina de intervenção, como a Cardiologia. As Organizações de Saúde, com profissionais com risco de exposição a radiações ionizantes, são responsáveis, legislativamente, por assegurar a sua vigilância. Certificando a observação controlada das doses de exposição, os profissionais são monitorizados com dosímetros individuais e submetidos a vigilância médica. As leituras de dosímetria individual destes profissionais, originam por vezes, nos próprios, desconfianças e incertezas quanto aos valores medidos. Objectivo: avaliar o grau de confiança dos profissionais de saúde, expostos a radiações ionizantes, no sistema de monitorização individual. Metodologia: estudo observacional do tipo analítico- transversal, por questionário. Amostra de 190 Técnicos de Diagnóstico e Terapêutica de Cardiopneumologia, Medicina Nuclear, Radiologia, Radioterapia, expostos a radiações ionizantes, que exercem a sua actividade profissional em hospitais do concelho de Lisboa. Resultados: 51,1% dos Técnicos de Diagnóstico e Terapêutica não confiam nas leituras dos dosímetros, não se determinou uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre essa confiança, o tipo de dosímetro e a empresa que realiza as leituras. A confiança é maior nos que exercem em Organizações de Saúde públicas. 40,2% das Organizações de Saúde apresentam plano de vigilância médica, constatando-se uma falta de conformidade entre os Técnicos de Diagnóstico e Terapêutica, nalguns hospitais, relativamente à existência desse plano no respectivo hospital. A margem de erro associado ao estudo é de 5,09%, com um nível de confiança de 95%. -----------Abstract - The technological and scientific advances in the field of medicine has encouraged the application of ionizing radiation with a considerable positive contribution in the areas of Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, Radiotherapy and other specialties related to medical intervention like Cardiology. The Health Organizations that arise the risk of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation and is their responsibility to ensure monitoring, according the law. To ensure the monitoring of controlled doses of exposure, the exposed works use an individual dosimeter and undergo medical supervision. The individual dosimetry readings of health-care professionals, is sometimes questionable for themselves, arising distrust and uncertainty about the values measured. Objective: evaluate the degree of confidence of health professionals, exposed to radiation, on the system of individual monitoring. Methods: Observational study of cross-type analysis by questionnaire. Sample of 190 of technologists of Cardiopneumology, Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, Radiotherapy, exposed to ionizing radiation, which work in hospitals on the region of Lisbon. Results: 51.1% of technologists does not rely on the readings of their dosimeters, and wasn’t determined a statistically significant relationship between this trust, the type of dosimeter and the company that makes the readings(s) of their(s) dosimeter(s). The confidence in the readings is higher in public Health Organizations. 40.2% of the Health Organizations have medical monitoring plan and there is a disagreement between technologists, in some hospitals, relatively to the existence of this plan in their hospital. It was estimated that the u

Produção Sustentável em BT- Análise de Características de Contadores Inteligentes

A crescente necessidade de reduzir a dependência energética e a emissão de gases de efeito de estufa levou à adoção de uma série de políticas a nível europeu com vista a aumentar a eficiência energética e nível de controlo de equipamentos, reduzir o consumo e aumentar a percentagem de energia produzida a partir de fontes renováveis. Estas medidas levaram ao desenvolvimento de duas situações críticas para o setor elétrico: a substituição das cargas lineares tradicionais, pouco eficientes, por cargas não-lineares mais eficientes e o aparecimento da produção distribuída de energia a partir de fontes renováveis. Embora apresentem vantagens bem documentadas, ambas as situações podem afetar negativamente a qualidade de energia elétrica na rede de distribuição, principalmente na rede de baixa tensão onde é feita a ligação com a maior parte dos clientes e onde se encontram as cargas não-lineares e a ligação às fontes de energia descentralizadas. Isto significa que a monitorização da qualidade de energia tem, atualmente, uma importância acrescida devido aos custos relacionados com perdas inerentes à falta de qualidade de energia elétrica na rede e à necessidade de verificar que determinados parâmetros relacionados com a qualidade de energia elétrica se encontram dentro dos limites previstos nas normas e nos contratos com clientes de forma a evitar disputas ou reclamações. Neste sentido, a rede de distribuição tem vindo a sofrer alterações a nível das subestações e dos postos de transformação que visam aumentar a visibilidade da qualidade de energia na rede em tempo real. No entanto, estas medidas só permitem monitorizar a qualidade de energia até aos postos de transformação de média para baixa tensão, não revelando o estado real da qualidade de energia nos pontos de entrega ao cliente. A monitorização nestes pontos é feita periodicamente e não em tempo real, ficando aquém do necessário para assegurar a deteção correta de problemas de qualidade de energia no lado do consumidor. De facto, a metodologia de monitorização utilizada atualmente envolve o envio de técnicos ao local onde surgiu uma reclamação ou a um ponto de medição previsto para instalar um analisador de energia que permanece na instalação durante um determinado período de tempo. Este tipo de monitorização à posteriori impossibilita desde logo a deteção do problema de qualidade de energia que levou à reclamação, caso não se trate de um problema contínuo. Na melhor situação, o aparelho poderá detetar uma réplica do evento, mas a larga percentagem anomalias ficam fora deste processo por serem extemporâneas. De facto, para detetar o evento que deu origem ao problema é necessário monitorizar permanentemente a qualidade de energia. No entanto este método de monitorização implica a instalação permanente de equipamentos e não é viável do ponto de vista das empresas de distribuição de energia já que os equipamentos têm custos demasiado elevados e implicam a necessidade de espaços maiores nos pontos de entrega para conter os equipamentos e o contador elétrico. Uma alternativa possível que pode tornar viável a monitorização permanente da qualidade de energia consiste na introdução de uma funcionalidade de monitorização nos contadores de energia de determinados pontos da rede de distribuição. Os contadores são obrigatórios em todas as instalações ligadas à rede, para efeitos de faturação. Tradicionalmente estes contadores são eletromecânicos e recentemente começaram a ser substituídos por contadores inteligentes (smart meters), de natureza eletrónica, que para além de fazer a contagem de energia permitem a recolha de informação sobre outros parâmetros e aplicação de uma serie de funcionalidades pelo operador de rede de distribuição devido às suas capacidades de comunicação. A reutilização deste equipamento com finalidade de analisar a qualidade da energia junto dos pontos de entrega surge assim como uma forma privilegiada dado que se trata essencialmente de explorar algumas das suas características adicionais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a possibilidade descrita de monitorizar a qualidade de energia elétrica de forma permanente no ponto de entrega ao cliente através da utilização do contador elétrico do mesmo e elaborar um conjunto de requisitos para o contador tendo em conta a normalização aplicável, as características dos equipamentos utilizados atualmente pelo operador de rede e as necessidades do sistema elétrico relativamente à monitorização de qualidade de energia.

Padrão de prescrição de psicofármacos em unidades de internamento agudo de serviços de psiquiatria em Portugal

RESUMO: Os psicofármacos desempenham um papel central no tratamento das doenças mentais. Apesar das divergências verificadas nos padrões de prescrição de psicofármacos intra e inter países, diversos estudos têm alertado para os riscos da polifarmácia e da sobredosagem, particularmente de antipsicóticos. Em Portugal, o Plano Nacional de Saúde Mental 2007-2016 prevê a monitorização periódica do padrão de prescrição de psicofármacos. No entanto, apenas existem dados relativos à utilização de psicofármacos em ambulatório, faltando dados relativos ao padrão de prescrição nos cuidados especializados. Este estudo teve como principal objetivo estabelecer o Padrão de Prescrição de Psicofármacos em Unidades de Internamento Agudo de Serviços de Psiquiatria em Portugal e determinar a prevalência da polifarmácia e sobredosagem antipsicótica, de modo a recolher dados que possam servir de base para posteriores monitorizações. Métodos: “Censo de 1 dia” da prescrição de psicofármacos em 12 Unidades de Internamento Agudo de Psiquiatria em Portugal, num total de 272 doentes. Resultados: A larga maioria (94,1%) dos doentes incluídos estava medicada com mais do que um psicofármaco. Apenas 1,1% dos doentes não tinham qualquer psicofármaco prescrito e 4,8% encontravam-se em monoterapia. A média de psicofármacos prescritos por doente era de 3,2±1,3, significativamente superior nos indivíduos do sexo feminino, naqueles com antecedentes de acompanhamento em consulta de psiquiatria, nos que tinham internamentos prévios e nos que estavam internados voluntariamente. As classes de psicofármacos mais prescritas de modo regular eram os antipsicóticos (prescritos a 87,5% dos doentes), as benzodiazepinas (81,2% dos doentes), os antidepressivos (39% dos doentes) e os estabilizadores de humor (31,6% dos doentes). Dos doentes medicados com antipsicóticos, 41,6% tinham prescritos pelo menos 2 antipsicóticos em associação e esta prescrição combinada era significativamente superior nos doentes com internamento prévio e naqueles que tinham prescrito um antipsicótico injetável de ação prolongada. Excluindo as prescrições em SOS, encontraram-se prescritas doses de antipsicóticos superiores às recomendadas em 13,9% dos doentes, os quais eram significativamente mais novos. A sobredosagem antipsicótica era significativamente superior nos doentes do sexo masculino, nos desempregados e reformados, naqueles com internamento prévio, nos que estavam internados compulsivamente, naqueles com diagnóstico de “esquizofrenia ou outra psicose”, naqueles medicados com antipsicóticos em associação e nos que faziam antipsicóticos injetáveis de ação prolongada. Incluindo as prescrições de antipsicóticos em SOS, presentes em mais de metade dos doentes, a percentagem de doentes em sobredosagem antipsicótica atingia os 49,2%. Conclusão: Os resultados são indicadores de práticas de prescrição divergentes das recomendadas, o que pode ter implicações clínicas e económicas. Parece imperativo otimizar a prescrição de psicofármacos nas unidades de internamento agudo de psiquiatria em Portugal, no sentido de melhorar a qualidade dos serviços prestados ---------------- ABSTRACT: Psychotropic drugs play a central role in the treatment of mental disorders. Despite the variation in patterns of psychotropic prescription within and between countries, several studies have warned about the risks of prescribing more than one psychotropic drug at a time and “high-doses”, particularly antipsychotics. The Portuguese National Mental Health Plan (2007–2016) includes regular monitoring of patterns of psychiatric drug prescription. However, there is only available data on the pattern of use in outpatients, but no information regarding prescribing patterns at the level of specialized care. This study aimed to establish psychotropic drug prescribing patterns in acute psychiatric wards across Portugal and to determine the prevalence of antipsychotic polypharmacy and “high-doses” treatment, in order to collect data that can serve as a baseline for future monitoring. Methods: "One day census" of psychotropic drug prescribing in 12 Acute Inpatient Psychiatry Units in Portugal, in a total of 272 patients. Results: The majority (94.1%) of patients were treated with more than one psychotropic drug. Only 1.1% of patients had no psychotropic drugs prescribed and 4.8% were on monotherapy. The average prescribed psychotropics per patient was 3.2 ± 1.3, significantly higher in females, in patients with a psychiatry history, in patients with previous admissions and in patients admitted voluntarily. The most commonly prescribed classes of psychotropic drugs on a regular basis were: antipsychotics (87.5% of patients), benzodiazepines (81.2% of patients), antidepressants (39% of patients) and mood stabilizers (31.6% of patients). Of patients taking antipsychotics, 41.6% had at least 2 antipsychotics prescribed in combination, and this prescription combination was significantly higher in patients with previous hospitalization and those who had been prescribed a long-acting injectable antipsychotic. Excluding p.r.n. prescriptions, we verified higher than recommended antipsychotic doses in 13.9% of patients, which were significantly younger. Antipsychotic “high-doses” was significantly higher in males, unemployed and pensioner patients, patients with previous hospitalization, involuntary admitted patients, those diagnosed with "schizophrenia or other psychosis", patients with a combination of 2 or more antipsychotics and in patients with long-acting injectable antipsychotics. Including antipsychotics p.r.n. prescriptions, present in more than a half of patients, the percentage of those on antipsychotic “high-doses” reached 49.2%. Conclusion: These results are indicative of prescribing practices divergent of those that are recommended, and this may have clinical and economic implications. It seems imperative to optimize the prescription of psychotropic drugs in Portuguese Acute Inpatient Psychiatry Units, in order to improve the quality of services provided.

Echocardiographic assessment of the different left ventricular geometric patterns in hypertensive patients

OBJECTIVE: To identiy left ventricular geometric patterns in hypertensive patients on echocardiography, and to correlate those patterns with casual blood pressure measurements and with the parameters obtained on a 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. METHODS: We studied sixty hypertensive patients, grouped according to the Joint National Committee stages of hypertension.. Using the single- and two-dimensional Doppler Echocardiography, we analyzed the left ventricular mass and the geometric patterns through the correlation of left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness. On ambulatory blood pressure monitoring we assessed the means and pressure loads in the different geometric patterns detected on echocardiography RESULTS: We identified three left ventricular geometric patterns: 1) concentric hypertrophy, in 25% of the patients; 2) concentric remodeling, in 25%; and 3) normal geometry, in 50%. Casual systolic blood pressure was higher in the group with concentric hypertrophy than in the other groups (p=0.001). Mean systolic pressure in the 24h, daytime and nighttime periods was also higher in patients with concentric hypertrophy, as compared to the other groups (p=0.003, p=0.004 and p=0.007). Daytime systolic load and nighttime diastolic load were higher in patients with concentric hypertrophy ( p=0.004 and p=0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Left ventricular geometric patterns show significant correlation with casual systolic blood pressure, and with means and pressure loads on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.

Seven years of gamma-ray spectrometry interlaboratory comparisons in Switzerland.

Since the 1990s, regular comparisons of gamma-ray spectrometry in Switzerland were organized to improve laboratory abilities to measure the radioactivity in the environment and food stuffs at typical routine levels. The activity concentration of the test samples and the evaluation of the associated uncertainties remained each year the main required test result. Over the years, the comparisons used certified reference solutions as well as environmental samples. The aim of this study is to research the effect of the comparisons on measurement quality. An analysis of the seven last interlaboratory comparisons revealed that the Swiss measurement capability is up to date. In addition, the results showed that the participants now have an improved evaluation of the uncertainties associated with their measurement.

Surfactant protein-D and exposure to bioaerosols in wastewater and garbage workers.

PURPOSE: Bioaerosols and their constituents, such as endotoxins, are capable of causing an inflammatory reaction at the level of the lung-blood barrier, which becomes more permeable. Thus, it was hypothesized that occupational exposure to bioaerosols can increase leakage of surfactant protein-D (SP-D), a lung-specific protein, into the bloodstream. METHODS: SP-D was determined by ELISA in 316 wastewater workers, 67 garbage collectors, and 395 control subjects. Exposure was assessed with four interview-based indicators and by preliminary endotoxin measurements using the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay. Influence of exposure on serum SP-D was assessed by multiple linear regression considering smoking, glomerular function, lung diseases, obesity, and other confounders. RESULTS: Overall, mean exposure levels to endotoxins were below 100 EU/m(3). However, special tasks of wastewater workers caused higher endotoxin exposure. SP-D concentration was slightly increased in this occupational group and associated with the occurrence of splashes and contact to raw sewage. No effect was found in garbage collectors. Smoking increased serum SP-D. No clinically relevant correlation between spirometry results and SP-D concentrations appeared. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the hypothesis that inhalation of bioaerosols, even at low concentrations, has a subclinical effect on the lung-blood barrier, the permeability of which increases without associated spirometric changes.

Calibration of surface contamination monitors for the detection of iodine incorporation in the thyroid gland.

In Switzerland, individuals exposed to the risk of activity intake are required to perform regular monitoring. Monitoring consists in a screening measurement and is meant to be performed using commonly available laboratory instruments. More particularly, iodine intake is measured using a surface contamination monitor. The goal of the present paper is to report the calibration method developed for thyroid screening instruments. It consists of measuring the instrument response to a known activity located in the thyroid gland of a standard neck phantom. One issue of this procedure remains that the iodine radioisotopes have a short half-life. Therefore, the adequacy and limitations to simulate the short-lived radionuclides with so-called mock radionuclides of longer half-life were also evaluated. In light of the results, it has been decided to use only the appropriate iodine sources to perform the calibration.

Extremity and eye lens doses in interventional radiology and cardiology procedures: first results of the ORAMED project.

The main objective of WP1 of the ORAMED (Optimization of RAdiation protection for MEDical staff) project is to obtain a set of standardised data on extremity and eye lens doses for staff in interventional radiology (IR) and cardiology (IC) and to optimise staff protection. A coordinated measurement program in different hospitals in Europe will help towards this direction. This study aims at analysing the first results of the measurement campaign performed in IR and IC procedures in 34 European hospitals. The highest doses were found for pacemakers, renal angioplasties and embolisations. Left finger and wrist seem to receive the highest extremity doses, while the highest eye lens doses are measured during embolisations. Finally, it was concluded that it is difficult to find a general correlation between kerma area product and extremity or eye lens doses.

Implications of Objective vs Subjective Delirium Assessment in Surgical Intensive Care Patients.

Background Delirium is an independent predictor of increased length of stay, mortality, and treatment costs in critical care patients. Its incidence may be underestimated or overestimated if delirium is assessed by using subjective clinical impression alone rather than an objective instrument. Objectives To determine frequency of discrepancies between subjective and objective delirium monitoring. Methods An observational cohort study was performed in a surgical-cardiosurgical 31-bed intensive care unit of a university hospital. Patients' delirium status was rated daily by bedside nurses on the basis of subjective individual clinical impressions and by medical students on the basis of scores on the objective Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit. Results Of 160 patients suitable for analysis, 38.8% (n = 62) had delirium according to objective criteria at some time during their stay in the intensive care unit. A total of 436 paired observations were analyzed. Delirium was diagnosed in 26.1% of observations (n = 114) with the objective method. This percentage included 6.4% (n = 28) in whom delirium was not recognized via subjective criteria. According to subjective criteria, delirium was present in 29.4% of paired observations (n = 128), including 9.6% (n = 42) with no objective indications of delirium. A total of 8 patients with no evidence of delirium according to the objective criteria were prescribed haloperidol and lorazepam because the subjective method indicated they had delirium. Conclusions Use of objective criteria helped detect delirium in more patients and also identified patients mistakenly thought to have delirium who actually did not meet objective criteria for diagnosis of the condition.

Reliability of stable carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of pedogenic needle fibre calcite as environmental indicators: examples from Western Europe.

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses were conducted on pedogenic needle fibre calcite (NFC) from seven sites in areas with roughly similar temperate climates in Western Europe, including the Swiss Jura Mountains, eastern and southern France, northern Wales, and north-eastern Spain. The δ(13)C values (-12.5 to-6.8 0/00 Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB)) record the predominant C(3) vegetation cover at the sites. A good correlation was found between mean monthly climatic parameters (air temperature, number of frost days, humidity, and precipitation) and δ(18)O values (-7.8 to-3.40/00 VPDB) of all the NFC. Similar seasonal variations of δ(18)O values for monthly NFC samples from the Swiss sites and those of mean monthly δ(18)O values of local precipitation and meteorological data point out precipitation and preferential growth/or recrystallisation of the pedogenic needle calcite during dry seasons. These covariations indicate the potential of stable isotope compositions of preserved NFC in fossil soil horizons as a promising tool for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions.

Rivaroxaban: Quantification by anti-FXa assay and influence on coagulation tests: a study in 9 Swiss laboratories.

INTRODUCTION: Rivaroxaban (RXA) is licensed for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism after major orthopaedic surgery of the lower limbs. Currently, no test to quantify RXA in plasma has been validated in an inter-laboratory setting. Our study had three aims: to assess i) the feasibility of RXA quantification with a commercial anti-FXa assay, ii) its accuracy and precision in an inter-laboratory setting, and iii) the influence of 10mg of RXA on routine coagulation tests. METHODS: The same chromogenic anti-FXa assay (Hyphen BioMed) was used in all participating laboratories. RXA calibrators and sets of blinded probes (aim ii.) were prepared in vitro by spiking normal plasma. The precise RXA content was assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. For ex-vivo studies (aim iii), plasma samples from 20 healthy volunteers taken before and 2 - 3hours after ingestion of 10mg of RXA were analyzed by participating laboratories. RESULTS: RXA can be assayed chromogenically. Among the participating laboratories, the mean accuracy and the mean coefficient of variation for precision of RXA quantification were 7.0% and 8.8%, respectively. Mean RXA concentration was 114±43μg/L .RXA significantly altered prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, factor analysis for intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Determinations of thrombin time, fibrinogen, FXIII and D-Dimer levels were not affected. CONCLUSIONS: RXA plasma levels can be quantified accurately and precisely by a chromogenic anti-FXa assay on different coagulometers in different laboratories. Ingestion of 10mg RXA results in significant alterations of both PT- and aPTT-based coagulation assays.

Field testing of arsenic in groundwater samples of Bangladesh using a test kit based on lyophilized bioreporter bacteria.

A test kit based on living, lyophilized bacterial bioreporters emitting bioluminescence as a response to arsenite and arsenate was applied during a field campaign in six villages across Bangladesh. Bioreporter field measurements of arsenic in groundwater from tube wells were in satisfying agreement with the results of spectroscopic analyses of the same samples conducted in the lab. The practicability of the bioreporter test in terms of logistics and material requirements, suitability for high sample throughput, and waste disposal was much better than that of two commercial chemical test kits that were included as references. The campaigns furthermore demonstrated large local heterogeneity of arsenic in groundwater, underscoring the use of well switching as an effective remedy to avoid high arsenic exposure.

Illuminating the detection chain of bacterial bioreporters.

Engineering bacteria for measuring chemicals of environmental or toxicological concern (bioreporter bacteria) has grown slowly into a mature research area. Despite many potential advantages, current bioreporters do not perform well enough to comply with environmental detection standards. Basically, the reasons for this are the lack of engineering principles in the detection chain in the bioreporters. Here, we dissect critical steps in the detection chain and illustrate how bioreporter design could be improved by mutagenizing specificity and selectivity of the sensing and regulatory proteins, by newer expression strategies and application of different signalling networks. Furthermore, we describe how redesigning bioreporter assays with respect to pollutant transport into the cells and application of other detection devices can decrease detection limits and increase the speed of detection.